by Henry Kamen
46. Reguera, p. 121.
47. Comisario to inquisitors, 14 Sept. 1574, AHN Inq, lib. 738, f. 5.
48. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 260.
49. Monter 1990, p. 322.
50. Carrasco Urgoiti, p. 156.
51. AHN Inq, lib. 731, f. 4.
52. This fascinating inactivity also has its interest for the social historian.
CHAPTER FIVE. EXCLUDING THE REFORMATION
Epigraph. Bataillon, p. 490.
1. Bataillon, pp. 110, 454. For an overview of the impact of the Reformation on Spain, see H. Kamen, “Spain,” in B. Scribner, R. Porter and M. Teich, eds., The Reformation in National Context, Cambridge, 1994.
2. “The record of Spanish humanism was on the whole depressing”: Jeremy Lawrance, “Humanism in the Iberian Peninsula,” in A. Goodman and A. MacKay, eds., The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe, London, 1990.
3. Bataillon, p. 280.
4. Like England at the same period, Spain had two autonomous Church entities, the Church in the crown of Castile, and the Church in the crown of Aragon (the latter usually had its council meetings in Tarragona).
5. Bataillon, p. 240. The basic document in the debate has been printed by M. Avilés, Erasmo y la Inquisición, Madrid, 1980.
6. Bataillon, p. 277.
7. Helen Nader, The Mendoza Family in the Spanish Renaissance, New Brunswick, 1979.
8. For a comment on the state of Spanish humanism, see Lawrance, “Humanism in the Iberian Peninsula,” pp. 248–54.
9. On the state of spoken Latin, Gil Fernández, pp. 30–35.
10. Cardinal Mendoza to king, 20 Sept. 1561, AGS:E, leg. 142.
11. See Alastair Hamilton, “The Alumbrados: Dejamiento and Its Practitioners,” in Kallendorf, pp. 103–24. The converso roots of illuminism are emphasized by Stefania Pastore, Un’eresia spagnola: Spiritualità conversa, alumbradismo e Inquisizione (1449–1559), Florence, 2004.
12. Márquez, Alumbrados, prints the edict, pp. 229–38.
13. There is a splendid study by Angela Selke, El Santo Oficio de la Inquisición. Proceso de Fr. Francisco Ortiz (1529–1532), Madrid, 1968.
14. John E. Longhurst, Luther and the Spanish Inquisition: The Case of Diego de Uceda, 1528–1529, Albuquerque, 1953.
15. Nicodemism is the practice of concealing one’s true religious convictions while conforming outwardly to an official religion. For a historical discussion, see Carlo Ginzburg, Il nicodemismo: Simulazione e dissimulazione religiosa nell’ Europa del 1500, Turin, 1971.
16. Baer, II, 275.
17. Baer, II, 350–56.
18. Cf. the comments of J. L. Novalín, discussing the views of Márquez, in García-Villoslada, III, ii, 153–54.
19. M. Ortega Costa, Proceso de la Inquisición contra María de Cazalla, Madrid, 1978.
20. A good summary of the principal trials is by Melquiades Andrés in Historia, I, 488–520.
21. Isabel was released in December 1538, Alcaraz in February 1539. A late casualty of the alumbrado trials was the Old Christian Rodrigo de Bivar, chaplain to the duke of Infantado, arrested in 1539 but released: see Alastair Hamilton, El proceso de Rodrigo de Bivar (1539), Madrid, 1979.
22. Juan de Avila, Avisos y reglas cristianas sobre aquel verso de David: Audi, Filia, ed. L. Sala Balust, Barcelona, 1963, p. 32.
23. Angela Selke, in BH 62 (1960).
24. Bataillon, pp. 438–70.
25. Description of his death made to Francisco Borja: ARSI, Epist. Hisp., 103, f. 231.
26. J. E. Longhurst, Erasmus and the Spanish Inquisition: The Case of Juan de Valdés, Albuquerque, 1950; José C. Nieto, Juan de Valdes and the Origins of the Spanish and Italian Reformation, Geneva, 1970; Bataillon, Erasmo y el Erasmismo, Barcelona, 1977, pp. 245–85; Carlos Gilly, “Juan de Valdés: Übersetzer und Bearbeiter von Luthers Schriften in seinem Diálogo de Doctrina,” AR 74 (1983).
