inferential, 188
misperception of, 47–48
misunderstanding, 154, 302–3
and nirvana, inseparability of, 72
primordial existence of, 131
qualities of, 151
realized by reliable cognizer, 77
refuting non-true existence of, 132
refuting true existence of, 100
refuting wrong views of, 138–39
result of familiarization with, 255, 261–62
in six perfections, 344
subtle, 303–4, 317
suitable vessels for understanding, 18–19, 23, 151–52
in three vehicles, 104, 317–18
topics preparing for understanding, 18
wrong views of, 87
See also suchness; wisdom realizing emptiness
Engaging in the Bodhisattvas’ Deeds (Shantideva), 173
enjoyment body, 14, 15, 70, 152, 190, 206–7, 263, 369
environment, caring for, 183
environmental results, 34, 36–37, 38, 158–59, 170
equanimity, 21, 31, 42, 152, 379
essentialists, 4–6, 6n1, 84, 85–87
externalism, 80. See also absolutism
ethical conduct, 27, 32, 43, 378, 393–94
in accumulating merit, 189, 237
aspiration for others’, 379
blameworthy activities, abandoning, 29–30, 32
concentration and, 68
faith and, 23
generosity and, 270
for householders, 325, 330
karma and, 105
for monastics, 329–30
nonharming as essential to, 32
perfection of, 345–46
result of, 255
on second ground, 358–59
of spiritual mentors, 390–91
textual source for, 9
training in, 156
evident phenomena, 19–20, 347
existence, contextual meanings of, 100n18
extremes, four, 141–42, 148–49
extremes, two, 45, 69, 76–77, 80–81, 83–84, 88–89, 104, 140, 154
F
faith
of bodhisattvas, 188
as cause of higher rebirth, 22
limitations of, 23
from pondering Buddha qualities, 197–98
praise and, 13
qualities of, 24
three kinds, 255
as virtuous, 40
faults, 243–44, 306–7, 329–43
fear, 218
causing in others, 183–84
eliminating, 380
of emptiness, 46–47, 48–50, 68, 69, 104–5, 107–8
of losing wealth, 274
fearlessness, 14, 31, 160, 254, 258
feelings, aggregate of, 290, 299, 301
fetters, three, 356
Finely Woven (Nagarjuna), 4, 5
five essences, 258
five heinous crimes, 282
five paths, 6n2, 374. See also individual paths
five sublime eyes, 262
Flower Ornament Sutra (Avatamsaka Sutra), 321
form body
attaining, 15, 203, 312, 313
collection of merit and, 207, 208–11, 224, 262
limitless causes of, 316
qualities of, 197
two types, 14, 190–91
fortitude, 43
in accumulating merit, 189, 237
in accumulating wisdom, 244
aspiration for others’, 379
cultivating, 253
for Dharma, 257, 258, 262
householders practice of, 325
on third ground, 359, 360
three kinds, 32, 346
training in, 156
four arya truths, 15, 22, 89, 180, 315, 321–22, 348–49, 362, 365, 366
Four Hundred Stanzas on the Middle Way (Aryadeva), 7, 110, 111, 112, 283
four opponent powers, 36
Friendly Letter, 8
fundamental vehicle, 3, 307
afflictive obscurations in, 367
emptiness in, 289
extinction in, 316–18
liberation in, 303–4, 314–15
limitations of, 305, 320–22, 365, 366
Prasangika view of, 303–4
See also hearer vehicle; solitary realizer vehicle
G
gambling, 172
Ganden Monastery, 272
Geluk school, 6n1
gender identity, 172n25
generosity, 32, 43, 394
in accumulating merit, 189, 233, 235–39, 253
in accumulating wisdom, 244–45
aspiration for others’, 379
benefits of, 269–71, 274–75
on first ground, 356, 357
four kinds, 31, 253–54
householders practice of, 325
