Lincoln and the Power of the Press The War for Public Opinion
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rivalries of, 197, 233, 333–34
as shared among subscribers, 16–17
suppression of, 345–48
wariness of, 200–201
New York Staats-Zeitung, 352, 427
New York Sun, 26, 27, 30, 54, 56, 61, 110–11, 146, 565
business model of, 19–20
circulation of, 21, 29, 73
as Democratic paper, 53
launch of, 17–18, 21
popularity of, 73
price of, 28
profit of, 60
size of, 25
New York Times, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, xxxi, 135, 164, 303, 337, 466, 501, 545, 558, 565
AP joined by, 147
as apprehensive of Lincoln, 234
Army and Navy Journal praised in, 464
arrest in Charleston of reporter for, 299–300
Bennett’s attack on, 150
Brown’s plot reported in, 207, 210–11
Butler’s contraband order and, 332
campaign of 1860 covered by, 246, 249, 256
censorship and, 430–31
on Daily News’s censure, 347
Douglas’s death reported in, 307
draft riots and, 445–46
Dred Scott decision denounced by, 166–67
editors’ declaration ignored in, 427
emancipation accepted by, 406
on Emancipation Proclamation, 395
embedded Western correspondent of, 325
First Bull Run Battle in, 316
Fort Lafayette inspection reported in, 350–51
on Frémont’s abolition order, 333
Gettysburg Address absent from, 454–55
on Greeley’s Senate bid, 278–79
habeas corpus suspension criticized by, 313
headquarters of, 136–37, 156, 198–99, 199
Herald’s flag mocked in, 301
influence of, xxviii
investments in, 133
launch of, 133–34
Lincoln opposed by, 345
Lincoln’s abolition plan praised in, 382–83
on Lincoln’s assassination, 553
Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech in, 221–22
Lincoln’s first inaugural in, 291
Lincoln’s Hodges letter published in, 476–77
Lincoln’s lack of policy criticized in, 297–98, 304–5
Lincoln’s power deplored in, 345
Lincoln’s preliminary remarks on Gettysburg in, 449
Lincoln’s second Annual Address praised by, 413
Lincoln’s train ride to D.C. covered by, 281, 283, 286, 287
Lincoln’s trip through Baltimore reported in, 286, 287
McClellan’s accusations against, 361
major fire ignored by, 136
marketing circulars in, 137
Maryland reporters’ arrests cheered by, 339
modern-day, 565–66
price of, 151
prospectus of, 133–34
rapid growth of, 137
Raymond hired at, 122
secession crisis downplayed by, 258–59
Sherman’s emotional troubles reported in, 359
Stanton’s refusal of press pass to, 483–84
Sumner beating condemned by, 166
Trent affair and, 363
Tribune’s circulation war with, 136
Villard’s reports in, 272
New York Tribune, xxii, xxvi, xxvii, 57, 96, 139, 196, 274, 303, 450, 466, 536, 543
Acton’s criticism of, 148
ads in Herald for, 206
Antietam reporting of, 326
AP joined by, 147
attention lavished on Greeley in, 205
Bennett’s attack on, 150
Bennett’s call for censorship of, 426
Bennett’s obituary in, 556
black and abolitionist readership of, 66
Brown’s raid in, 211, 212–13
Butler’s contraband order and, 332
circulation of, 63, 85–86, 90, 136, 206, 259
Clay supported by, 57, 65, 140
Clay tribute in, 140
Confederate anger at, 438–39
D.C. delivery of, 487
Douglas praised in, 142, 169–70, 171
early troubles of, 55
earnest editorial writing in, 61
1858 Illinois election in, 183
1860 election covered by, 249, 256
fire at, 61
First Bull Run Battle in, 314, 315, 316
on “Flagmania,” 302
Frémont supported by, 164
Gettysburg Address absent from, 454–55
Harris praised in, 278
headquarters of, 199–200, 199
