Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815
Page 99
and Marshall, 435, 436
and the Mazzei letter, 235–36
and military power, 631
and minimal government, 10–11
and monetary policy, 99
and the national capital, 80, 142
and national character, 103
and Native Americans, 126–27, 386, 394–99
and naturalism, 388–89, 391–92
and neutral rights, 649
and newspapers, 151, 256
and the Nootka Sound controversy, 366–67
and nullification, 269–70, 270–71
and partisanship, 267–68, 269, 308
and patronage, 299–300
and personal finances, 233
and political parties, 152, 162, 168, 168n72
and presidential elections, 210, 211–12
and public debt, 145, 298–301
and public opinion, 311–12
and racial issues, 395n88
and religion, 577, 585–88, 613, 617, 619
and the Republican Party, 313–14
and republicanism, 146–47, 736–38
and the “Revolution of 1800,” 276–77
and rights of man, 21
and the sciences, 724
and sectional conflict, 146, 172
and sedition laws, 259
and Shippen, 5–6
and size of government, 291, 301–2
and slavery, 231, 277, 514–15, 517–19, 521, 535, 539–41, 735
and social changes, 301, 318
and social equality, 356
and state legislatures, 19
and Taylor, 267–68
and technological advance, 728
and territorial disputes, 114
and trade and commerce, 190, 627, 667
and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 366
and the War of 1812, 673, 677, 700
and Washington, 74, 86, 158, 565
and western settlement, 116, 357, 376
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 138
and women’s rights, 503, 506–7
and the XYZ Affair, 242, 243
and yeoman ideal, 46
Jeffersonian Republicans: and Anti-Federalists, 108
and Brackenridge, 221
and competition, 327
and conspiracy theories, 244
and elections, 532
and the federal judiciary, 418, 425
and Felton, 713
and Findley, 223
and immigration, 247–48
and industrialization, 708
and Morris, 465
and partisanship, 333
and peace efforts, 632
and religion, 588, 594, 603, 615
and slavery, 353, 527
and social disorder, 345
and Virginia, 435
and voting rights, 542
and western settlement, 359
Jennings, Jonathan, 363, 363n16
Jerome, Chauncey, 714
Jews, 584, 591, 600, 617
Johnson, Richard M., 671, 686, 719
Johnson, Samuel, 110, 517–18, 716
Johnson, William, 457
Jones, John Paul, 175
Jones, William, 683, 698
Joseph Peabody, 623
journeymen, 348–49
Judaism, 584
judiciary, federal: and common law, 400–408, 436
and the Constitution, 408–10
and democratization, 425–32
and the Federalist Party, 418–20
and judicial review, 440–42, 443nn28, 29, 447–50, 452–59
and the Republican Party, 420–25
Judiciary Act of 1789, 64n35, 408–9, 410–18, 419, 432, 455–56
Judiciary Act of 1801, 420–22, 440, 441, 465
Judiciary Act of 1802, 421
Jupiter and Io (Peale), 573
juries, 412–13, 420, 453
jurisdictional issues, 410–11, 415n42, 419, 436, 441, 445
jury trials, 70, 222, 260, 309, 385n63, 409, 439–40
Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 42
Kant, Immanuel, 190
Karamanli, Hamet, 638
Karamanli, Yussuf, 637
Keats, John, 574
Kellogg, Lucy Fletcher, 317
Kendall, Amos, 318
Kent, James, 23, 58, 310n102, 591
Kentucky: and common law, 426
and distilling, 339
and education, 716–17
and electoral representation, 530
and freed slaves, 538
and Mississippi River trade, 15
and nullification, 270–71
and population growth, 2, 316
and presidential elections, 210
and religion, 597, 607
and separatism, 385
and slavery, 524, 526
and statehood, 701
and suffrage expansions, 302
and the War of 1812, 661
and western settlement, 115, 120, 318
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136, 137
Kentucky Resolution, 270, 427, 447
Key, Francis Scott, 691
King, Rufus: and the federal judiciary, 414–15, 434
and the First Congress, 57
and the French Wars, 187
and military power, 265
and slavery, 534
and social changes, 702
and the three-fifths clause, 532
King Philip’s War, 516
Kingston, 684–85
Knox, Henry: and class divisions, 233–34
and military power, 266
and monarchical republicanism, 54
and Native Americans, 123n56, 126–27; 133, 397
and personal finances, 233, 234
and social changes, 496
and standing armies, 111
and the War Department, 91
and Washington’s inauguration, 65
and western settlement, 119
Knox, Lucy, 496
Krimmel, John Lewis, 572
labor: and American
manufacturing, 703, 704–5
and class divisions, 350, 353
labor costs, 728–29
and market economics, 324, 324n23
and social equality, 348–53
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 176, 180, 700
Lafitte, Jean, 695–96
Lake Champlain, 653, 689, 690
Lake Ontario, 685
