The Captured

by Scott Zesch

  7. The title was borrowed from an article that J. Marvin Hunter’s father, John Warren Hunter, wrote for the San Angelo Standard in 1906, called “Nine Years with the Apaches and Comanches.” John Warren Hunter mistakenly thought that Herman had been captured in 1869 and recalled that he had returned to Loyal Valley in 1878—hence, his calculation of nine years. Herman’s publisher knew from the details he related that he had been abducted in May 1870 but wasn’t sure when he had come home. Thus, the publisher erroneously calculated the time span and inserted “1870–1879” into the title.

  8. This paragraph appears on pages 93–94 of Herman Lehmann, Nine Years Among the Indians, 1870–1879, ed. J. Marvin Hunter (1927; reprint, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993).

  9. Tom and Carlene Smith graciously provided me with a copy of Clinton’s hand written draft of Jeff’s section of The Boy Captives, which I compared with the published version. Although Hunter corrected the spelling and grammar, inserted paragraph breaks, deleted or condensed some material, and made the runon sentences flow more smoothly, he did not significantly change the content, structure, or vocabulary of the Smith brothers’ manuscript.

  10. The writing of The Boy Captives is described in: Frontier Times, V (Oct. 1927), 16, and June 1928, inside back cover (advertisement); Carlene Smith, “The Boy Who Lived with Geronimo: Jefferson Davis Smith,” Our Heritage [San Antonio Genealogical and Historical Society], spring 1994, 28; and Edda Raye Moody to the author, Feb. 10, 2001.

  11. Information about the 1927 Old Trail Drivers reunion was taken from: Frontier Times, V (Nov. 1927), 96; San Antonio Express, Oct. 4, 1927, 3, Oct. 5, 1927, 6, Oct. 6, 1927, 9, Oct. 7, 1927, 14, 15, Oct. 9, 1927, 10, and Oct. 10, 1927, 5; San Antonio Evening News, Oct. 5, 1927, 4, Oct. 6, 1927, 1, 6, and Oct. 7, 1927, 3, 5; San Antonio Light, Oct. 6, 1927, 1B, and Oct. 8, 1927, 1A, 2A; and Claude [Tex.] News, Oct. 9, 1931.

  12. The New York Times, Dec. 20, 1925, Sunday Magazine, 11, 23. The fundraising drive wasn’t successful. When the bronze sculpture was finally cast in 1940, it was only one-fourth its intended size. The artist was Gutzon Borglum, best known as the sculptor of Mount Rushmore.

  13. Death Records, Vol. 5, page 103, Mason County Clerk’s Office, Mason, Texas.

  14. A. B. Norton, the superintendent of Indian Affairs in New Mexico, reported that “thousands of cattle stolen by the Comanches from the people of Texas were being traded for by Mexicans” in 1866–1867, the exact period when Dot Babb was with the tribe. At the time Indian agent Lorenzo Labadi visited a Kiowa and Comanche camp in the summer of 1867, he also reported that the Indians had “Texas cattle without number, and almost every day” brought in more. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1867 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1867), Part II, 194–95, 215.

  15. The questionnaires that Dot Babb sent to Charles Goodnight (1919), James N. Browning (1918), W. A. King (n.d.), W. D. Reynolds (1925), C. B. Ball (1919), and W.H. Wiggins (n.d.) are contained in the T.A. Babb file, PPHM.

  16. Office of Vital Statistics, City of Amarillo, Texas.

  17. Campus Chat [North Texas State Teachers College (now the University of North Texas), Denton], Feb. 9, 1939, 1, 2, and Feb. 16, 1939, 1, 6; Denton Record-Chronicle, Feb. 15, 1939, 5, and Feb. 17, 1939, 1, 4; Daily Times Herald [Dallas], Feb. 17, 1939, Part 2, 2; Dallas Morning News, Feb. 17, 1939, Section I, 10; and Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Feb. 15, 1939, 18, and Feb. 17, 1939, 5, 7, 28.

