Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815
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and U.S. naturalization laws, 248
and utopianism, 301
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 134, 139
and the XYZ Affair, 243
French West Indies, 182, 194, 196
Frenchtown, 679
Freneau, Philip: background, 151
on democratization of business, 356
and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 155–56
and national identity, 41
and newspapers, 251
and partisanship, 154
and translatio studii, 547
Friendly Club, 13
Friends of the Constitution, 161
Fries, John, 265, 265n64, 416
Fries Rebellion, 415–16, 417–18, 439
fugitive slave laws, 538, 599
Fulton, Robert, 483–84, 545, 564, 631, 651, 730
fundamental law, 444–48
fundamentalism, 616–17
fur trade, 377, 378, 381–82
Gabriel (slave), 535–36
Gallatin, Albert: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 250
and American manufacturing, 704–5
and banking, 293–98, 295–96
and the Barbary Wars, 637
and the Embargo Act, 650–51, 653, 656
and impressment conflict, 642–43
and infrastructure development, 485
and Madison, 663
and national debt, 298
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665
and taxation, 246
and the War of 1812, 670, 684, 695, 699
Gallipolis settlement, 120
gambling, 327
gang labor, 513
Gannett, Deborah Sampson, 506–7
Gardiner, John Sylvester John, 709
Gardoqui, Don Diego de, 113
Gazette of the United States, 150–51, 151–52, 155, 254
gender issues. See women’s issues
General Advertiser, 253
general welfare clause, 156, 271
Genet, Charles, 182, 185–89, 188n38
geography, 387–88
George III, King of Britain, 268, 552, 567, 701
Georgia: and the Bill of Rights, 72
and the Compensation Act, 720
and electoral representation, 530
and population growth, 164
and religion, 583
and roads, 481
and sectional conflict, 165
and slavery, 520, 524, 526, 528
and state debts, 141
German immigrants, 39–40, 142, 163, 167–68, 265, 337, 347, 572
German Republican Society, 426
Germany, 246
Gerry, Elbridge: and Anti-Federalists, 35
and the arts, 562
and the First Congress, 57
and land speculation, 118
and Madison’s reelection, 683
and negotiations with France, 241
and nullification, 446
on political parties, 307
and the XYZ Affair, 242
Giles, William Branch, 268, 420, 636, 657, 666
Girard, Stephen, 623
Glorious Revolution, 400
Godefroy, Maximilian, 571
Godwin, William, 344
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 175
Goldsmith, Oliver, 498–99, 562
Goodhue, Benjamin, 60
Gordon, Thomas, 93, 577
Gore, Christopher, 194, 234, 303
Gorham, John, 724
Gracie, Archibald, 623
Granada, 534
grand juries, 417, 438
Granger, Gideon, 478
Gray, Robert, 376
Gray, William, 623
Great Britain: British cultural influence, 3, 40, 559
and carrying trade, 624, 626
conflicts with France, 240–41
and the Embargo Act, 652, 656
and European wars, 620
and Freemasonry, 51
and the French Revolution, 620–21
and immigration, 252, 252n31
and impressment conflict, 641–44
and international commerce, 192, 194–95, 628–29, 639–46
Jefferson on, 181
and mercantilism, 15
and national debt, 96–97
and Native Americans, 125, 130, 131
and naval power, 631
and neutral shipping, 622–23
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 664–70
and the Pacific Northwest, 376–77
and social structure, 44
and stages of development, 43
and trade relations, 623
and the trans-Appalachian West, 112
and U.S. expansionism, 357–58
and the War of 1812, 671, 675, 688, 690
and war with France, 181–85, 640
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 137. See also England
War of 1812
Great Lakes, 684–86, 695
Great Seal of the United States, 554–55
Green, Ray, 410
Greene, Catharine Littlefield, 528
Greene, Nathanael, 528
Greene and Delaware Moral Society, 340
Greenfield Hill (Dwight), 39–40
Gregory, John, 498–99
Griffin, Christina, 77
Griffin, Edward Dorr, 486
Griswold, Roger, 229, 236, 305, 370
Groombridge, William, 571
Grundy, Felix, 661, 670, 702
Guadeloupe, 367
Gullah culture, 512
gun control, 70
Guy, Francis, 571
Guy Fawkes Day, 48
“Hail Columbia,” 243–44, 559
Haiti. See Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
Haliburton, William, 562–63
Hamilton, Alexander: and Adams, 273–75
and banking, 294
and the Barbary Wars, 637
and the Bill of Rights, 71
and Burr, 281
and class divisions, 23, 36
and the Constitution, 32, 33–34, 145, 271
and corporate charters, 464
death, 383–84, 717
and diplomacy, 204
and dueling, 236–37, 274, 382–85
and elections, 211, 282, 283–84, 436