Lamb, John, 21, 28, 35
lame-duck sessions of Congress, 419
Land Ordinance of 1785, 116
land speculation: availability of land, 318, 626
and land office, 86
and the Louisiana Purchase, 370–71
and Native American policy, 128
and social structure, 45
and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201
and the War of 1812, 676
and western settlement, 114–23, 359, 364
Langdon, John, 158, 211–12
language, 40, 48–49
Latrobe, Benjamin, 290, 332–33, 390, 555, 560, 563
Laurens, Henry, 26, 118, 521
lawyers, 402–4
Lear, Tobias, 639
Leclerc, Charles (comte de Buffon), 149, 368, 386–88, 391–94, 397
Lectures on Art (Coleridge), 574
“Lectures on Law” (Wilson), 451–52
Ledyard, John, 376
Lee, Ann, 598, 601
Lee, Arthur, 5
Lee, Harry, 175
Lee, Henry “Light Horse Harry,” 338
Lee, Richard Bland, 142
Lee, Richard Henry, 35, 51, 57, 64, 121
Lee, Robert E., 338
Leffingwell, Christopher, 349–50
the Legion, 130–31
legislative sovereignty, 406–8
legislature. See state legislatures; U.S. Congress; U.S. House of Representatives; U.S. Senate
Leib, Michael, 426–27, 429
Leland, John, 393, 452
&nb
sp; L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 56–57, 79–80, 289
Leopard-Chesapeake affair, 647–48, 681n 47
Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States (Hamilton), 274–75
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 39
Letters to His Son (Chesterfield), 716–17
Levy, Moses, 429–30
Lewis, Daniel, 331
Lewis, Meriwether, 377–78
Lewis, Morgan, 331
Lewis and Clark expedition, 360, 376–82, 556
lex talionis, 493
Lexington, Kentucky, 104
libel, 256–57, 257n45, 309–12, 310n102, 418, 726
liberalism, 11, 20
liberty, 46
liberty poles, 261–62
Library Company, 143
Life of George Washington (Marshall), 565–66
Lincoln, Benjamin, 127–28
Lincoln, Benjamin, Jr., 189
Lingan, James N., 338
liquor, 339, 398
Litchfield Female Academy, 326
Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, 723
literature, 565–67
Little Sarah (British brig), 187
Little Turtle, 129
livestock, 359, 387
Livingston, Robert R.: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 250
and the arts, 568
and canals, 483
and class divisions, 36
and the Constitution, 34
and the Louisiana Purchase, 368–69, 371, 374
and political patronage, 109
and presidential elections, 212
and slavery, 517
and state legislatures, 17
and Washington inauguration, 64–65
Livingston, William, 20
Lloyd, James, 297
lobbyists, 289
Locke, John, 42, 470, 493, 577
Logan, Benjamin, 186
Logan, George, 247
logrolling, 329–30
Lolo Pass, 380
London Peace Society, 696
long-staple cotton, 528
Louis XIV, King of France, 6
Louis XVI, King of France, 176, 177, 191, 256, 391, 620
Louis XVIII, King of France, 273
Louisiana: and boundary disputes, 374
and conflict with France, 265
and electoral representation, 530
and Louisiana Purchase, 298, 360, 368–74
and the Pike expedition, 382
and religion, 593
and slavery, 201, 368, 529, 534
Spanish control, 113
and statehood, 373–74, 529, 701
and suffrage, 330
Louisiana Gazette, 529
L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 201, 368, 533–34, 537
Lowcountry Carolina, 509–14, 527–28
Lower Canada, 676, 677
Lowndes, Rawlins, 74–75
Lowndes, William, 702
Lutherans, 337
luxury goods, 324, 628
lyceum movement, 476
Lyon, Matthew: and class divisions, 217, 227–30, 234, 351
on Federal City, 289
and honor codes, 236
and newspapers, 253, 258
and religion, 594
and the Sedition Act, 262
Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth), 574
Macaulay, Catherine, 44
Macdonough, Thomas, 690
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8
machine politics, 282
Mackenzie, Alexander, 376–77
Maclay, William: and Adams, 83
and Bank of the United States, 144
and excise taxes, 135
and federal patronage, 108–9
and the First Congress, 63
and the French Revolution, 174, 176
and Hamilton, 92
and monarchical power, 81, 84
and presidential powers, 89
and Washington, 64–65, 77
Macon, Nathaniel, 161, 289, 422–23, 665, 672
Macon Bill, 665–66
Madison, Dolley Payne, 78, 663, 691
Madison, James: and Anti-Federalists, 140
and the Baltimore riots, 338
and banking, 144, 294, 295
and the Barbary Wars, 634
and the Bill of Rights, 67–71
and class divisions, 223
and conflicts with France, 240
and the Constitution, 16, 31–34
and corporate charters, 461n78
and democracy, 718
and Democratic-Republican Societies, 204
and the 1804 election, 313
and the Embargo Act, 651–52, 654, 657, 658
and excise taxes, 135
and executive power, 85, 88, 140–41, 196–97, 246
and the federal judiciary, 417