27. Bataillon, pp. 476–77.
28. J. Goñi Gaztámbide, “El impresor Miguel de Eguía procesado por la Inquisición,” HS 1 (1948).
29. Lea, III, 419.
30. Bataillon, p. 490.
31. Bataillon, p. 545.
32. Schäfer identifies only thirty-two cases; but several more (cf. M. Jiménez Monteserín, “Los luteranos ante el tribunal de la Inquisición de Cuenca 1525–1600,” Nueva visión, p. 695) can be found.
33. The Netherlands had a new Inquisition from 1520, and the Roman or Italian Inquisition (studied by Christopher F. Black, The Italian Inquisition, New Haven, 2009) came into existence in 1542, but most countries had ways of looking out for heresy.
34. Details and references in Kamen, “Toleration and Dissent,” pp. 12–13.
35. Kamen, “Toleration and Dissent,” p. 10.
36. J. I. Tellechea, “Biblias secuestradas por la Inquisición española en 1552,” BH 64 (1962).
37. Clive Griffin, Journeymen-Printers, Heresy and the Inquisition in Sixteenth-Century Spain, Oxford, 2005.
38. The authoritative study is Novalín.
39. Soto to emperor, 25 Aug. 1552, AGS:E, leg. 89, f. 68.
40. For Egidio and other “Protestants,” see Boehmer.
41. Cf. Alvaro Huerga, Predicadores, alumbrados e Inquisición en el siglo XVI, Madrid, 1973. Robert C. Spach, “Juan Gil and Sixteenth-Century Spanish Protestantism,” SCJ 26, 4 (1995), inclines to the view that Egidio was neo-Protestant; but I am not convinced of this.
42. A. Gordon Kinder, “Cipriano de Valera, Spanish Reformer,” in BHS 46 (1969); and his Cassiodoro de Reina, London, 1975. For the Seville community, Schäfer, I, 345–67; II, 271–426.
43. Schäfer, I, 233–48; III, 1–813.
44. Leonor de Vivero was the wife of Pedro de Cazalla of Valladolid. Both had been patrons in 1520 of Francisca Hernández, and were related to María de Cazalla, the alumbrada of Guadalajara. Of the ten children of Leonor and Pedro, four were burnt by the Inquisition (the three priests Agustín de Cazalla, Francisco de Vivero and Pedro de Cazalla). Leonor’s bones were exhumed, and the family house razed to the ground.
45. On Rojas and Seso, see Tellechea 1977; and “El clima religioso español en 1550,” in Tellechea 1968, I, 105–239.
46. J. E. Longhurst, “Julian Hernández,” and E. Droz, “Note sur les impressions gene-voises transportées par Hernández,” BHR 22 (1960).
47. Tellechea 1968, II, 241, n. 21.
48. AGS:PR Inq, leg. 28, f. 37.
49. Lea, III, 571, appendix VIII.
50. Tellechea 1968, I, 147.
51. “Were our father a heretic we would carry the wood to burn him,” CSPV, VI, ii, no. 1067.
52. Diego Suárez to Laínez, Seville, 23 Aug. 1559, ARSI, Epist. Hisp., 96, f. 398.
53. Schäfer, II, 286–88.
54. Dead and absent accused were represented at autos by figures or effigies which were burnt in their stead: hence the need to talk of others being burnt in person.
55. BN MS.9175, ff. 258–60.
56. Schäfer, II, 107.
57. Huerga 1958, p. 9.
58. Both cases cited in Jiménez Monteserín, “Los luteranos,” Nueva visión, pp. 724–27.
59. He died in 1568, aged eighty-five.
60. Valdés to Philip, AGS:E, leg. 129, f. 128.
61. Cf. Monter 1990, p. 43; Jerónimo García Servet, El humanista Cascales y la Inquisición murciana, Madrid, 1978; J. Contreras, Sotos contra Riquelmes, Madrid, 1992.