results of, 258
in sustaining Dharma, 160
training in, 155, 156, 162–63, 165
governance, proper, 233–35, 277–82, 286, 326
grasping
innate and acquired, 50n6, 360
types and meanings of, 49–50
See also I-grasping; self-grasping; true-grasping
Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path (Tsongkhapa), 7, 28
Greater Sutta on the Lion’s Roar, 372
grounds, bodhisattva, 351, 355, 371
eighth, 366–67
fifth, 361–62
first, 356–57
fourth, 360–61
mental bodies on, 190
ninth, 367–68
second, 357–59
sequential progress through, 353–55
seventh, 365–66
sixth, 362–65
tenth, 368–70
third, 359–60
Gyaltsap Je, 8, 209
H
happiness
attachment and, 181–82
bringing to others, 184
cause of, 41
as characteristic of higher rebirth, 20, 21
as decrease of pain, 290–91, 299
from Dharma practice, 251, 252
generosity and, 162
illusory nature of, 289
reflection on, 41–42
short- and long-term, 310–11
true, 170
worldly, 325
harm, abandoning, 29, 30
hearer vehicle, 6n2, 17, 203
aspiration in, 187, 188
eight grounds of, 356
emptiness in, 289, 317
liberation in, 52–53, 60, 66
merit and wisdom in, 208
Prasangika view on, 75, 87–88
six practices in, 344
two obscurations in, 352
Hedonists. See Charvaka School
hell realm, 21n4, 151–52, 183
disparaging universal vehicle and, 307–8
freedom from, 42, 143, 357
as ripening result, 36, 38
three poisons and, 222, 223
higher rebirth, 42
ascertaining, 19–20
causes and effects of, 154–68, 223–24
causes of, 24, 27–41, 38
desire for, 42–43
ethical conduct and, 23
faith and, 22–23
karma and, 20
meaning of, 16, 17
order of teaching, 18–19
as ripening result, 41
seven qualities of, 378
highest good, 16, 17, 108
ascertaining, 19–20
causes and effects of, 137–54
higher rebirth and, 154–55
order of teaching, 18, 19
superior vessels for, 24
highest yoga tantra, 212
householders, 29–30, 325, 329–30
human birth, precious, 182, 213, 250–51, 252, 255, 288, 384
human realm, 21n4, 42–43, 180, 222–23. See also higher rebirth
human rights, 236–37
hungry ghosts, 21n4, 38, 42, 222–23
, 232–33, 245, 270, 357, 384
hunting, 183, 184
I
ignorance, 39–40
beginningless and cessation of, 142
as causal motivation, 43
dependent arising of, 126, 127
falsity of, 52
latencies of, 352
of ordinary beings, 147
reflection on, 41–42
self-grasping, 3, 19, 21, 40, 45, 48, 63, 66, 109, 145
true-grasping, 112, 132, 218–19, 352
I-grasping, 48–50, 51–57, 56–57, 59, 61–62, 67, 155–56
Illumination of the Middle Way Thought (Tsongkhapa), 7
immaterial realm, 21n4, 39n5, 41, 42, 349n37, 362. See also meditative absorptions, four immaterial
immeasurables, four, 31, 42, 359, 379, 380, 386
impermanence, 18
of body, 92
of person, 96–97, 101–2
of phenomena, 120
remembering, 155, 167–68, 339
subtle, 149–50, 363
three attributes of, 94–95
imprints, 105, 163, 187, 188, 215, 307, 383
inference, 19, 20, 58, 60, 347, 348
insight, 311–12, 314, 362, 363
intelligence, 37, 40, 365, 366, 378
intoxicants, 29, 35–36, 171–72, 181–82
Ishvara, 292
J
Jains, 88–89, 148–49
Jamyang Choje Tashi Palden, 272
Jataka Tales, 220, 236–37
jealousy, 37, 242, 331, 394
Jnanagarbha, 9
joy
of bodhisattvas, 219, 220, 270, 356–57
in Dharma practice, 156, 227, 325, 387–88
immeasurable, 31, 379
of others, 184, 230, 385