and the First Congress, 55, 57, 58, 60–62
and the French Revolution, 175
and the French Wars, 182–85, 187
and Hamilton, 90–91, 153, 155, 632
and international commerce, 192–94, 199, 626, 630, 640
and Jefferson, 147–50, 153, 155
and judicial review, 440–41, 444–47, 455–56
and legal reforms, 405
and the Louisiana Purchase, 369
and Madison, 662–64
marriage, 78
and the Mazzei letter, 235–36
and military power, 133
and monarchism, 75–76
and monetary policy, 19
and national capital plans, 142
and Native Americans, 398
and negotiations with France, 240, 242
and newspapers, 251, 258
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 664
and North-South tensions, 146
and nullification, 269–70, 271
and patronage, 300
and piracy, 636
and political parties, 161, 222
and population growth, 318
and public debt, 145
and public opinion, 188, 309
and reelection, 682–83
and republicanism, 146–47
and slavery, 517, 525, 530–31, 541, 734, 738
and social changes, 702
and social justice, 407
and Spanish territories, 366
and state legislatures, 17, 18, 269
and strict construction of the Constitution, 485
and trade disputes, 664–70
and virtue of citizens, 9
and the War of 1812, 659, 662, 666–67, 673–74, 676, 679, 682–83, 689, 691, 694–95, 697–99
and warfare, 196
and Washington, 158, 206
and western settlement, 114
and the XYZ Affair, 242–43
Madison, James (Madison’s cousin), 395
magazines, 478
magisterial authority, 410–18, 453
Magna Carta, 66, 444, 584
mail service, 86, 293, 478–79
Maine, 341, 481, 653, 695
majority rule, 31
“Malcontents,” 426
mammoths, 393
Mandan Indians, 378, 379, 380
Manhattan Company, 282
Mann, Herman, 506
Manning, William, 351–53, 594, 614
Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, 406, 448, 449–50, 457
manufacturing, 100–103, 324, 627, 702–6, 708, 714
manumission, 373, 522, 523, 526, 538
Marbury v. Madison, 440–42, 449, 458
Marie Antoinette, Queen, consort of Louis XVI, 176
maritime law, 642–43, 659, 661. See also impressment of seamen; neutral shipping rights
Marius Musing amid the Ruins of Carthage (Vanderlyn), 565
market economics, 320–24, 324n23, 353
market integration, 323
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, 73
marriage, 496–97<
br />
Mars Works, 729
Marshall, John: background, 433–36
and Burr trial, 385
and corporate charters, 463, 465–66
and the 1800 election, 278
and the federal judiciary, 419
and the French Revolution, 174, 175
and governmental power, 455
and impeachment trials, 423–24
and judicial review, 436–40, 449–50, 457, 458–59
and Marbury v. Madison, 440–42
Morris on, 425
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 666
Washington biography, 565–66
and the XYZ Affair, 242
Marshall, Thomas, 433
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 455–56
Martinique, 367
Maryland: and agriculture, 165
and bar standards, 454
and bills of rights, 67
and the 1800 election, 283
and freed slaves, 538
and Madison’s reelection, 683
and presidential elections, 212
and ratification of the Constitution, 97
and religion, 583, 591
and slavery, 165, 511, 518, 522, 524, 526
and state debts, 141
and suffrage expansions, 302
Mason, George: and Anti-Federalists, 35
and the Bill of Rights, 66, 71
and executive powers, 74–75
and nullification, 446
on Philadelphia, 143
and slavery, 231
and women’s rights, 507
Mason, Priscilla, 505–6
Mason-Dixon Line, 164
Masonry. See Freemasonry
Massachusetts: and banking, 296
and the Bill of Rights, 72
and corporate charters, 462, 464
demographics of, 341
and education, 471
and the Embargo Act, 655, 656–57
and the First Congress, 57
and party politics, 307
and penal reform, 493, 494
and public authority, 467
and public education, 474
and racism, 542
and religion, 579, 583, 591, 594
and slavery, 520
and state debts, 141
and state judiciary, 431
and trade disputes, 668, 669
and the War of 1812, 677
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 460
Massachusetts Historical Society, 477
Massachusetts Humane Society, 487
Massachusetts magazine, 553
Massachusetts Missionary Magazine, 604
Massachusetts Missionary Society, 490–91
Massachusetts Peace Society, 696
Massachusetts Superior Court, 520
mastodons, 393
materialism, 354–55, 356, 619
Mather, Moses, 406–7
Maxey, Jonathan, 343
Mayhew, Jonathan, 11–12
Mazzei, Philip, 235, 332
McCulloch v. Maryland, 455
McGillivray, Alexander, 128
McGready, James, 611
McHenry, James, 75, 234, 240, 273
McKean, Thomas, 219, 222, 256–57, 314, 412, 428–29, 671
McLean, John, 431–32
McNemar, Richard, 596