Herald’s call for suppression of, 350
Herald’s false Lincoln text mocked by, 490
inconsistent profitability of, 150–51
influence of, xviii
launch of, 53–54, 125, 155, 565
Lincoln accused of expense padding in, 113
Lincoln-Douglas debate printed in, 178–79
and Lincoln-Greeley correspondence on peace, 514–15
Lincoln-Greeley summit in, 276
Lincoln’s abolition plan praised in, 382–83
Lincoln’s antislavery bill praised in, 108
on Lincoln’s assassination, 553
Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech reported in, 217, 220–21, 222–23
Lincoln-Scott meeting in, 393
Lincoln’s first inaugural in, 291
Lincoln’s Hodges letter published in, 476–77
Lincoln’s letter on Shakespeare mocked in, 482–83
Lincoln’s Mexican War letter to, 96–97, 105
Lincoln’s morale-building speeches in, 521
Lincoln’s patronage quest supported by, 118
Lincoln’s preliminary remarks on Gettysburg in, 449
Lincoln’s Richmond visit in, 549
Lincoln’s study of back issues of, 216
Lincoln’s train ride to D.C. covered by, 281–82, 283, 284
Lincoln’s trip through Baltimore reported in, 286
Lincoln’s visit to, 220–21
major fire in, 136
Mexican War denounced in, 80, 85, 86
military leaks ascribed to, 387
plummet in circulation of, 557
price of, 54, 151
prospectus of, 54–55
Raymond at, 55, 61, 62, 122, 125–26
secession crisis downplayed in, 258–59, 260–61
Sherman’s request for troops reported in, 359
size of, 55
staff at, 55, 61, 62, 135
threat to office of, 443–45
Times’s circulation war with, 136
“War Tract” in, 430
see also Greeley, Horace
New York True Sun, 19
New York World, 131, 311, 355, 409, 410, 439, 456, 466, 486, 533, 536, 558, 562, 565
anti-Lincoln stories in, 502–4, 505–7
Burnside’s banning of, 425
censorship and shutdown of, 430, 489–94
draft riots and, 442, 446
on emancipation, 406, 418
on Greeley’s peace conference, 516
Lincoln’s abolition plan praised in, 382
on Lincoln’s assassination, 553
Lincoln’s speech on Confederate surrender criticized in, 551
Lincoln’s train ride to D.C. covered by, 282
Raymond’s Lincoln biography criticized in, 522
New York World Journal Tribune, 565
New York World Telegram and Sun, 565
Nicolay, John G., 183, 244–45, 245, 331, 412–13, 415, 455, 456, 467, 479, 485, 501, 521–22, 527, 528, 530, 538, 551
articles written by, 245
at Gettysburg, 450
Greeley blamed for secession crisis by, 261
invited to serve as Lincoln’s secretary, 244, 245–46
on Lincoln’s campaign biographies, 243, 245, 612
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on Lincoln’s train ride to D.C., 282, 284
on proofs of Lincoln’s first inaugural, 280
Noah, Mordecai Manuel, 22–23, 31
North, 197
differences with South over slavery, 209–10
Southern trade with, 198
North Carolina:
secession of, 299
Unionist press in, 458
North Carolina Standard, 422
Northern Spectator, 8
North Star, see Douglass’ Monthly
Odyssey (Homer), 561
Ohio, 423–24, 509
in election of 1860, 215
Ohio Journal, 242
Old Capitol Prison, 496
Old Hickory, 43, 45, 46
Old Soldier, 44–45, 46–47
Opdyke, George, 442
“Opening the Presidential Campaign,” 497–98
Oregon, 225
Oregon Democrat, 419
Oregon Farmer, 195
Oregon Territory, 106, 118, 119
Ottawa, Ill., 176, 177, 178, 179, 184
Pacific Appeal, 409, 414
Page, S. D., 282
Painter, Uriah Hunt, 282
“Palmetto Boys of the Palmetto State,” 262
Panic of 1837, 154
Paris Democratic Standard, 422
Paris Prairie Beacon, 168
Park Row, 198, 199
Parton, James, 443, 464
party pamphlets, xiv
party platforms, xx