  18. “Topay” was also the name of Herman Lehmann’s Comanche sweetheart. I was unable to determine whether Quanah’s wife was the same woman. It’s worth noting, however, that in Herman’s first autobiography, which was published while Quanah was still living, he didn’t reveal the name of his Comanche girlfriend. Perhaps he thought that discretion was the better part of valor.

  19. “Cynthia Parker” files, University of North Texas Archives, Denton, Texas.

  CHAPTER 13: THE TRAIL FADES

  1. Minutes Probate Court, Book 3, pages 368–74, and Deed Records, Book V, pages 594, 597, Mason County Clerk’s Office, Mason, Texas.

  2. Clinton Smith’s descendants recall seeing a portrait photograph of Adolph Korn as a young man in their family collection. In the image, his face was slender, and his blond hair was long and straight, like a woman’s. However, even this photograph has vanished.

  3. G. Brandenberger v. Adolph Korn, Case No. 150, Mason County District Court, Minute Book 3, pages 490–91 (Oct. 5, 1889), Mason County Clerk’s Office, Mason, Texas. No court papers have survived describing how the dispute arose.

  4. Deed Records, Book R, pages 234, 244, 311, 351, and Book Q, page 583, Mason County Clerk’s Office, Mason, Texas.

  5. Deed Records, Book T, page 581, and Book V, pages 26, 76, Mason County Clerk’s Office, Mason, Texas.

  6. Neil Fisher to the author, Nov. 26, 2002. In the summer of 1959, Neil, a young geologist, was mapping the Hilda area. During the evenings, he visited with Otto Loeffler, by then a lonely widower of seventy-one, who told Neil about his trips to the caves during his boyhood to deliver food to Uncle Adolph.

  7. Census Office, Department of the Interior, Report on Indians Taxed and Indians Not Taxed in the United States (Except Alaska) at the Eleventh Census: 1890 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894), 541.

  Bibliography

  CORRESPONDENCE, ARTICLES, AND INTERVIEWS

  Banc Babb: Report of Indian Depredations in Wise County, Sept. 1866, transcribed and reprinted in Dorman H. Winfrey and James M. Day (eds.), The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest, 1825–1916 (5 Vols.; Austin: The Pemberton Press, 1966), IV, 115–16; Endorsement, J. J. Sturm to Fort Ar-buckle, Dec. 12, 1867, and [?] D. Greene, Jan. 4, 1868, Record Group 393, Part V, Fort Arbuckle, Oklahoma, Entry 1, Vol. 1, NARA; E.O.C. Ord to Adjutant General, Jan. 10, 1868, Microfilm Roll M711/52, NARA; deposition of Bianca L. Bell, June 23, 1898, Indian depredation claim of Hernando C. Babb, Record Group 123, Case No. 4606, NARA; Dallas Herald, Oct. 6, 1866, 2, and Oct. 27, 1866, 3; Reedsburg Free Press, Feb. 19, 1914, 1 (Banc’s letter describing her captivity); Campus Chat [North Texas State Teachers College (now the University of North Texas), Denton], Feb. 9, 1939, 1, 2; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Mar. 5, 1939, Oil News and Classified Ads Section, 12; Denton Record-Chronicle, Apr. 14, 1950, 1 (obituary); Bette S. Anderson to the author, Sept. 20, 2001, and Nov. 17, 2001; Daniel Crooks to the author, May 14, 2002, and June 3, 2002; Claudia Crooks to the author, June 4, 2002; and Daniel J. Gelo and Scott Zesch (eds.), “ ‘Every Day Seemed to be a Holiday’: The Captivity of Bianca Babb,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, CVII (July 2003), 35–67.

