The War that Ended Peace
Page 82
Epilogue: War
1. Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 790. 2. Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 78. 3. Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 130n2. 4. Bond, The Victorian Army and the Staff College, 294–5, 303. 5. Strachan, The First World War, vol. I, 239–42. 6. Ibid., 278–9. 7. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 857–8. 8. Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 264–8. 9. Fuller, The Foe Within, ch. 8, passim. 10. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 368. 11. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 210–12. 12. Ibid., 296. 13. Joll, 1914, 6. 14. For a good description of Wilhelm’s last years, see Cecil, Wilhelm II, chs 14–16.
List of Illustrations
Cartoons
1. Lord Kitchener announcing the annexation of the Transvaal, cartoon by Jean Veber, L’Assiette Au Beurre, 28 September, 1901. Photo: The Granger Collection/Topfoto
2. ‘A Troublesome Egg to Hatch’, cartoon by John S. Pughe, Puck, 6 April, 1901. Photo: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.,
3. ‘Dropping the Pilot’, caricature of Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II, Punch, 29 March, 1890. Photo: Topfoto,
4. ‘The Kaiser sets out to be Lord of the Sea’ unattributed illustration, Der wahre Jacob, 3 August, 1909. Photo: Mary Evans,
5. ‘No Limit’, cartoon by L. M. Glackens for the cover of Puck, 22 September, 1909. Photo: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.,
6. ‘The Cordial Agreement’, cartoon by Jules Faivre, Le Rire, 1903. Photo: Topfoto,
7. ‘The Russian bear, wounded in his fight with Japan, turns on his master, the Tsar’, cartoon by Roubille, Le Rire 4 February, 1905. Photo: Mary Evans,
8. Illustration by Carl Otto Czeschka, Die Nibelungen, 1909. Photo: Mary Evans,
9. ‘The Zabern Incident’, cartoon by Olaf Gulbransson, from Simplicissimus, November 1913. Photo: IAM/akg-images. © DACS, 2013,
10. ‘Every hour is lunch hour at the Dreadnought Club’, cartoon by Udo Keppler, Puck, 31 May, 1911. Photo: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.,
11. ‘Them fellers over there want to disarm but none of ’em dast do it first!’ cartoon, 1906, by John Scott Club. Photo: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.,
12. ‘The Perfidy of Albion’, satirical map of Europe, 1914. Collection of the Museum Europäischer Kulturen, Berlin. Photo: © 2013 Scala, Florence/BPK, Berlin,
13. ‘At the Moroccan Conference’, cartoon by J. H. W. Dietz in Der Wahre Jacob, 6 February, 1906. Photo: akg-images,
14. Bulgaria and Austria whip parts of the Ottoman Empire from beneath the feet of Abdul Hamid II of Turkey, Le Petit Journal, 18 October, 1908. Photo: Mary Evans,
15. An Italian soldier grabs the green standard of the Prophet during the annexation of Tripoli, Le Petit Journal, 12 November, 1911. Photo: akg-images,
16. ‘Fire in the Balkans’, cartoon by Thomas Theodor Heine, from Simplicissimus, 28 October, 1912. Photo: akg-images. © DACS, 2013,
17. ‘The more the nations try to outdo their neighbours in the arms race, the more their own people suffer’, cartoon by Rata Langa, Der Wahre Jacob, 1909. Photo: Mary Evans,
18. ‘The Power Behind’, cartoon by L. Raven Hill, Punch, 29 July, 1914. Photo: Mary Evans,
19. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, front page of the Daily Mirror, 29 July, 1914. Photo: John Frost Newspapers/Mary Evans,
20. ‘Bravo, Belgium!’, cartoon by F. H. Townsend, Punch, 12 August, 1914. Photo: Mary Evans,
Black and white illustrations
1. View of the Alexandre III bridge and of the Grand and Petit Palais (respectively left and right on the image) during the Paris Exposition, 1900. Photo: Brown University Library, Providence, RI
2. Royal group at the Palais Edinburgh, Coburg, 1894. Private Collection. Photo: Bernard Platman Antiquarian Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library
3. Kaiser Wilhelm II with Edward VII. Photo: Mary Evans/SZ Photo
4. Otto von Bismarck, 1890. Photo: akg-images
5. Franz Joseph I. Photo: Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans
6. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, c.1900. Photo: IAM/akg-images
7. Jean de Bloch. Photo: New York Public Library/The Bridgeman Art Library
8. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, c.1910. Photo: akg-images