62. “Lo que parece convernia proveerse,” AGS:E, leg. 129, f. 112.
63. Cf. Monter 1990, p. 50: “after 1570 great autos were rarely held in Castile.” He sees “an increase in pomp and solemnity around 1570,” p. 51. For further discussion of autos, see chapter 10 below.
64. The exact number is uncertain. The figures I give are those of Werner Thomas, La represión, p. 264. For slightly different figures, see Monter 1996.
65. The figures come from Alastair Duke, Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries, London, 1990, pp. 152–74. See also Judith Pollman, Catholic Identity and the Revolt of th
e Netherlands, 1520–1635, Oxford, 2011, p. 45.
66. Philip to Valdés, 23 Aug. 1560, Favre, vol. 29, f. 4.
67. A. Gordon Kinder, “A Hitherto Unknown Group of Protestants in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” Cuadernos de historia de Jerónimo Zurita 51–52 (1985), pp. 140–41.
68. Christine Wagner, “Los Luteranos ante la Inquisición de Toledo en el siglo XVI,” HS 46, 94 (1994), p. 480.
69. Cf. Bataillon, p. 728; Monter 1990, p. 130.
70. Eugenio Asensio, “Pedro de Orellana, minorita luterano,” in Nueva visión, pp. 785–95.
71. Quadra to king, London, 11 Oct. 1561, AE:CP, MD, vol. 234, f. 105.
72. Guzmán de Silva to king, London, 26 Apr. 1565, CODOIN, vol. 26, p. 540.
73. Canto’s detailed memorandum of 1563, in AGS:CJH, leg. 55, f. 174, gives a good sketch of Spanish heretics in Europe.
74. Canto to Eraso, Brussels, 12 May 1564, AGS:E, leg. 526, f. 125.
75. Reguera, p. 145.
76. Klaus Wagner, “La Inquisición en Sevilla (1481–1524),” in Homenaje al Profesor Carriazo, Seville, 1973, III, 490.
77. Werner Thomas, Een spel van kat en muis. Zuidnederlanders voor de Inquisitie in Spanje 1530–1750, Brussels, 1991, p. 151. See also the same author’s La represión del protestantismo.
78. Letter to Suprema, 23 Oct. 1560, AHN Inq, lib. 730, f. 23.
79. Schäfer, II, 1–106.
80. Reguera, p. 70.
81. Monter 1990, p. 236. Figures are rounded off.
82. I can recall sitting through a sermon in Valladolid in the 1960s, when the preacher denounced all foreign Catholics for their liberal tendencies (he also denounced women who wore pants).
83. Thomas Werner, La represión, p. viii.
84. Reguera, p. 163.
85. For details, see Kamen, Phoenix, chap. 8.
86. The standard and still the best introduction to Servet’s life is Roland Bainton, Hunted Heretic, Boston, 1953.
87. Cf. Jerome Friedman, Michael Servetus: A Case Study in Total Heresy, Geneva, 1978, pp. 17, 133.
88. Contra libellum Calvini (1612), cited in Lecler, I, 355.
89. Philip to Requesens, Jan. 1569, cited in Serrano, III, cii.
90. Álava to Philip II, AGS:E/K, 1502, ff. 9, 15; 1503, f. 22.
91. Álava to Philip II, Feb. 1565, AGS:E/K, 1503, f. 37.
92. Álava to Philip II, June 1565, AGS:E/K, 1504, f. 6.
93. AGS:E/K, 1503, f. 76.
94. The quotation comes from the epilogue to the last volume of Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo’s multi-volume opus, Historia de los heterodóxos españoles, Madrid, 1880.
95. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 220.
96. Jehovah’s Witnesses and Seventh-Day Adventists are the two most numerous sects in a Protestant population (2012) estimated to total over three hundred thousand persons.
