The War that Ended Peace
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18 Assassination at Sarajevo
1. Poincaré, Au Service de la France, vol. IV, 173–4. 2. Geinitz, Kriegsfurcht und Kampfbereitschaft, 50–53. 3. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 198. 4. Massie, Dreadnought, 852–3; Cecil, Wilhelm II, 198; Geiss, July 1914, 69. 5. Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 40. 6. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 175–8, 208–9, 217 and ch. 10, passim. 7. Ibid., 197. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., 373–5; Jelavich, What the Habsburg Government Knew, 134–5. 10. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 294–301, 309; Jelavich, What the Habsburg Government Knew, 136. 11. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 368; Funder, Vom Gestern ins Heute, 483; Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 405–7, 409–10. 12. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 459; Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 312; Funder, Vom Gestern ins Heute, 484. 13. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 11–16, 316. 14. Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 138–9. 15. Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 214; Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 381; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 117–19; Hoetzsch, Die internationalen Beziehungen, 106–7. 16. Stone, ‘Hungary and the July Crisis’, 159–60. 17. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 460–62. 18. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 140; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 558–9. 19. Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 226. 20. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 320. 21. Wank, ‘Desperate Counsel’, 295; Leslie, ‘Osterreich-Ungarn’, 664. 22. Leslie, ‘Osterreich-Ungarn’, 665. 23. Stone, ‘Hungary and the July Crisis’, 161. 24. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 150–55. 25. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 375–80. 26. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 559. 27. Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 248. 28. Fellner, ‘Die “Mission Hoyos”’, 122; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 129–30. 29. Turner, ‘Role of the General Staffs’, 308. 30. Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 252; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 133–5. 31. Fellner, ‘Die “Mission Hoyos”’, 125–6, 137. 32. See for example: Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 137–48; Geiss, July 1914, 70–80; Kronenbitter, ‘“Nur los lassen”’, 182. 33. Sösemann, ‘Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers’, 185. 34. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 168–9, 177. 35. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 153–5. 36. Mommsen, ‘The Debate on German War Aims’, 60n16. 37. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 168–9. 38. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 172; Dülffer, ‘Kriegserwartung und Kriegsbild’, 785; Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 274; Förster, ‘Im Reich des Absurden’, 251–2; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 177, 181. 39. Förster, ‘Im Reich des Absurden’, 233. 40. Wolff, Tagebücher 1914–1919, 63–5. 41. Bach, Deutsche Gesandtschaftsberichte, 63. 42. Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 140. 43. Stevenson, Armaments, 363–4; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 182. 44. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 135. 45. Ibid., 173. 46. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 58; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 159–60, 212–13. 47. Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 379–80n. 48. Sösemann, ‘Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers’, 183. 49. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 105. 50. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 80; Sösemann, ‘Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers’, 183–4. 51. Sösemann, ‘Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers’, 184–5; Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 392. 52. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 195n44; Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 381; Sösemann, ‘Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers’, 184. 53. Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 181. 54. Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 381. 55. Turner, ‘Role of the General Staffs’, 312; Geiss, July 1914, 65. 56. Fischer, War of Illusions, 478; Cecil, Wilhelm II, 193–6. 57. Joll, 1914, 8. 58. Kronenbitter, ‘Die Macht der Illusionen’, 531; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 199–200. 59. Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 248. 60. Geiss, July 1914, 80–87; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 141; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 197–9. 61. Stone, ‘Hungary and the July Crisis’, 166–8; Vermes, Istv’an Tisza, 226; Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 343. 62. Geiss, July 1914, 114–15. 63. Jelavich, What the Habsburg Government Knew, 133. 64. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 200–201; Geiss, July 1914, 90–92. 65. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 201. 66. Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 256. 67. BD, vol. XI, 56, pp. 44–5. 68. Turner, ‘Role of the General Staffs’, 312; Fischer, War of Illusions, 478–9; Geiss, July 1914, 89–90. 69. Hoetzsch, Die internationalen Beziehungen, vol. IV, 301–2; Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 161–2; Hertling and Lerchenfeld-Köfering, Briefwechsel Hertling-Lerchenfeld, 307. 70. BD, vol. XI, 27, pp. 19–20; 45, p. 37; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 272–5. 71. Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 257–61; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 276–9. 72. Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 201. 73. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 808n. 74. Austro-Hungarian Gemeinsamer Ministerrat, Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates, 150–54; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 203. 75. Vermes, Istv’an Tisza, 232–3. 76. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 265. 77. Geiss, July 1914, 142, 149–50, 154. 78. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 808n; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 602–3. Complete text in Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 286–9. 79. Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 267–8; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 346; Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 659–63; Cornwall, ‘Serbia’, 72–4. 80. BD, vol. XI, 92, p. 74; 107, p. 85; Stokes, ‘Serbian Documents from 1914’, 71–4; Cornwall, ‘Serbia’, 75–9, 82. 81. Kronenbitter, ‘Die Macht der Illusionen’, 536; Kronenbitter, ‘“Nur los lassen”’, 159. 82. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 373–5; Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 268–72.