9. Vice-Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher, c.1896. Photo: Robert Hunt Library/Mary Evans
10. Théophile Delcassé. Photo: Roger-Viollet/Topfoto
11. Tsar Nicholas II and his family. Photo: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.
12. Bloody Sunday on Nevsky Prospekt, St Petersburg, 9 January 1905. Photo: ullstein bild/Topfoto
13. Jean Jaurès, making a speech, 1914. Photo: akg-images
14. Bertha von Suttner, 1908. Photo: Imagno/akg-images
15. Greek boy scouts training in first aid, 1912. Photo: Roger Viollet/Topfoto
16. The Feast of Joan of Arc, Orléans, May 1909. Photo: Roger-Viollet/Topfoto
17. President Raymond Poincaré and General Joseph Joffre, observe French army manoeuvres, Toulouse, 1913. Photo: Roger Viollet/Topfoto
18. Helmut von Moltke, 1908. Photo: Roger Viollet/Topfoto
19. Vladimir Sukhomlinov, 1909. Photo: © RIA Novosti/TopFoto
20. Alfred von Schlieffen. Photo: Mary Evans/SZ Photo/Scherl
21. Bernhard von Bulow in Italian uniform, 1908. Photo: Bundesarchiv, Koblenz
22. Kaiser William II riding through Tangier, 31 March 1905. Photo: The Granger Collection/Topfoto
23. Herbert Asquith, 1915. Photo: Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans
24. Alois Aehrenthal, c.1907 Photo: akg-images/ullstein bild
25. Sir Edward Grey. Photo: Mary Evans
26. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević (Apis), 1900
27. Bulgarian troops taken by train to the Turkish border during the Balkan wars of 1912–13. Photo: Mary Evans/SZ Photo/Scherl
28. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, on the morning of the assassination, Sarajevo, 28 June, 1914. Photo: Robert Hunt Library/Mary Evans
28a. (inset) Gavrilo Princip. Photo: Topfoto
29. A lieutenant reads an announcement to crowds outside the Zeughaus, Berlin, 31 July, 1914. Photo: akg-images
30. Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, c. 1900. Photo: Mary Evans/SZ Photo/Scherl
31. Count Leopold Berchtold, 1915. Photo: Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans
32. István Tisza. Photo: Mary Evans/SZ Photo/Knorr & Hirth
33. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, c. 1914. Photo: Mary Evans/Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo
34. Departure of conscripts from Berlin to the front, c. August 1914. Photo: ullstein bild/Topfoto
35. Removal of the veil that covered the Strasbourg statue in Paris during a patriotic demonstration to celebrate the arrival of French troops in Alsace, 10 August, 1914. Photo: Roger Viollet/Topfoto
36. Remains of the University Library, Louvain (Leuven), 1914. Photo: Private Collection
Bibliography
Adam, R. J. Q., Bonar Law (London, 1999)
Adamthwaite, A., Grandeur and Misery: France’s Bid for Power in Europe 1914–1940 (New York, 1995)
Addison, M. and O’Grady, J., Diary of a European Tour, 1900 (Montreal, 1999)
Aehrenthal, A. L. v., Aus dem Nachlass Aehrenthal. Briefe und Dokumente zur Österreichisch-Ungarischen Innen- und Aussenpolitik 1885–1912 (Graz, 1994)
Afflerbach, H., Der Dreibund. Europäische Groβmacht- und Allianzpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Vienna, 2002)
———, Falkenhayn. Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich (Munich, 1994)
———, ‘The Topos of Improbable War in Europe before 1914’, in H. Afflerbach and D. Stevenson (eds.), An Improbable War? The Outbreak of World War I and European Political Culture before 1914 (New York, 2007), 161–82
———, ‘Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord in the First World War’, War in History, vol. 5, no. 4 (1998), 427–9
&nbs
p; Airapetov, O. R. (ed.), Generalui, Liberalui i Predprinimateli: Rabota Na Front i Na Revolyutsiyu 1907–1917 (Moscow, 2003)
———, Poslednyaya Voina Imperatorskoi Rossii: Sbornik Statei (Moscow, 2002)
———, ‘K voprosu o prichinah porazheniya russkoi armii v vostochno-prusskoi operatsii’, zapadrus.su/rusmir/istf/327–2011–04–26–13–04–00.html
Albertini, L., The Origins of the War of 1914 (London, 1957)
Allain, J., Joseph Caillaux: Le Défi victorieux, 1863–1914 (Paris, 1978)
Anderson, M. S., The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450–1919 (London, 1993)