in three realms, 21n4
in understanding emptiness, 48
joyous effort, 313–14, 344, 346–47
aspiration for others’, 379
on bodhisattva grounds, 354, 359, 360, 361
in Dharma practice, 251
steadfastness from, 269
two collections and, 208
K
karma, 18
afflictions and, 52
of body and mind, 290
cessation of, 68
complete, three criteria for, 28
in continuum of person, 101–2
control of sentient beings, 103
dependent arising of, 127
of erroneous paths, 27
faith in, 22, 23, 24, 25
four principal aspects of, 22–23
in giving-and-taking practice, 384–85
going beyond, 108
ignorance and, 112
importance of understanding, 252
misunderstanding, 152
momentariness of, 96–97
of nihilists and essentialists, 84, 105
pacifying, 76
polluted, 21–22, 109
propelling, 40, 41, 43
purifying, 168
rebirth and, 155, 169–70
results, self experiencing, 115, 116
ripening result of, 223
from self-grasping of person, 60
of sexual desire, 179
in tenet systems, 149
twelve links and, 62–65
understanding, 19, 20, 263
understanding others’, 262
views on, 87–88
virtuous and nonvirtuous, 39
killing, 24, 28, 34–35, 36, 170, 183, 283
kindness
of all beings, remembering, 173, 186, 245, 257, 279
benefits of, 156
as motivation, 160, 172, 184
toward wrongdoers, 282–83
See also loving-kindness
King of Concentration Sutra, 386
“King of Prayers,” 321
kings, qualities of, 164–65, 287–88
Kshudravastuka, 329, 330
L
Langri Tangpa, 382, 383
lay practitioners. See householders
laziness, 212, 336, 340, 392
leadership
appointing and overseeing others, 277–80
attracting followers, 250
beneficial actions of, 184
of bodhisattvas, 355
caring for animals and environment, 183
companions for, 165–67
Dharma principles in, 157, 185, 249, 280–82
power of, 170
truth in, 161, 246
See also governance, proper
Levels of Yogic Practice (Asanga), 38
liberation
of arhats, 52–53
aspiration for, 65, 66
as emptiness, 74
emptiness of, 66
as freedom from extremes, 83–84
as highest good, 20
understanding, 19–20
views on, 60, 69–70
wisdom as necessary for, 45, 46
See also three doors of liberation
lineage, respecting, 252
Ling Rinpoche, Yongzin, 227
livelihood, 29, 37, 253, 335, 377–78
Lokayatas. See Charvaka School
love, 19, 325
as cooperative condition, 252
cultivating, 169
eighty marks and, 198–99
generosity of, 160, 253, 254, 344, 394
immeasurable, 31, 213, 379, 380, 386
as mistaken not erroneous, 153
non-attachment and, 257
as root of virtue, 222
for sentient beings, 186, 197, 283, 385
loving-kindness, 40, 344
Lui Gyaltsen, Lotsawa, 9
lust, 169, 179, 218, 289, 337. See also sexual attraction
lying, 28, 35, 36, 161
M
Madhyamaka system, 6n1, 73–74, 109, 315, 358. See also Prasangika system; Svatantrika Madhyamaka system
Mahasihanada Sutta. See Greater Sutta on the Lion’s Roar
Maheshvara, 355
Maitreya, 191, 206–7. See also Buddha Maitreya
Manjushri, 9
material realm, 21n4, 39n5, 41, 349n37. See also concentrations, four of material realm
medicinal substances, 231
meditation
on compassion, 189
on dependent arising, 68
on emptiness, 19, 23, 113, 119, 255
examining I and aggregates, 53–56
on love, 254
Nagarjuna’s understanding of, 6
taking-and-giving (tonglen), 235, 382–85
on twelve links, 64–66
using refutation in, 101
wisdom, role of in, 76
