Reformers to Radicals
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Berea College professor, 69–70, 124
call to partnership (cooperative philosophy), 22–23, 26, 33, 40, 50, 77–78, 124, 135–36, 140
Campus Action for Mountain Progress (CAMP), 52
control of reform in Appalachia, 25, 27–28, 78, 102
education, 28, 29, 31, 33–34, 96
integration, 27
fires Ogle and Fox, 144
helps fund Appalachian Volunteers, Inc., 149
Jones, Loyal, 124, 148, 205
Mill Creek, 59
people development, 76
religion, 23
strip mining, 26
Baley, W. Ross, 24, 34
Barbourville, KY, 84, 89, 94, 98
Bard College, NY, 104
Barker, Joe, 145
Batt, William, 25
Batteau, Allen, 101
Bay City, MI, 109
Beckley, WV, 175
Bell County, KY, 120
Bell County Economic Opportunity Council, 120
Dorton, 120, 137
Fonde, 132–34
Beloit College 103
Berea Citizen, 138, 139
Berea College, 7, 31, 45, 69, 70, 139
Appalachian Volunteers, 74, 94, 112, 137
Berea College Pinnacle, 205
Campus Action for Mountain Progress, 51
Council of the Southern Mountains, 18, 20, 54
Jones, Loyal, 124
Volunteers in Service to America, 142
Berry, Chad, 69
Bethany, KY, 155
Bethell, Tom, 193, 194
Biesmeyer, David, 200–201
Bigart, Homer, 22, 36–37
Blackey, KY, 53, 203
black lung disease, 202
Blair, Jim, 139
Blass, Richard, 104
Bledsoe, Malie (Clay County, KY, superintendent of schools), 105
Bledsoe County, TN, 53
Bodnar, Adelbert, 19, 21, 30, 31
Books for Appalachia, 83–84
Boone, Richard, 35, 39, 72, 181
Boone County, WV, 151
Booneville, KY, 67
Braden, Anne and Carl, 187, 189
Breathitt County, KY, 34, 114, 151, 171–72, 175–76, 181
Barwick, 172
Breathitt County Grassroots Citizen Committee, 172
Haddix, 172
Hayes Branch, 172
Lost Creek, 171
Quicksand, 103, 114
Breathitt, Edward, 55, 155, 173
strip mining, 188
threatens Appalachian Volunteers funding, 190
Bristol, TN, 123, 136–37, 138, 143–45, 149, 182–83
broad form deed, 186
Brooks, Florence, 113
Brosi, George, 17–18, 40, 147
Brown, James S., 19
Buckner, Robin, 97, 155
Byrd, Robert, 199, 215
Campbell, John, 156
Campbell, John C., 19
Campus Action for Mountain Progress, 51–52
Caney Creek Junior College, 34. See also Alice Lloyd College
Caney Valley, TN, 69
Caprio, Ralph (Office of Economic Opportunity), 84
Carter County, KY, 128
Caudill, Harry, 8, 36, 113, 131, 147, 149
Cawood, James (Harlan County, KY, superintendent of schools and chair of Harlan County community action program), 135, 173
Christmas in Appalachia, 100–101, 105
Ciaccio, Jack (Office of Economic Opportunity), 55, 79, 131–32
Central Intelligence Agency, 5
Cincinnati, OH, 19, 21, 139
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 26
Chicago, IL, 7, 19, 197
Civil Rights Act (1964), 14
Clark, Charles (Floyd County, KY, superintendent of schools), 119
Clark, Mike, 193
Clay County, KY, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 74, 76, 81, 86, 87, 101, 105, 111, 157
Bear Creek, 82, 151
Red Bird, 81, 86
Saylor, 81
Spruce Pine, 81
Urban, 82, 232n25
Clay County, WV, 123, 134, 151
Clay County Development Corporation, 134
Cleveland, OH, 19
Clospoint, KY, 155
coal industry, 8, 9, 18–19, 26, 76–77, 157, 164, 190, 209, 223n32
Cohen, Eli (National Committee on Employment of Youth), 31, 33
Cold War, 4, 6
Coles, Nancy, 175
Coles, Robert, 20, 43, 113, 123, 153
colonialism model, 46, 158, 209
Colin, Candy, 155
Combs, Bert T., 25
Combs, Grazia, 32
Combs, Ollie “Widow”, 172
communism, 4–6, 185, 190, 197, 212, 214–15
Communist Control Act (1954), 5–6
community action, 14, 50, 78, 113, 132, 151, 152, 159, 160, 171, 175