and the Embargo Act, 654
Eurocentrism, 357
and excise taxes, 135, 223
and Federal City, 289
and the federal judiciary, 409, 413, 414, 415, 428, 442, 453, 466n90
and the Federalist program, 140
and financial plans, 89–94, 95–103, 201, 293
and Findley, 218
and Freemasonry, 51
and French conflicts, 240
and the French Revolution, 175, 177
and the French Wars, 182, 184, 187
and honor codes, 237–38
and industrial development, 100–103
and international commerce, 193, 194–95, 198
and Jefferson, 89, 91, 150–57, 158, 275, 632
and judicial authority, 451
and the Louisiana Purchase, 370, 371–72
and Madison, 148–49
and military power, 264–65, 266
and monarchical republicanism, 53
and national bank plans, 98–99
and the national capital, 142, 143–44
and national debt, 298
and national identity, 103–10, 301–2
and New Orleans, 366
and newspapers, 151, 308
and partisanship, 268
and patronage, 107–10, 299
and peace negotiations, 273
and personal finances, 233
and political parties, 169
and presidential powers, 87
and protectionism, 170
and public service, 27
and religion, 589–90
and republicanism, 146–47
and the “Revolution of 1800,” 276
and sedition laws, 259, 261
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br /> and separatist movements, 370
and social clubs, 13
and social leveling, 29–30
and social mobility, 715
and suffrage expansions, 304
and Washington, 76, 86, 157–58, 206
and western settlement, 117, 118
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 137–38
and Yates, 17
Hamilton, Paul, 683
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 562
Hammond, George, 204, 367
Hancock, John, 26, 118, 517
Hanson, Alexander, 669
Harmar, Josiah, 129
Harper, James, 714
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 249, 259, 305, 362
Harris, Neil, 560, 569
Harrison, William Henry, 361–62, 363, 363n16, 675, 679, 686
Hartford Convention, 696
Harvard Corporation, 344
Harvard Law School, 454
Harvard University, 24, 343–44, 460, 561, 603
Hawaii, 202
Hay, George, 309
Hayburn’s Case, 446–47, 453
Haynes, Lemuel, 609
Head v. Providence Insurance Company, 463
“Helvidius” essays, 185, 196
Hemings, Betty, 514
Hemings, Sally, 514
Henry, Patrick: and the Bill of Rights, 67
and ratification of the Constitution, 35–36
and religion, 577, 578
Senate election, 62
and slavery, 231, 521, 539
on Virginia, 164
Henry, Richard, 5
Henshaw, Samuel, 479–81
hierarchical society: and the arts, 549
and the Federalist Party, 276
and the French Revolution, 178–79
and Hamilton, 102, 104–6
and industrial development, 102–3
and market economics, 320–24, 324n23, 353
and patronage, 110n33
and political leadership, 27–31
and population growth, 318
and presidential elections, 211
and religion, 607
and republicanism, 8, 347–53
and slavery, 365, 514, 517, 529–31, 733. See also class divisions and conflict
Higginson, Stephen, 166, 171, 370
High Federalists, 273, 274
higher education, 472–74
Hispaniola, 533
historical societies, 477
History of the Expedition Under the Commands of Captains Lewis and Clark (Biddle), 381
HMS Guerriére, 681
HMS Java, 682
HMS Leopard, 647–48
HMS Macedonian, 681
Hobart, John, 461
Hogarth, William, 550
holidays, 48
Holland, 621
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 543
Holy Alliance, 737
Homer, 47
honor codes: and class divisions, 159–60, 717
and Hamilton, 274
and libel, 257
and Monroe, 235–38
and newspapers, 258
and public opinion, 308–9
Hooker, Asahel, 605
Hopkins, Samuel, 603–4, 613–14, 616, 618–19
Hopkinson, Francis, 731
Hopkinson, Joseph, 243–44, 312, 503, 564, 723
Hosack, David, 339
hospitals, 488
hotels, 347
House of Commons, 93, 300
House of Lords, 81, 215, 408
House Way and Means Committee, 91–92
Houston, Sam, 687
Hudson River, 483
Hull, Isaac, 638, 681
Hull, William, 674, 677–79
human rights, 71–72
humanitarian reform, 491–95
humanitarian societies, 485–86
Humboldt, Alexander von, 387, 736
Hume, David, 12, 309, 546
Humphreys, David, 558
Hunt, Lynn, 9–10
Hunters of Kentucky, 4
Hutcheson, Francis, 12, 25
Hutchinson, Thomas, 226, 358, 411–12
Hylton v. United States, 415, 447
Iberian Peninsula, 688
Illinois Territory, 359, 362–63, 701
Illuminati, 244–45
Immigration: and aid societies, 487
and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 247–50
and fighting tradition, 328
and newspapers, 251–52
and population growth, 248
and the Quasi-War, 247
and refugees, 46, 142–43, 252, 252n31
and social change, 301. See also specific immigrant groups by nationality
impeachment, 87, 198, 422–24, 427–28