meditation, path of, 6, 60, 349
meditative absorptions, four immaterial, 42, 359, 362, 364–65, 374
meditative equipoise on emptiness
appearance in, 82
momentariness of, 301–2
order of, 59–60
perception of phenomena in, 128–32, 146, 147
of persons, 47–48, 60
Prasangika view of, 75
purity of, 352
purpose of, 108
three types of wisdom of, 351–52
meditative stability, perfection of, 313–14, 344, 346–47, 354, 362, 363, 379
mental bodies, 190, 305
mental factors, 43, 101, 301–2, 342–43, 345–46, 364n39
merit
accumulating, 66, 156
from composing treatises, 13–14
daily recitation for, 375–82, 385
dedicating, 156
for hearing Buddha’s teachings, 7–8
for realizing emptiness, 45, 46, 47
transcending, 75, 107–8
See also collection of merit
method, 19, 58, 189, 190–91, 208, 209, 211, 262–63
Milarepa, 163
mind
apprehending body, 180
cognizing emptiness, 301–2, 303
empty nature of, 73–74
> I and, 54
investigating, 101
in lower realms, 38
object emptiness in, 129
refuting inherent existence of, 91–92
taming, results of, 42
tranquility in, 164
true-grasping, 104
valid, 51, 57
mind teachings (lojong), 246
mindfulness, 255, 256, 330
mindfulness, four establishments of, 174, 180
miserliness, 274–75, 331
momentariness, 95, 97–98, 116
monasteries, establishing and maintaining, 225–26, 271–73, 275–77
monasticism, 30, 230–31, 286, 326, 329, 335, 343
mother tantra, 173
motivation
to be free from cyclic existence, 65
to benefit others, 162, 184
examining, 246–47
in giving advice, 268–69
role in results, 38
for taming negativities, 330
in teaching Dharma, 256–57
vastness of, 271
virtuous, 156–57, 159–60, 309–10
N
Nagarjuna, 4–7, 107. See also Precious Garland of Advice to a King
Naiyayikas, 88–89
name, mere, 106–7, 109–11, 133, 137–38, 148
nature truth body, 190, 206–7, 369
negativity, 75, 107–8, 169, 218, 381, 392
nihilism, 69, 84
abandoning, 154
advice for avoiding, 151, 152
Buddha’s refutation of, 140
fear and, 46
freedom from, 80–81
karma and, 105
as nonvirtuous action, 27, 29
in tenet systems, 48
as wrong view, 74
Nirgranthas. See Jains
nirvana, 6, 89, 100–101
ascertaining through reasoning, 19–20
Dharma as, 104
emptiness and, 74, 303–5
non-abiding, 66, 319
refuting inherent existence of, 93–94
with remainder, 69, 75–76, 319
without remainder, 69–70, 72, 75–76, 319
views on, 71–73
no more learning, path of, 6, 60
non-affirming negative, 73, 133
non-anger, 39, 40, 42, 43, 222, 224
non-arising, 316–18, 372–73
non-attachment, 39, 40, 42, 43, 175, 222–23, 224, 255, 257
non-confusion, 39, 40, 42, 43, 222, 224
nonexistence, contextual meanings of, 100n18
nonviolence, 159, 193, 275–76
nonvirtuous actions, 27–29, 42, 158–59, 217–18
Nyungné, 32
O
object of negation, 54, 56–57, 58–60, 112–13, 364
obscurations, two, 199, 319, 352, 353. See also afflictive obscurations; cognitive obscurations
Ocean of Reasoning: The Great Commentary on the “Middle Way” (Tsongkhapa), 7, 62
offerings, 31, 221–22, 226–27, 228, 259, 277. See also under body
omniscience, 14, 102, 103, 190, 207, 348, 369–70, 372–74
Ornament of Clear Realization (Maitreya), 191, 206–7
P
pain, 289–90, 299–301. See also suffering
past lives, recalling, 261, 374
paths
of action, 23, 36
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