Community Action Programs (CAPs) 11, 49, 102, 114, 115, 116, 117, 128–29
Appalachian Volunteers, 80, 102, 114, 116–17, 129, 143, 151, 152, 155–56, 161–63, 167, 169–71, 173, 174–76, 181, 183, 190, 213
Council of the Southern Mountains, 102
counties, 115, 129, 130, 135, 155, 162, 172, 175–76, 181, 199, 200, 213
Kentucky, 190–91, 199, 213
Office of Economic Opportunity, 50, 79, 86, 102, 130–32, 134, 190–91, 209
West Virginia, 201
Community Resources for Employment and Training (CREATE), 180
Conn, Phil, 51, 74, 139
Cooper, John Sherman (U.S. senator), 25, 28
Cooper, Linda, 191
Corbin, David, 8, 9
corruption, 22, 33, 130
Council of the Southern Mountains (CSM), 17, 19, 34, 36, 41, 45, 58, 69, 120, 123, 124, 126, 145, 202
Appalachian Volunteers (see Appalachian Volunteers)
Appalachian Volunteers, Inc., 148–49
Appalachian Volunteers splits from, 81, 126, 135, 137–45, 148–49, 202
campus chapters, 71–72
community development (see Appalachian Volunteers)
cooperative philosophy, 22–23, 26–27, 33, 35, 40, 50, 73, 77, 94, 124, 135–36, 151, 176, 184
culture of poverty, 22, 32, 44–46, 208 (see also Appalachian Volunteers)
curriculum enrichment (see Appalachian Volunteers)
Depressed Area USA, 100, 101–3, 105 disbands, 206
Eastern Kentucky Crash Program, 38, 40, 42
education, 24, 29, 31, 32–35, 51, 53, 64, 78–79, 208
finances, 20, 25, 26, 30, 74, 80–81, 95
Fontana Dam Village, 205, 215
Ford Foundation, 30
former Appalachian Volunteers return to, 204–5
“Great Cities–Gray Areas” program, 30
integration, 17, 27
Lake Junaluska, 205, 215
leadership role in Appalachia, 40, 42, 102
Mill Creek (see Appalachian Volunteers)
Office of Economic Opportunity, 49, 53, 84, 87, 89, 98, 130–32
Operation Bookstrap, 34–35
opposition to, 74–75, 120, 128–29
organizes volunteer program, 18, 35, 38–43, 71
recruitment of volunteers, 103–5
reform in Appalachia, 17, 19, 23–24, 28–29, 31, 38, 40, 42
relationship with federal government, 25, 26–27, 35, 52, 74
religion, 23–24
school renovation (see Appalachian Volunteers)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 24
urban affairs, 19, 30, 31, 95
Craft, David (Letcher County, KY, superintendent of schools), 85
culture of poverty. See Appalachian Volunteers
curriculum enrichment. See Appalachian Volunteers
Daugherty, Steve, 98, 135, 168, 187, 195
Davis, Curt (Elliott County, KY, superintendent of schools), 115
Davis, Tom, 88
Decoy, KY, 66, 106
Depressed Area USA, 100, 101�
�3, 105
Designs for Rural Action, 201
development councils, 75, 77–78
Dicky, Patricia, 155
Dozier, Claude (community action program director, Harlan County, KY), 135
Drake, Charles, 33–34
Dry Creek (Raleigh County, WV), 53
Earlham College, 103, 105–6, 112
Easterling, Edith, 174–75, 184, 192, 194–95, 202
Eastern Kentucky Crash Program, 38–40, 42
Economic Opportunity Act, 11, 49–50, 79, 84, 86, 89, 152, 204, 209, 215
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 5, 6, 47
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 115
Elkhart, IN, 103
Eller, Ron, 8, 9
Elliott County, KY, 88, 106, 108, 115, 118, 119, 125, 128
Bruin, 108, 119
Lower Blaine, 88
Elliott County, KY (cont)
Roscoe, 88
Wright-Watson, 88, 106
Estill County, KY, 76, 115
Evarts, KY, 151, 168, 172
Faber, Stuart, 33
Fessler, Donald, 136–38
Fetterman, John (Louisville Courier-Journal), 79
Field Foundation, 203
Floyd County, KY, 79, 108, 118, 119, 172, 173, 175, 183, 188, 200
Highway 979, 173
Ligon, 108, 119
Floyd County, VA, 45
Fonde, KY, 132–34