party resolutions, xx
Paschall, Nathaniel, 267
patronage (political), 24, 117–19, 120, 139, 192–93, 256, 265–66, 270, 272–75, 279–80, 290, 305–6, 329–30, 349, 501–2, 547, 620
Patterson, Alicia, 561
Patterson, Joseph Medill, 561
Paul, Edward A., 483, 483
Paulding, Hiram, 444
Peace Convention, 335
convening of, 275
Lincoln’s opposition to, 264–65
“Peace Meeting,” 353
Peck, Ebenezer, 143
Peckham, George, 266
Peninsular Campaign, 385–88, 390, 392, 396, 464
Pennsylvania, 411, 525, 590
Confederate invasion of, 432
wartime censorship in, 420–21
Pennsylvanian, 24
Pennsylvania Packet, 18
penny papers, 19–21, 34, 138
Peoria Demokrat, 352
Petersburg, Battle of, 524
Philadelphia, Pa., 29, 286
Philadelphia Age, 553
Philadelphia Argus, 274
Philadelphia Courier, 21
Philadelphia Daily Sun, 103
Philadelphia Evening Argus, 349
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 265, 349
Philadelphia Evening Journal, 420–21
Philadelphia Inquirer, xxviii, 282, 328, 349, 432
Philadelphia North American, 98–99
Philadelphia Pennsylvanian, 236
Philadelphia Press, 180, 308, 310, 316, 327–28, 397, 466, 549–50
Philanthropist, 34
Philips, Wendell, 403, 631
Piano, Renzo, 565–66
Piatt, Donn, 155, 260, 599
Pickett, Thomas J., 203, 204, 468
Pierce, Franklin, 144, 145, 388, 404
Piggott, Thomas H., 365
Pike, James S., 274
Pike County Free Press, 244
Pinkerton, Allan, 286, 365
Pinkerton agents, 286
Pittsburgh, Pa., 283
Plainfield Gazette, 352
Plan of Adjustment, 511
Pleasantville, N.Y., 558
Plymouth Church, 215, 217, 563
Plympton, Florus B., 359
Poe, Edgar Allen, 50
Political Blondins Crossing Salt River, 253
political orations, xiv
Political Text-Book, 243
Polk, James K., 78, 116, 308
in election of 1844, 57, 65
Lincoln’s “Spot” resolutions disputed by, 80
Mexican War pact of, 76
Mexican War started by, 72, 86
Oregon Territory bill signed by, 106
public works opposed by, 94–95
second term rejected by, 94
Pomeroy, William, 352–53
Pony Express, 72
Poore, Benjamin Perley, 23, 75, 288, 321, 326, 370, 375, 381, 388, 478
Pope, John, 392, 398, 406, 407
Popular Sovereignty, 150, 166, 169–70, 204, 215–16, 239, 266
Porter, David Dixon, 549
Porter’s Spirit of the Times, 126
postal rate reform, 135
Post Office, New York, 64–65, 64
Post Office, U.S., 356, 523
“Prayer of Twenty Millions, The,” 399–400, 399, 403, 405, 428, 517, 519
Prentice, George D., 341–42
Prime, William C., 345, 496
death of, 562
and false call for volunteers, 490, 491, 492
Printing House Square, 443, 445
printing technology, xvi, xviii, xix, xxi, 29, 31
Prison Times, 461
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, 456
profit sharing, 59
propaganda, xix
pro-secessionist press, xxvii
prostitution, 27
Providence Journal, 246
public relations, xxiii
Punch, 201
Putnam’s Magazine, 225–26
Quincy, Ill., 179
Quincy Herald, 143, 422
Quincy Whig, 142, 153
Rail Candidate, The, 253
rail service, xxviii, 29, 72
transcontinental, 150
Rail Splitter, 240
Raleigh State Journal, 422, 646
Ramsay, Charles G., 340–41
Ramsey, Albert C., 535
Ray, Charles H., 160, 161, 162, 170, 173, 183, 560, 609
Brown denounced by, 208
on D.C. emancipation, 603
at 1860 Republican Convention, 226, 229, 229
at First Bull Run Battle, 316
Lincoln’s angry letter to, 174
Lincoln supported by, 177–78, 204, 208, 222, 226, 230, 239
at Republican Convention of 1860, 226
Russell’s insulting of, 321
stenographer hired by, 180
worried over Lincoln’s debates, 177–78