  Dot Babb: Report of Indian Depredations in Wise County, Sept. 1866, transcribed and reprinted in Dorman H. Winfrey and James M. Day (eds.), The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest, 1825–1916 (5 Vols.; Austin: The Pemberton Press, 1966), IV, 115–16; Mark Walker to Chauncey McKeever, May 14, 1867 (including William T. Sherman’s endorsement), Microfilm Roll M234/375, NARA-SW; Mark Walker to the acting commissioner of Indian Affairs, Sept. 27, 1868, Microfilm Roll 375, FLNHS; Charles E. Mix to Mark Walker, Oct. 1, 1868, Microfilm Roll M21/88, NARA-SW; Mark Walker to Ely S. Parker, Aug. 11, 1869, Microfilm Roll M234/376, NARA-SW; depositions of Theodore A. Babb, Dec. 28, 1887, and June 23, 1898, Indian depredation claim of Hernando C. Babb, Record Group 123, Case No. 4606, NARA; T.A. “Dot Babb, answers to questionnaire, Oct. 7, 1922, Dot Babb, “Notes from Speech Made at Cowboy’s Reunion, 1925,” statement of Dot Babb, Mar. 16, 1926, Dot Babb to J. A. Hill, June 17, 1926, T. A. Babb to J. Evetts Haley, Nov. 27, 1926, and T. A. Babb to J. Evetts Haley, Feb. 27, 1927, T.A. Babb file, PPHM; Dot Babb to J. Evetts Haley, Oct. 27, 1927, and Dot Babb to J. Evetts Haley, June 9, 1935, J. Evetts Haley Collection, HML; Dallas Herald, Oct. 6, 1866, 2, and Oct. 27, 1866, 3; Amarillo Daily Tribune, Sept. 11, 1920, 1 (motion picture); Amarillo Sunday News-Globe, Feb. 22, 1931, 1; Amarillo Daily News, Feb. 23, 1931, 1, Oct. 1, 1934, 2, and Aug. 11, 1936, 1, 3 (obituary and interview); San Angelo Standard-Times, Oct. 2, 1934; Amarillo Gl
obe, Aug. 11, 1936, 4 (editorial); Wise County Messenger, Aug. 13, 1936, 2 (obituary); Frontier Times, XIV (Nov. 1936), 76–80; and Leslie Hargus to the author, Mar. 28, 2001.

  Minnie Caudle: E. W. Wynkoop to Thomas Murphy, Aug. 4, 1868, and Charles E. Mix to J. W. Throckmorton, Aug. 21, 1868, transcribed and reprinted in Dor-man H. Winfrey and James M. Day (eds.), The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest, 1825–1916 (5 Vols.; Austin: The Pemberton Press, 1966), IV, 269–70; Thomas Murphy to N. G. Taylor, Aug. 6, 1868, and Aug. 10, 1868, and E. M. Pease to Charles E. Mix, Sept. 1, 1868, Microfilm Roll M234/59, NARA-SW; Thomas Murphy to Chauncey McKeever, Oct. 31, 1868, and Thomas Murphy to N. G. Taylor, Nov. 24, 1868, Microfilm Roll 880, FLNHS; Atchison Daily Free Press, Aug. 8, 1868, 1; New York Herald, Aug. 14, 1868, 8; The New York Times, Aug. 14, 1868, 1; New York Daily Tribune, Aug. 14, 1868, 5; San Antonio Daily Herald, Sept. 13, 1868, 2; Frontier Times, Jan. 1924, 20–22 (article based in part on interview with Minnie Caudle); Marble Falls Messenger, Mar. 23, 1933, 2 (obituary); Bertie Oma Modgling to Johnie Lee Reeves, June 22, 1984, copy of notes in the author’s possession; Damon W. Benson to Wayne Benson, Jan. 17, 1994, copy of notes in the author’s possession; Frank Modgling to the author, Aug. 28, 2001; and Damon W. Benson and Neoma Benson Cain to the author, Sept. 1, 2001.