Andrew, C., ‘France and the German Menace’, in E. R. May (ed.), Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessments before the Two World Wars (Princeton, 1986), 127–49
———, Théophile Delcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale: A Reappraisal of French Foreign Policy 1898–1905 (London, 1968)
Angell, N., The Great Illusion (Toronto, 1911)
Angelow, J., Der Weg in die Katastrophe: Der Zerfall des alten Europa, 1900–1914 (Berlin, 2010)
———, ‘Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer auf- und militärischer Abwertung’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, vol. 44 (1996), 25–74
Armour, I. D., ‘Colonel Redl: Fact and Fantasy’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 2, no. 1 (1987), 170–83
Austro-Hungarian Gemeinsamer Ministerrat, Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1914–1918) (Budapest, 1966)
Bach, A. (ed.), Deutsche Gesandtschaftsberichte zum Kriegsausbruch 1914. Berichte und Telegramme der Badischen, Sächsischen und Württembergischen Gesandtschaften in Berlin aus dem Juli und August 1914 (Berlin, 1937)
Baernreither, J. M. and Redlich, J., Fragments of a Political Diary (London, 1930)
Balfour, M. L. G., The Kaiser and His Times (New York, 1972)
Bánffy, M., They Were Divided: The Writing on the Wall (Kindle version, 2010)
Barclay, T., Thirty Years: Anglo-French Reminiscences, 1876–1906 (London, 1914)
Bark, P. L., ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda: Nachalo Velikoy Voinui. Iz Vospominany P. L. Barka, Poslednego Ministra Finansov Rossiiskogo Imperatorskogo Pravitel’Stva’, Vozrozhdenie, no. 91 (1959), 17–45
Barraclough, G., From Agadir to Armageddon: Anatomy of a Crisis (London, 1982)
Becker, J. J., 1914, Comment les Français sont entrés dans la Guerre: Contribution à l’étude de l’opinion publique printemps-été 1914 (Paris, 1977)
Beesly, E. S., Queen Elizabeth (London, 1906)
Berghahn, V., Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 (London, 1973)
———, ‘War Preparations and National Identity in Imperial Germany’, in M. F. Boemeke, R. Chickering, and S. Förster (eds.), Anticipating Total War: The German and American Experiences, 1871–1914 (Cambridge, 1999), 307–26
Bernhardi, F. v., Germany and the Next War (London, 1914)
Bestuzhev, I. V., ‘Russian Foreign Policy February–June 1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 1, no. 3 (1966), 93–112
Bethmann Hollweg, T. v., Reflections on the World War (London, 1920)
Beyens, H., Germany before the War (London, 1916)
Bittner, L. and Ubersberger, H. (eds.), Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914. Diplomatische Aktenstücke des Österreichisch-Ungarischen Ministeriums des Äussern (Vienna, 1930)
Bloch, I. S., The Future of War in its Technical Economic and Political Relations: Is War Now Impossible? (Toronto, 1900)
———, ‘The Wars of the Future’, Contemporary Review, vol. 80 (1901), 305–32
Blom, P., The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900–1914 (London, 2008)
Bodger, A., ‘Russia and the End of the Ottoman Empire’, in M. Kent (ed.), The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire (London, 1996), 76–110
Boemeke, M. F., Chickering, R., and Förster, S. (eds.), Anticipating Total War: The German and American Experiences, 1871–1914 (Cambridge, 1999)
Boghitschewitsch, M. (ed.), Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens 1903–1914 (Berlin, 1931)
Bond, B., The Victorian Army and the Staff College 1854–1914 (London, 1972)
Bosworth, R., ‘Britain and Italy’s Acquisition of the Dodecanese, 1912–1915’, Historical Journal, vol. 13, no. 4 (1970), 683–705
———, Italy and the Approach of the First World War (London, 1983)
Bourdon, G., The German Enigma (Paris, 1914)
Boyer, J. W., ‘The End of an Old Regime: Visions of Political Reform in Late Imperial Austria’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 58, no. 1 (1986), 159–93
Bridge, F. R., ‘Austria-Hungary and the Boer War’, in K. M. Wilson (ed.), The International Impact of the Boer War (Chesham, 2001), 79–96
