Water Tossing Boulders
Page 24
Moreau v. Grandich, 106–7
mui tsai (Chinese slave), 114, 171n143
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 44, 127, 144. See also Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
National Labor Congress, 25
nativism, Anglo-Saxon, institutionalization of, 59
“Negro”: as classification, 5, 62, 103, 105, 162n77; use of term, xiii. See also African Americans
New Alcazar Hotel, Clarksdale, Mississippi, 81
New York Times: on Brewer’s Senate race, 69; on importation of low-paid Chinese laborers, 24–25
Ng Fung Ho v. White, 134
Nicholas, Grover C., 118
Nicholas, Thomas, 122
night riders, 59–60
Nutt, J. H., 5, 59, 61, 88
Oberst, Rosa and Mollie, 3–4
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 17–18
Parchman prison farm, 75, 77. See also convict leasing
Patton, Charley, 44
Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, 82
“Pea Vine Blues” (Patton), 44
Percy, LeRoy, 33
Percy, William Alexander, 23
Pi-Kan, and the story of the Lum name, 60–61
Pittsburgh Courier: on Gong Lum v. Rice ruling, 139; and the migration of African Americans to the North, 43
Pittsburgh Gazette, 85
plantation society/planters: impact of railroad on, 36; impacts of industrialization, 37; need for cheap labor, 31–32; nostalgia for, 40–41; rigidity of, 27, 36–37
Plessy v. Ferguson, 131, 137–38
Plummer, L. T., 9–10
Poland, immigrants from, 58
Priestly, William, 2
prison-labor system. See convict leasing
Prohibition, 3
public schools: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision, 145–46; for Chinese students, 141–42; integrated, fears about, 98; and school board’s determination of race, 106, 168n122; and school attendance as a right, 88–89; segregated, Supreme Court’s upholding of, 137–38; white, exclusion of Chinese from, 1–2, 54–55, 99, 103, 141, 162n77
racial purity: and the Chinese Exclusion Act, 19; and defining citizenship, 103–5; and homogenous Anglo-Saxon identity, 20–21, 56; and quota systems, 56. See also Fourteenth Amendment; white supremacy
Radjesky, Jake, 47
railroads: and convict leasing, 73–74; and industrialization, 26–27, 35–37, 43–44; as social dividers, xi, 6; use of, in smuggling, 16. See also Great Migration
Ralph, Julian (“The Chinese Leak”), 18
Reconstruction, 84–85, 97
Red Clay Hills, Mississippi, 54
Reed, David, 56, 58–59
Reed, James, 58
Rice, Greek P., Jr., 93, 172n150
Rice, Greek P., Sr., 90
Rice v. Gong Lum, arguments and strategy, 69, 83, 90, 93, 103–7; demurrer filed by school board, 99–102. See also Gong Lum v. Rice
Richardson, Edmund, 35–36
Richardson, James, 35–36
River and Harbor Act, 1882, 71–72
Roberson, Frank, 162n77
Roberts, William Beauregard, 4, 60
Rock Springs Massacre, Wyoming, 1885, 20
Rosedale, Mississippi: Bruce Street, 2–3, 52–53; described, 1–4, 52–54; Episcopal church in, 4; Lum family move to, 47, 51–53; Chinese public school in, 141–42; schools for African American children, 2–3;
Rosedale Compress Company, 2
Rosedale Consolidated School: accreditation, 5, 55, 170n138; attendance of county children, 5, 54–55; barring of Chinese children, 5–6, 59; class photo, 55; creation, 4; first day of school preparations, 1, 5, 59; regional pride in, 54
Rosedale school board: authority given by Mississippi Supreme Court, 106–7; classification of Chinese as “colored,” 5, 59, 99–100; Sillers’ participation on, 54. See also Gong Lum v. Rice; Rice v. Gong Lum
Sales, Miss, 109
Scharmer, George, 32
schools. See public schools
Scott Plantation, Mississippi, 53–54
Section 207, Mississippi Constitution, 99, 102–3, 130
segregation: and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision, 144–45; continuation of, in the Mississippi Delta, xi; and exodus of Chinese immigrants, 141; goals, 103; in public education, Supreme Court’s upholding of, 131–32, 137–38; and white privilege, in Flowers’s argument, 130. See also white supremacy
Seigel, Phillip, 78–79
“separate but equal” concept, 138, 145–46
sharecroppers, black: exodus to North during World War I, 43; as a new consumer market, 33; replacement with poor white farmers, 54–55; Sunday shopping, 34; tactics to prevent migration to North, 44–45; yearly economic cycle, 39