97. Cf. Bataillon, pp. 552–55.
98. Laurie Kaplis-Hohwald, Translation of the Biblical Psalms in Golden Age Spain, Lampeter, 2003, p. 3.
99. Jorge A. González, Casiodoro de Reina, Mexico City, 1969.
100. Cf. Bataillon, p. 514.
101. Nicolas Castrillo, El “Reginaldo Montano”: Primer libro polémico contra la Inquisición española, Madrid, 1991, p. 31.
102. See Kamen, 2007, chap. 3.
CHAPTER SIX. THE IMPACT ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
Epigraph. Father Antonio Araoz to Diego Laínez, ARSI, Epist. Hisp., 96, f. 430.
1. Text in Bujanda, V, 121–22.
2. Cf. Pettegree, chap. 10, “The Literature of Conflict.” A recent symposium discussing some issues is Reading and Censorship in Early Modern Europe, Barcelona, 2010.
3. Cf. Bujanda, V, 44.
4. The law is printed in Bujanda, V, 122–27; also in Fermín de los Reyes Gómez, El libro en España y América. Legislación y censura (siglos XV–XVIII), 2 vols., Madrid, 2000.
5. Cf. J. H. Elliott, “The measures administered a drastic shock to Spanish intellectual life. By cutting off the supply of foreign books, they undermined the confidence of Spanish men of letters,” Imperial Spain, Harmondsworth, 1970, p. 226. These inaccurate statements are unfortunately repeated in many books.
6. I owe this information to an unpublished paper by R. W. Truman on “Censorship in Spain: 1558–1631.”
7. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 396.
8. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 397.
9. Bujanda, V, 125; Kamen, Phoenix, p. 397.
10. Bujanda, V, 124.
11. Kamen, Phoenix, chap. 8.
12. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 411.
13. García Oro and Portela, p. 85.
14. Most of what follows is drawn from Kamen, Phoenix, pp. 388ff.
15. G. Antolín, “La librería de Felipe II,” BRAH 90 (1927), p. 341.
16. Cf. Kamen, Phoenix, pp. 388ff.
17. Pettegree, pp. 87–88.
18. García Oro and Portela, p. 101.
19. AHN Inq, leg. 21551.
20. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 398. There were theoretical controls on some reprints, e.g., in 1569 the royal council claimed the sole right to relicense Church publications.
21. T. S. Beardsley Jr., “Spanish Printers and the Classics, 1482–1599,” HR, 47 (1979), p. 30.
22. Cf. Kamen, Phoenix, pp. 389–95. The Spanish tongue was in common use in the Netherlands, Italy and America, so Spanish books were regularly published there.
23. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 393.
24. Jaime Moll, “Problemas bibliográficas del libro del Siglo de Oro,” BRAE 59 (1979); also his “Valoración de la industria editorial española del siglo XVI,” in Livre et lecture en Espagne et en France sous l’Ancien Régime, Paris, 1981.
25. Cited in Kamen, Phoenix, p. 398.
26. Tellechea 1968, II, 241, 255.
27. Lopez Piñero, pp. 141–44.
28. Francés de Álava to king, from Montpellier, 18 Dec. 1564, AGS:E/K, leg. 1505, f. 28; from Toulouse, 18 Jan. 1565, AGS:E/K, leg. 1503, f. 20.
29. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 396.
30. BZ, 130, f. 12.
31. Report of Jan. 1585, BZ, 130, f. 12.
32. For the Indexes in general, see Heinrich Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, 2 vols. Bonn, 1883–85.
33. Tres indices expurgatorios de la Inquisición española en el siglo XVI, Madrid, 1952.
34. Cf. Bujanda, V, 63–76.
35. J. I. Tellechea, “Biblias publicadas fuera de España secuestradas por la Inquisición española en 1552,” BH 64 (1962).