Raymond, Henry J., xxv, 162, 302, 380, 532
African-American troop proclamation questioned by, 418–19, 473–74
amendment banning slavery sought by, 497–98
background of, 123–24
Bennett praised by, 32
Bennett’s criticism of, 130, 272, 345
censorship praised by, 418–19
Chicago Times suppression and, 426
at Courier and Enquirer, 127–30, 131, 131
death of, 555–56
desk of, 566
Douglas’s flattering of, 210
draft riots and, 445–46
editors’ declaration and, 427, 428
at 1852 Whig Convention, 144–45
1856 campaigning of, 163, 164
1860 campaigning by, 255
at 1860 Republican Convention, 225, 227, 228–29, 231
as elected leader, xxiii–xxiv
and election of 1864, 538
and emancipation as precondition for armistice, 525–27, 543
estate of, 556
on final Emancipation Proclamation, 412
at First Bull Run Battle, 316, 322–23
government suppression of newspapers supported by, 346, 347, 349, 356, 492
Greeley criticized by, 123, 235–37, 239
Greeley’s first meeting with, 124
Greeley’s praise of, 122
as head of Republican National Committee, 500, 522–23, 529, 530
on Herald’s anti-English diatribes, 363–64
hired by Times, 122
Johnson’s impeachment opposed by, 555, 562
Kossuth introduced by, 141
Lincoln campaign biography of, 555
Lincoln-Greeley correspondence on peace and, 514–15
Lincoln notified of nomination by, 234
Lincoln’s campaign supported by, 251
and Lincoln’s complaint on Trumbull’s speech, 265–66
at Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech, 218
and Lincoln’s defense of Hooker, 432
Lincoln’s first inaugural praised by, 293
Lincoln’s invitation to D.C., 305
Lincoln’s lack of policy criticized by, 297–98, 304–5
Lincoln’s letter on profligacy to, 383
Lincoln’s need for, 196
Lincoln victory in 1860 predicted by, 239
“Little Villain” nickname of, xxviii
McClellan’s accusation of treason by, 361
moderation of, xxvii, 123, 136
Newsboy rescued from default by, 146
in New York Assembly, 130–32, 133, 384–85
at New-Yorker, 124–25, 127
nominated as lieutenant governor of New York, 154
oratorical skills of, 130, 132
patronage requests of, 305–6, 329–30, 501–2, 547
pay of, 125, 126
on profit motive of newspapers, 486–87
on Richmond campaign, 385–87
Russell commended by, 321–22
Russell’s acquaintance with, 317
Russell’s dinner with, 379
slave interests opposed by, 163
Smedes’s letter shown to, 267–68
in split with Greeley, 122, 126–30, 596
in symbolic Senate bid, 278
telegraph coalition organized by, 74
Times headquarters commissioned by, 198–99
at Tribune, 55, 61, 62, 122, 125–26
on Unionist papers in Confederacy, 458
Webb’s fight with, 144–45
Welton’s release sought by, 484
White House visit of, 483–84
Raymond & Jones, 133
“Rebecca” letters, 48–49, 99
Reeves, Henry A., 351
Reid, Whitelaw, 404, 433, 444–45, 543, 558
reporters, see newspapers and reporters
Republican Club Room, 223
Republican National Committee, 522–23, 529, 530
Republican National Convention of 1856, 225
Republican National Convention of 1860, 191, 225–30, 233, 238
Greeley support for Bates at, 224
Republican Party, New York, anti-Seward feelings in, 214
Republican Party, U.S.:
Bennett’s rejection of, xxvi
in election of 1862, 410–11
naming of, 160
newspapers of, xiv, xxi, 233, 242–43, 246–47, 251–52, 283, 418, 441
Republican Party Going to the Right House, The, 253
Republican State Central Committee, 188–89
Republican State Committee, 244
Resseguie, Anna Marie, 552
Reynolds, John, 38–39
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 258, 261