Sharp, Elmer Clinton, 102–3
Shaw, Nate, 45
Sillers, (Mrs.) Walter, Sr., 54
Sillers, Walter, Jr., 48, 54–55, 60
Sillers, Walter, Sr., 48
slaves, slave labor: African slave trade, 24, efforts to replace with Chinese “coolies,” 24–26; and the Fourteenth Amendment, 84–85; importance in the Mississippi Delta, 23
Smith, C. C., 75
Smith, Sidney McCain, 101
smugglers, human traffickers, 14–15, 17
social equality, 43–44. See also plantation society/planters; segregation
Spaulding, O. L., 18
states’ rights: and the Fourteenth Amendment, 133; and upholding of segregated public schools, 137–38
Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 21
Stevens, Thaddeus, 84
Street, James Howell, 118
Stubblefield, Mr., 77
Sunflower County, Mississippi: levee system, 72; state-run penal farm, 75
Sun Wui, China, 11–14
Taft, William Howard, 132, 137–38
Talisman Theater, Rosedale, Mississippi, 3
Thomas, Thomas, 15
Traynham, James/Traynham Plantation, Mississippi, 118, 122
US-Canadian border, human trafficking across, 14–16, 18–19
US Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 143–45; Brown v. Mississippi, 127–28; Plessy v. Ferguson, 131, 137–38; physical relocation, 132. See also Gong Lum v. Rice
Vagrancy Act, 73–74
Vancouver Daily World, on human smugglers, 14
Vardaman, James Kimball, 74–75
Vick, Macon, 116
Wabash, Arkansas, Lum family move to, 140, 143
Washburne, Elihu, 97
Washington Post, on the Chinese problem, 26
Weekly Delta, 97
white supremacy: appeals to poor white farmers, 54–55; Black Codes, 73–74; and definition of the Caucasian/white race, 61, 103; and the murder of African Americans, 126; and nostalgia for antebellum South, 23–24; scientific support for, 21. See also Ku Klux Klan (KKK); lynching; plantation society/planters; segregation; yeoman farmers
Wiggins, Mississippi, 82–83
Wildcat Society, 126
William J. Burns Detective Agency, 76–77
Wilson, Julian, 72
Wilson, Woodrow, 133
Wolfe, Rae (Miss Rae), 4
Woman Voter, 167–68n110
Wong, Alex, 49
Wong, Ben and Susie, 49
Wong, Don Chuck Tai, 47, 49
Wong, Katherine (Hang Toy Wong). See Lum, Katherine Wong
Wong, Lung Jin Foon, 49
Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth, 44
“Work or Fight” order, 45
writ of mandamus, 83
Yanner, John, 16
Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad 35–36, 63
Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. See Mississippi Delta
yeoman farmers: millworkers, 37; replacement of sharecroppers with, 54–55; and segregated public schools, 1–2, 54–55
Young, J. K., 26–27, 136
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ADRIENNE BERARD is an award-winning jour
nalist and graduate of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. She has been the writer-in-residence at Delta State University in Mississippi and now resides in Williamsburg, Virginia.
BEACON PRESS
Boston, Massachusetts
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books
are published under the auspices of
the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 2016 by Adrienne Berard
All rights reserved
Text design and composition by Kim Arney
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Berard, Adrienne, author.
Title: Water tossing boulders : how a family of Chinese immigrants led the first fight to desegregate schools in the Jim Crow South / Adrienne Berard.
Description: Boston : Beacon Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015049943 (print) | LCCN 2016012491 (ebook) | ISBN 978-0-8070-3353-1 (hardback) | ISBN 978-0-8070-3354-8 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Lum, Martha—Trials, litigation, etc. | Rosedale (Miss.)—Trials, litigation, etc. | Segregation in education—Law and legislation—Louisiana—Mississippi River Delta—History—20th century. | Chinese Americans—Civil rights—Louisiana—Mississippi River Delta—History—20th century. | BISAC: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / Asian American Studies. | HISTORY / United States / State & Local / South (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV).
Classification: LCC KF228.L86 B47 2016 (print) | LCC KF228.L86 (ebook) | DDC 344.73/0798—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015049943