———, ‘The British Declaration of War on Austria-Hungary in 1914’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 47, no. 109 (1969), 401–22
———, ‘The Entente Cordiale, 1904–14: An Austro-Hungarian Perspective’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, vol. 53 (2009), 335–51
———, The Habsburg Monarchy among the Great Powers, 1815–1918 (New York, 1990)
———, ‘Isvolsky, Aehrenthal, and the End of the Austro-Russian Entente, 1906–8’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, vol. 20 (1976), 315–62
———, From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866–1914 (London, 1972)
———, ‘Tarde Venientibus Ossa: Austro-Hungarian Colonial Aspirations in Asia Minor 1913–14’, Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 6, no. 3 (1970), 319–30
Bridge, W. C., How the War Began in 1914 (London, 1925)
Brinker-Gabler, G. (ed.), Kämpferin für den Frieden: Bertha von Suttner. Lebenserinnerungen, Reden und Schriften: Eine Auswahl (Frankfurt am Main, 1982)
Brock, Michael and Brock, Eleanor (eds.), H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford, 1982)
Brusilov, A. A., A Soldier’s Notebook 1914–1918 (London, 1930)
Bülow, B., Memoirs of Prince von Bulow (Boston, 1931)
Burkhardt, J., ‘Kriegsgrund Geschichte? 1870, 1813, 1756 – historische Argumente und Orientierungen bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs’, in J. Burkhardt, J. Becker, S. Förster, and G. Kronenbitter (eds.), Lange und kurze Wege in den Ersten Weltkrieg: Vier Augsburger Beitraeger zur Kriesursachenforschung (Munich, 1996), 9–86
Burkhardt, J., Becker, J., Förster, S., and Kronenbitter, G. (eds.), Lange und kurze Wege in den Ersten Weltkrieg: Vier Augsburger Beitraeger zur Kriesursachenforschung (Munich, 1996)
Burrows, M., The History of the Foreign Policy of Great Britain (London, 1895)
Bushnell, J., ‘The Tsarist Officer Corps, 1881–1914: Customs, Duties, Inefficiency’, American Historical Review, vol. 86, no. 4 (1981), 753–80
Butterworth, A., The World that Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Agents (London, 2010)
Cairns, J. C., ‘International Politics and the Military Mind: The Case of the French Republic, 1911–1914’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 25, no. 3 (1953), 273–85
Callwell, C. E., Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries (London, 1927)
Cambon, P., Correspondance, 1870–1924, vol. III: 1912–1924 (Paris, 1940–46)
Cannadine, D., The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Haven, CT, 1990)
Cannadine, D., Keating, J., and Sheldon, N., The Right Kind of History: Teaching the Past in Twentieth-Century England (New York, 2012)
Carter, M., The Three Emperors: Three Cousins, Three Empires and the Road to World War One (London, 2009)
Ceadel, M., Living the Great Illusion: Sir Norman Angell, 1872–1967 (Oxford, 2009)
———, Semi-Detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945 (Oxford, 2000)
Cecil, G., Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury, 4 vols (London, 1921–32)
Cecil, L., Albert Ball
in: Business and Politics in Imperial Germany, 1888–1918 (Princeton, 1967)
———, The German Diplomatic Service, 1871–1914 (Princeton, 1976)
———, Wilhelm II, vol. II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 (Chapel Hill, 1989)
Chandler, R., ‘Searching for a Saviour’, Spectator, 31 March 2012
Charykov, N. V., Glimpses of High Politics: Through War & Peace, 1855–1929 (London, 1931)
Chickering, R., Imperial Germany and a World without War: The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892–1914 (Princeton, 1975)
———, ‘Problems of a German Peace Movement, 1890–1914’, in S. Wank (ed.), Doves and Diplomats: Foreign Offices and Peace Movements in Europe and America in the Twentieth Century (London, 1978), 42–54
———, ‘War, Peace, and Social Mobilization in Imperial Germany’, in C. Chatfield and P. Van den Dungen (eds.), Peace Movements and Political Cultures (Knoxville, 1988), 3–22
Churchill, W. S., The World Crisis, 1911–1918, vol. I: 1911–1914 (London, 1923)
Cimbala, S. J., ‘Steering through Rapids: Russian Mobilization and World War I’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, vol. 9, no. 2 (1996), 376–98