Fontana Dam Village, 205, 215
Forbes, Dennis, 181
Ford Foundation, 30, 53–54, 64, 77
Ford, Henry, II, 96
Fox, Dan (Appalachian Volunteers director of field operations), 98, 111, 113, 116, 117, 120, 123, 134
Appalachian Volunteers, Inc., 141–44
fired by Ayer, 144
personal morality, 145, 156
Frakes, KY, 155
Freedom Rides, 147
Freedom Summer, 4, 147
Frost, William Goodell, 7, 31
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 20, 43
Gatlinburg, TN, 17, 52
Gaventa, John, 8, 213–15
Gibson, Dan, 172
Gilreath, William (McCreary County, KY, superintendent of schools), 86
Gish, Thomas (Whitesburg Mountain Eagle), 45, 127, 131
Glade, KY, 116
Goldwater, Barry, 18
Goose Creek, 151
“Great Cities–Gray Areas” program, 30
Great Society, 1, 8, 12, 13, 49
Green Amendment, 213
Greenup County, KY, 128
Grisham, Judy (Kentucky Colonel), 119
Hamilton, Tom, 181
Hampton, Jim (Louisville Courier-Journal), 56
Harlan County, KY, 9, 18, 42, 76, 88, 132, 151, 167, 172–73, 183, 187, 188, 202, 208
Jones Creek, 88, 151
Upper Jones Creek, 42
Verda, 132, 135, 151
Harrington, Michael, 2, 20–21, 30, 43
Harvard University, 33–34, 98, 103, 113, 123, 156
Hashizumi, Kim, 116
Hasslen, Joel, 183–84, 191
Hays, Brooks, 27, 167
Hazard, KY, 29, 179
Hevener, John, 8, 9
Highlander Folk School (Highlander Center), 169, 188, 197
Hillery, George A., Jr., 19
Hodges, Luther, 27
Hogarty, John (Antioch College), 112
Holcomb, Robert (Independent Coal Operators Association), 189, 212
Humphrey, Hubert, 37
Huntington, WV, 166, 175
Inez, KY, 155
Irons, Carol (Voluntary International Service Assignment, Mill Creek, KY), 57–66, 94
Island Creek (Pike County), 188, 252n25
Island Creek Coal, 26
Jackson County, KY, 84, 88, 89–90, 97, 105–6, 111, 172, 182, 190
Adkins, 88, 90
Hisel, 88
Huff, 88
Kerby Knob, 88, 90, 105–6
Letterbox, 88, 90
New Zion, 90
Salt Rock, 89
Jacobs, Judith, 155
Johnson, Lyndon B., 1, 3, 11, 18, 25, 47–48, 52, 147, 176, 179–80
Johnson, Otis (Jackson County, KY, superintendent of schools), 106
Johnson, Roslea, 69–71, 83, 99
Johnson County, KY, 198
Jones, Loyal, 27, 32, 123–24, 148, 205
Appalachian Volunteers, 98, 103, 111, 145
county politics, 58
education, 33, 34
Mill Creek, 66–67
Justice, Perry (Pike County, KY, sheriff), 188
Kendrick, James (Knox County, KY, community action program), 116
Kennedy, John, 1, 22, 25, 27, 28, 34, 36, 37, 47, 48, 70
campaign of 1960, 37
President’s Appalachian Regional Commission, 38
as senator, 47
Kennedy, Robert, 35, 169
Kentucky Area Program Office, 74–75
Kentucky Development Committee, 137
Kentucky Un-American Activities Committee (KUAC), 180, 201, 203, 211, 214
Pikeville hearings, 195–99
Kinderman, Gibbs, 88, 98, 103, 105, 170
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 2, 12
Kingsolving, Neal, 201
Kline, Mike, 98, 151
Knoll, Jerry, 155
Knott County, KY, 34, 76, 79, 81, 87, 96, 103, 106, 114, 172
Decoy, 66, 106
Joshua, 114–15
Lick Branch, 87, 91, 96–97
Quicksand Hollow, 103, 114
Slone Fork, 81
Knox County, KY, 84, 87, 107, 116, 118, 182
Erose, 235n45
Mills, 101
Spruce, 107
Kramer, Loren, 116
Kramer, Steve, 191
Kuralt, Charles, 101, 108
Kwalwasser, Harold, 210, 211, 215
Lake Junaluska, NC, 205, 215
Laurel County, KY, 29
Lawson, James (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 24
Leek, Sue, 116
Lees Junior College, 88. See also Alice Lloyd College
Lend-a-Hand Society (Boston), 34
Leslie County, KY, 37, 76, 79–82, 84, 87–88, 114, 116–17, 126, 139, 167
Abner Branch, 167
Elkhorn, 114
Gilbert’s Creek, 37
Hurricane, 81