  Rudolph Fischer: G. W. Todd to “Hon. Secretary U.S. America” [secretary of the Interior], Dec. 24, 1865, Gottlieb Fischer to Andrew Johnson, Dec. 26, 1865, Marcus Goldbaum to James H. Carleton, June 7, 1866, Gottlieb Fischer to Office of Indian Affairs, July 11, 1866, and A. Siemering to U.S. Secretary of State, Mar. 22, 1867, Microfilm Roll M234/375, NARA-SW; D. N. Cooley to Gottlieb Fischer, Jan. 20, 1866, Microfilm Roll M21/79, NARA-SW; summaries of letters of M. Goldbaum, June 7, 1866, and June 22, 1866, Microfilm Roll M1097/1, NARA; D. N. Cooley to Gottlieb Fisher, July 30, 1866, Microfilm Roll M21/81, NARA-SW; Lorenzo Labadi to A. B. Norton, Aug. 28, 1867, Microfilm Roll M234/554, NARA-SW; Rudolph Radeleff to Charles E. Morse, Nov. 22, 1869, J. Evetts Haley Collection, HML (copy of letter from NARA; record group unknown); E. Degener to Ely S. Parker, Feb. 3, 1871, E. S. Parker to Lawrie Tatum, Feb. 10, 1871, E. S. Parker to Enoch Hoag, Feb. 10, 1871, Enoch Hoag to Lawrie Tatum, Feb. 15, 1871, H. R. Clum [to Enoch Hoag?], June 8, 1871, William Nicholson to James M. Haworth, June 28, 1877, Engelbert Krauskopf to John P. Hatch, Aug. 8, 1877, S. R. Whitall to James M. Haworth, Aug. 8, 1877, A. Bell to James M. Haworth, Dec. 6, 1877, and Engelbert Krauskopf to Indian Agent of Fort Sill, June 10, 1879, Microfilm Roll KA42, OHS; Lawrie Tatum to Enoch Hoag, Mar. 11, 1871, and May 12, 1871, Microfilm Roll M234/377, NARA-SW; H. R. Clum to Enoch Hoag, Apr. 4, 1871, and Enoch Hoag to Lawrie Tatum, Apr. 8, 1871, Southern Plains Indian Agencies Collection, WHC; John Smith to William Nicholson, Aug. 9, 1877, and John Smith to Gustav Schleicher, Aug. 14, 1877, Microfilm Roll M21/136, NARA-SW; Richard B. Hubbard “To whom it may Concern,” Sept. 5, 1877, and Richard B. Hubbard to U.S. Officer in Command at Fort Sill, Sept. 5, 1877, Records of Governor Richard Hubbard, Box 301–102, TSA; Ranald S. Mackenzie to Phillip L. Lee, Sept. 14, 1877, Box D62.137.118, FSMA; James M. Haworth to A. Bell, Dec. 12, 1877, Microfilm Roll M234/382, NARA-SW; J. F. Estell to Gustav Schleicher, Dec. 23, 1877, and Engelbert Krauskopf to Gustav Schleicher, Mar. 12, 1878, Microfilm Roll M234/384, NARA-SW; P. L. Hunt to Engelbert Krauskopf, June 16, 1879, Microfilm Roll KA8, OHS; Dallas Herald, Sept. 2, 1865, 2; San Antonio Daily Express, Aug. 31, 1877, 2, Sept. 6, 1877, 4, and Sept. 27, 1877, 4; Daily Democratic Statesman [Austin], Sept. 6, 1877, 4; Galveston Weekly News, Sept. 17, 1877, 1; Frontier Echo [Jacksboro, Tex.], Sept. 21, 1877, 2; San Antonio Weekly Express, Apr. 25, 1878, 4, and June 6, 1878, Supplement, 2; Frontier Times, Jan. 1926, 2 (recollections of Charles Morris), and XVIII (June 1941), 423–24; Fredericksburg Standard, May 9, 1935, 6, and May 1, 1946, Section 5, 1; J. J. Methvin and H. M. Lindsay to Lillian Cassaway, Sept. 28, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Collection, OHS, CVII, 38–40; H. M. Lindsay to Lillian Cassaway, Oct. 14, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Collection, OHS, XXXIII, 280; R. E. Moody to Robert H. Bost-man, Jan. 10, 1938, Indian Pioneer History Collection, OHS, LXXI, 394; Lawton Constitution, Apr. 14, 1941, 5 (obituary); Lottie Fisher to Arthur Lawrence, Sept. 14, 1958, Arthur Lawrence Collection, MGP; J. H. Sellars Jr., “Early Day Indian Neighbors, Comanche County,” Prairie Lore, X (Oct. 1973), 76–78; Barbara Goodin, “The Fisher Family Indian Cemetery,” Prairie Lore, XXVII (fall 1991), 93–103; Josephine Wapp to the author, Feb. 27, 2001; and Teresa Parker to the author, Mar. 25, 2003, and May 8, 2003.