19 The End of the Concert of Europe: Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia
1. MacKenzie and MacKenzie, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, vol. III, 203–5. 2. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 631–40. 3. Mombauer, ‘A Reluctant Military Leader?’, 422. 4. Lieven, Nicholas II, 198. 5. Bestuzhev, ‘Russian Foreign Policy February–June 1914’, 100–101. 6. Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 49. 7. Rogger, ‘Russia in 1914’, 98–9. 8. Shukman, Rasputin, 58. 9. Bridge, ‘The British Declaration of War’, 403–4. 10. Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 93, 122–3. 11. Rose, King George V, 157–8. 12. Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 31. 13. Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 126–7. 14. Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 427–9. 15. Afflerbach, ‘The Topos of Improbable War’, 179. 16. Doughty, ‘France’, 149. 17. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 271–2, 278–83. 18. Ibid., 265–8. 19. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 460. 20. Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 224–6, 230. 21. Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 217; Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 283. 22. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, 232; Ignat’ev, 50 Let v Stroyu, 423. 23. Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 259, 269–70; Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 291n153. 24. Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 246–7. 25. BD, vol. IX, 101, pp. 80–82. 26. Ibid., 253–5; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 203. 27. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 78. 28. Hoetzsch, Die internationalen Beziehungen, vol. IV, 128. 29. Bridge, How the War Began, 27. 30. Lieven, Nicholas II, 201; Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 108–9. 31. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 74. 32. Ibid., 78. 33. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 116–21; Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 227–8; Cairns, ‘International Politics’, 285. 34. BD, vol. IX, 101, pp. 80–2. 35. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 81, 83. 36. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 89–91. 37. Doughty, ‘France’, 146–7. 38. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 202–4. 39. Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 805. 40. Bark, ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda’, 32–4; Bridge, How the War Began, 30–32; Ignat’ev, Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, 1907–1914, 213–14. 41. BD, vol. IX, 125, pp. 93–4. 42. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 76–7. 43. Ibid., 77, 80. 44. Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, 163. 45. Stengers, ‘Belgium’, 158. 46. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 335–42; Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 288; Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 219–20. 47. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 82–3; Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 302; Doughty, ‘French Strategy in 1914’, 443. 48. Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 375. 49. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 295. 50. Ibid., 301. 51. Bridge
, ‘The British Declaration of War’, 407; Haldane, An Autobiography, 288–9; Cecil, Albert Ballin, 205–9. 52. Bridge, ‘The British Declaration of War’, 408; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 135–6; BD, vol. XI, 91, pp. 73–4; 104, pp. 83–4. 53. Geiss, July 1914, 183–4. 54. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince Von Bulow, vol. III, 122–3. 55. Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 368–469. 56. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 301. 57. Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 176–7; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 289–90. 58. BD, vol. IX, 185, p. 128. 59. BD, vol. IX, 170, pp. 120–1. 60. BD, vol. IX, 216, p. 148. 61. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 171. 62. Ibid., 169. 63. Trumpener, ‘War Premeditated?’, 66–7; Bittner and Ubersberger, ÖsterreichUngarns Aussenpolitik, 739, 741. 64. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 202–3. 65. Bridge, Russia, 52. 66. BD, vol. IX, 135, p. 99; 147, p. 103; The Times, 27 July 1914; Bark, ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda’, 26; Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 759; Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 28–31. 67. BD, vol. XI, 162, p. 116; 245, pp. 160–61. 68. Renzi, ‘Italy’s Neutrality’, 1419–20. 69. Ibid., 1421–2. 70. Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 177. 71. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 345. 72. Afflerbach, ‘Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord’, 432. 73. Ignat’ev, Vneshniaia politika Rossii, 1907–1914, 218–19. 74. Geiss, July 1914, 283. 75. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 171. 76. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 460–61. 77. Vermes, Istv’an Tisza, 234. 78. Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, 163.