36. Monter 1990, p. 238.
37. Bujanda, V, 77–90, 148–62.
38. Bujanda, V, 162, sees the 1554 censorship of Bibles as still “fruit d’un certain oecuménisme.”
39. Cf. Bujanda, V, 110.
40. Valdés’s biographer, Novalín, emphasizes “la rápidez con que fue compuesto este Indice”: Novalin, I, 280.
41. Calculated from the analysis in Bujanda, V, 164–91.
42. Kamen 1997, chap. 2.
43. Mario Scaduto, SJ, “Laínez e l’Indice del 1559,” AHSI 24 (1955).
44. Cf. Otis H. Green, Spain and the Western Tradition, 4 vols., Madison, 1963–66, IV, 140.
45. Cf. Bataillon, pp. 734–36.
46. Cf. Márquez, Literatura, pp. 151–52, 233–35.
47. Justo Cuervo, “Fray Luis de Granada y la Inquisición,” in Homenaje a Menéndez Pelayo, 2 vols., Madrid, 1899, I, 733–43.
48. For the book and its context see, for example, José C. Nieto, El renacimiento y la otra España, Geneva, 1997, pp. 301–3.
49. Cándido de Dalmases, SJ, “San Francisco de Borja y la Inquisición española, 1559–61,” AHSI 41 (1972).
50. Juan Suárez to Laínez, 20 Oct. 1559, ARSI, Epist. Hisp., 96, f. 444.
51. Huerga 1958, passim.
52. Quoted in Rodríguez, p. 145.
53. Rodríguez, pp. 107–19.
54. Rodríguez, chap. III.
55. For England, see David Cressy, “Book Burning in Tudor and Stuart England,” SCJ 36, 2 (Summer 2005).
56. Cited C. Carrete Parrondo
, “Los judaizantes castellanos,” in Inquisición y conversos, p. 194.
57. Cf. Bujanda, V, 74.
58. Pinto Crespo, pp. 166–69, shows that not all the books were in fact burnt.
59. Kamen, Phoenix, p. 223.
60. V. Pinto Crispo, “Nuevas perspectivas sobre el contenido de los Indices inquisitoriales hispanos del siglo XVI,” HS 33 (1981), p. 616.
61. Pinto Crespo, p. 182.
62. Philip II to Alba, 24 Dec. 1569, AGS:E, leg. 542, f. 4.
63. Bujanda, VI, 38–39, offers this valuable suggestion to explain the delay in the Index.
64. Felix Asensio, SJ, “Juan de Mariana ante el Indice quiroguiano de 1583–4,” Estudios bíblicos 31 (1972).
65. Bujanda, VI, 76.
66. Bujanda, VI, 76–82.
67. Bujanda, VI, 100–8.
68. Text in RABM 8 (1903), pp. 218–21. On the authorship, P. E. Russell, “Secular Literature and the Censors: A Sixteenth-Century Document Re-examined,” BHS 69 (1982).
69. Cf. the memoir printed in Bujanda, VI, 55–63.
70. We have no adequate study of the censors who worked in the Spanish system. A study on America that illuminates aspects of the Spanish context is Martin Austin Nesvig, Ideology and Inquisition: The World of the Censors in Early Mexico, New Haven, 2009.
71. Pinto Crespo, p. 56.
72. Cf. Perfiles jurídicos, p. 390.
73. Miguel Avilés, “La censura inquisitorial de ‘Los seis libros de la República’ de Jean Bodin,” HS 37, 76 (1985).
74. See the sharp protest by the seventeenth-century inquisitorial censor Murcia de la Llana when Rome banned a book by a Jesuit friend: “it is incredible that a book should be totally banned by Rome after circulating for many years among Spaniards without causing any offence”: AHN Inq, lib. 1231, ff. 672–73.
75. J. Pérez Villanueva, “Baronio y la Inquisición española,” in Baronio storico e la Controriforma: Atti de convegno di studi, Sora 1979, Sora, 1982.
76. Kamen, Phoenix, p .228.
77. Sources for this paragraph in Kamen, Phoenix, pp. 225–26.
78. Cited in Pinto Crespo, p. 104. Marcus Pérez, a Calvinist, was of Spanish converso origin.
79. “Sobre visitas de navios,” AHN Inq, lib. 1275, f. 123.