implied powers, 145, 485
importation of slaves, 512
impressment of seamen, 641–43, 647–48, 659–60, 695, 697
inaugurations, 62, 64–65, 64n35, 65–72, 75, 83, 363n16, 586
incorporation doctrine, 70n56
indentured servitude, 227, 345–47
Independence (play), 559
India, 202, 623
Indiana Territory, 359, 362, 596, 675, 701
indigo cultivation, 509
Indochina, 202
Indonesia, 202
industrialization: and Europe, 627
and Hamilton, 100–103
and inventors, 728–29
and population growth, 318
and social hierarchies, 102–3
and textiles, 702–4
Infidelity (Relf), 342
inflation, 18–19
information availability, 476–79, 479–81, 480. See also newspapers
postal service infrastructure development, 78, 265, 361, 479–85, 530–31, 706–7
Ingersoll, Charles, 711–12
inheritance laws, 498
insurance, 356, 460, 462–63, 640, 682
insurrection, 265, 265n64
integration, 600
Invalid Pension Act, 446–47, 453
Ioor, William, 559
Iredell, James, 411, 445
Ireland, 328
Irish immigrants: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 247
and Binns, 427
and Carroll, 592
and hierarchical society, 249
and Lyon, 229
and Philadelphia, 143
and refugees, 46, 252, 252n31
and religion, 337
and the Republican Party, 168
volume of, 39
and voting rights, 542
Irving, Washington, 1, 3, 356, 631, 715
Islam, 584, 635
Italian city-states, 8
Italy, 246, 623
Ives, Thomas P., 623
Izard, Ralph, 64, 84, 118
Jackson, Andrew: and the Battle of New Orleans, 695–96
and Burr, 384
and cultural changes, 4
duels, 327
and fighting tradition, 328
and military fame, 361
and Native American policy, 133, 398
spoils system, 110n33
and the War of 1812, 687
Jacobins: Adams on, 340
and Danton, 620
Federalist fears of, 262–63
and the French Revolution, 178, 188n38, 668
and immigrants, 249
and the Leib-Duane faction, 426
and newspapers, 256
and the Quasi-War, 246–47
and religion, 602
and slavery, 537
and student protest, 344
and suffrage expansions, 303
and the XYZ Affair, 243–44
Jamison, Jonathan, 330
Janson, Charles William, 321, 328, 339, 340
Jay, John: and civil society, 487
and class divisions, 106, 224
and criticisms of republicanism, 14
and democratic governance, 47
and diplomacy, 205, 240
and election of 18
00, 282
and the federal judiciary, 411, 417, 453
and the French Revolution, 174
and the French Wars, 187
and Marshall, 435, 437
and monarchism, 77
and nationalism, 40
and Native American policy, 131
and patronage, 109
and personal finances, 329
and political partisanship, 160
and religion, 577, 583–84
and social changes, 347
and suffrage expansions, 304
and the Supreme Court, 414
and territorial disputes, 113
and trade agreements, 196–98
and western settlement, 117. See also Jay’s Treaty
Jay’s Treaty: and Burr, 282
and conflict with France, 240
and economic coercion, 629
expiration of, 645
and the Mazzei letter, 235
and Monroe, 205
and Native Americans, 131–32
negotiation of, 196–98
and ship seizures, 239
and trade with Britain, 202
and the XYZ Affair, 242
Jefferson, Peter, 433
Jefferson, Thomas: and agriculture, 45
and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 248
and American manufacturing, 705
and the arts, 551, 552–53, 558
and banking, 144, 293–98
and the Barbary Wars, 635–37, 639
and Battle of Austerlitz, 621–22
and the Bill of Rights, 67–69
and Burr, 384–85
and carrying trade, 625–26
and the Chase impeachment, 424
and civil society, 485
and class divisions, 23, 216, 223
and the Compensation Act, 719
and cultural independence, 735–36
and the Declaration of Independence, 8–9
and Democratic-Republican Societies, 166
and diplomacy, 204, 622
and education, 472–73
and the 1800 election, 278, 280, 283–86, 436
and the 1804 election, 313
and embargoes, 647, 651, 652, 653–57
and executive power, 84, 85, 196
and family structure, 497
and the federal judiciary, 402, 418, 422, 466n90
and the Floridas, 374–75, 648
and French conflicts, 241
and the French Revolution, 174, 177, 179–81
and the French Wars, 182–85
and Genet, 186–87, 188
and governmental authority, 301–2
and the Great Seal, 554
and Hamilton, 89, 91, 150–57, 158, 275, 632
and honor codes, 235
and impressment conflict, 644
and inaugural address, 286, 288, 310, 310n102
and infrastructure programs, 484–85
and inheritance laws, 498
and international commerce, 192–93, 198–99, 633
and judicial review, 434, 437n10, 440, 442, 445–47, 449, 456
and labor, 351
and legal reforms, 405
and the Leopard-Chesapeake affair, 647–48
and the Lewis and Clark expedition, 378
and the Louisiana Purchase, 371
and Madison, 147–50, 272, 663