20 Turning Out the Lights: Europe’s Last Week of Peace
1. Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 243–5. 2. BD, vol. XI, 270, p. 174; Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 368. 3. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 171. 4. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 335–42; Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 83. 5. Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 345–7; Herwig, The Marne, 17. 6. Lieven, Nicholas II, 199–200. 7. Geiss, July 1914, 260–61. 8. Ibid. 9. Bridge, Russia, 50; Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 86. 10. Ibid., 87–8. 11. Ibid., 78; Geiss, July 1914, 291. 12. Cimbala, ‘Steering through Rapids’, 387. 13. Bridge, How the War Began, 65–6; Bark, ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda’, 31–2; Kleĭnmikhel’, Memories of a Shipwrecked World, 202–3. 14. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 204–5. 15. Geiss, July 1914, 284–5; Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 447; Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 168–9. 16. Ekstein and Steiner, ‘The Sarajevo Crisis’, 404; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 347. 17. Hankey, The Supreme Command, 154–6. 18. Geiss, July 1914, 288–90. 19. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 300–302; Geiss, July 1914, 296–7; Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 86. 20. Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 17–20. 21. Ibid., 53–6. 22. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 151–2, 164, 168–9. 23. Geiss, July 1914, 291–2, 308–9. 24. Turner, ‘Role of General Staffs’, 315. 25. Ibid. 26. Austro-Hungarian Gemeinsamer Ministerrat, Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates, 156–7. 27. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 669–70. 28. Geiss, July 1914, 323. 29. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 199–200; Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 197; Turner, ‘Role of General Staffs’, 314–15. 30. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 204. 31. BD, vol. XI, 293, pp. 185–6. 32. BD, vol. XI, 303, p. 193; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 293–4. 33. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 140–3; Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 84–7. 34. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 349. 35. BD, vol. XI, 369, pp. 228–9. 36. The Times, 29, 30 and 31 July 1914. 37. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 280–81. 38. Bach, Deutsche Gesandtschaftsberichte, 107. 39. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 205. 40. Ibid., 208. 41. Ibid., 206. 42. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 95; Fischer, War of Illusions, 502–4. 43. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 174; Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 59–60. 44. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 216–17. 45. Albertini, The Origins of the War, 670–71; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 206–8. 46. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 217. 47. Afflerbach, ‘Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord’, 433n22. 48. Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 46–50, 62–4, 68, 71; Stargardt, The German Idea of Militarism, 145–9. 49. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 216–20. 50. Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 141–2, 145–6. 51. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 219–24. 52. Ibid., 223–4. 53. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 174–5. 54. The Times, 1 August 1914. 55. BD, vol. XI, 510, pp. 283–5. 56. Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 295; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 136–7; Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 38. 57. DDF, 3rd series, 532, pp. 424–5; BD, vol. IX, 447, p. 260. 58. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 304. 59. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 353n34; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 304–5; Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 88. 60. Bodleian Libraries Oxford, Papers of Sir Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe, MS Eng. E. 3020, 1–2. 61. Bridge, Russia, 76–9. 62. Voeikov, S Tsarem I Bez Tsarya, 110. 63. Lieven, Nicholas II, 203. 64. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 463–4. 65. Ibid., 465–7; Joll, The Second International, 162–6. 66. Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurès, 469–72. 67. Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 432–3. 68. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 174–7; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. III, 88–91. 69. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. III, 85, 89; Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 227. 70. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. III, 106–7; Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 180–82. 71. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 189. 72. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 147n82; Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 422. 73. Adam, Bonar Law, 170. 74. Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 96–7; Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 145; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 136ff. 75. Hankey, The Supreme Command, 161–2; Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 97–100. 76. Geiss, July 1914, 231. 77. Stengers, ‘Belgium’, 152–5. 78. Ibid., 161–3. 79. BD, vol. XI, 670, pp. 349–50; Tuchman, The Guns of August, 107–8; The Times, 4 August 1914. 80. Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 150. 81. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. II, 12–13. 82. Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 296. 83. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. II, 20; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 305–6. 84. Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. II, 321–2; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 145–6; Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th series, vol. LXV, 1914, cols 1809–34; The Times, 4 August 1914. 85. Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 32; Grigg, Lloyd George, 154. 86. BD, vol. IX, 147, pp. 240–41; Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 200–201, 204. 87. Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 229. 88. The Times, 5 August 1914. 89. Joll, The Second International, 171–6. 90. Hollweg, Reflections on the World War, 158n; Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 176–7; BD, vol. XI, 671, pp. 350–54. 91. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 181. 92. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 208–9. 93. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 361. 94. Gregory, Walter Hines Page, 51–2. 95. Ibid., 151. 96. Joll, 1914, 15. 97. Lubbock, Letters of Henry James, 389.