Leslie County Development Assoc., 117
Lower Polls Creek, 88
Lower Thousandsticks, 81
Persimmon Fork, 80–81, 88, 185
Rye Cove, 87
Trace Fork, 126–27
Upper Thousandsticks, 81
Wilderness Road Girl Scouts, 81–82
Letcher County, KY, 37, 53, 86, 101, 131, 134, 173–74, 187
Blackey, 53, 203
Carcassonne, 173, 203
Kingdom Come, 203
Weeksbury, 101, 134
Levi Jackson State Park, 30
Lewis, Hays (Leslie County, KY, superintendent of schools), 167
Lewis, Ruth (Abner Branch school), 167
Lewis County, KY, 128
Lochner, Cathy, 154
Logan County, WV, 183, 203
London, KY, 29–30
Louisville, KY, 56, 98, 102, 103, 147, 187, 189, 195
Louisville Courier-Journal, 32, 56, 79, 85, 105, 157, 187
Macaulay, Minnie, 112
Maggard, Buck (Breathitt County Grass-roots Citizen Committee), 171
Manchester, KY (Clay County), 54, 57, 58, 61–62, 89
Marshak, Bill (Earlham Project), 106
Martin County, KY, 157
Matusow, Allen, 117, 215
Mayor’s Friendly Relations Committee of Cincinnati, 21
McCarran Act (1950), 5–6
McCarthyism, 6
McDowell County, WV, 84, 151
McKeon, Julia, 120, 168
McSurely, Alan, 185–88, 196, 198, 214
Meade, Gordon, 175
Mendota, VA, 155
Menifee Count
y, KY, 86, 163
Licking Valley Community Action Agency, 163
Myers Fork, 163
Mercer County, WV, 151
Merrill, P. D., 117
Messer, Amelia, 57, 62–63
Messer, Flem, 74, 93–94, 98, 103, 115, 119, 153
Mill Creek, 55, 57–58, 59, 66
Pike County, 115, 127, 184–85
political activist, 58
Mill Creek, KY, 54–67, 81, 85, 94. See also Appalachian Volunteers
Miller, William, 105
Mills, Odie, 101
Mingo County, WV, 151, 170, 183, 201
Miracle, Neureul (Rockcastle County, KY, superintendent of schools), 157
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 4
Morehead, KY, 89, 98
Morehead State College, 88
Morgan County, KY, 115, 128
Peddlers Gap, 115
White Oak Branch, 115
Moses, Clark (Pomona State College), 104
Motley, George Alice (Menifee County, KY, superintendent of schools), 86
Mulloy, Joe, 98, 147–48, 191
Appalachian Freedom School, 169
Appalachian Volunteers internal split, 193–95
drafted into army, 191–93
fired by Appalachian Volunteers, 192–93, 211
Lick Branch, 97
McSurely, Alan, 187
Pike County, KY, 174, 187–88
sedition arrest, 188–89, 214
Wise County, VA, 169, 174
Musselman, Sheila, 156
National Home Library Association, 84
National Security Act, 5
National Security Council Report 68, 5
National Service Corps, 35
New Deal, 1, 8, 18, 20, 25, 27, 43, 48, 49
New World Foundation, 203
Nixon, Richard, 201
North Carolina A&T, 2
Northeast Kentucky Area Redevelopment Council, 128
Norton, VA, 169
Nunn, Louie, 179–80, 195, 199, 200, 203–4
Oak Ridge, TN, 17
O’Connor, Alice, 11–12
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 12, 55, 102, 115, 134, 147, 159, 173, 199, 215
Appalachian Volunteers, 50, 84, 85–87, 89–91, 98, 102, 113, 116, 124, 125, 129–32, 134–36, 145, 149, 150–51, 155, 160, 161, 163, 169, 171, 191, 202–4, 213
created, 49–50, 53, 84
Kentucky office, 190, 204, 213
Title V, 200
Title II, 89, 163
Ogle, Milton, 45–46, 95, 181, 191
Appalachian Volunteers beginning, 25, 39–41, 181
Appalachian Volunteers, Inc., 145, 148–50
Appalachian Volunteers leader, 52–53, 72, 74, 79, 85, 87, 89, 96–98, 171, 183, 186
Appalachian Volunteers splits from Council of the Southern Mountains, 138–39, 141, 144
Bristol, Appalachian Volunteers relocation to, 137
conservative philosophy of, 18
Council of the Southern Mountains development director, 18, 35, 39
draft issue, 192–94
fired by Ayer, 144
fires Mulloy, 194
Mill Creek, 54, 58–61, 63