  Temple Friend: Enoch Hoag to Lawrie Tatum, Feb. 15, 1871, and Leonard S. Friend to Lawrie Tatum, Mar. 18, 1871, Microfilm Roll KA42, OHS; Lawrie Tatum to Enoch Hoag, Mar. 11, 1871, Aug. 19, 1871, and Nov. 15, 1872, Microfilm Roll M234/377, NARA-SW; Wichita City Eagle, Dec. 26, 1872, 2; Em-poria News, Jan. 10, 1873, 2; Walnut Valley Times [El Dorado, Kan.], Jan. 24, 1873, 2; Daily State Journal [Austin], Jan. 24, 1873, 3; Wichita Beacon, May 2, 1926, Magazine Section, 7; El Dorado Times, July 1, 1926, 3, 6 (interview with John S. Friend); El Dorado Times, Aug. 7, 1929, 1, 5; William A. White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1946), 24–25; and Wichita Eagle and Beacon, Mar. 26, 1961, Magazine Section, 18 (interview with Carrie Friend Dwire).

  Adolph Korn: Louis Korn to James W. Carleton, Jan. 10, 1870, endorsement of H. Clay Wood on Korn’s letter to Carleton, Jan. 24, 1870, and James P. Newcomb to J. J. Reynolds, Mar. 25, 1870, Record Group 393, Part V, Fort Concho, Texas, Entry 7, Box 1, NARA; James P. Newcomb to Ely S. Parker, Mar. 25, 1870, Ely S. Parker to Enoch Hoag, Apr. 11, 1870, and Enoch Hoag to Lawrie Tatum, Apr. 11, 1870, Microfilm Roll KA42, OHS; Lawrie Tatum to Enoch Hoag, Nov. 15, 1872, Microfilm Roll M234/377, NARA-SW; [Medical] Record for the Month of December 1872, Fort Concho, Microfilm Roll 38, FCML; affidavit of Adolph Korn (n.d.; c. 1889–1890), Indian depredations papers, Mason County Clerk’s Office, Mason, Texas; deposition of Adolph Korn, Oct. 12, 1892, Indian depredation claim of Adolph A. Reichenau, Record Group 123, Case Nos. 3503, 3504, 3505, and 3506, NARA; San Antonio Daily Herald, Jan. 13, 1870, 2, Dec. 1, 1872, 2, and Jan. 8, 1873, 3; San Antonio Daily Express, Nov. 30, 1872, 2, Jan. 8, 1873, 3, and Jan. 9, 1873, 3; Freie Presse für Texas [San Antonio], Jan. 9, 1873, 2 (Al Dreyer, trans.); Mason County News, July 6, 1900, 3 (obituary); Alva Catherine Beach, “History of Events of Mason County, Texas,” in Mason County Scrapbook and Obituary, Archives and Manuscripts Collection, CAH; Frontier Times, VI (Dec. 1928), 122–24, and XVIII (June 1941), 424; Colorado County [Tex.] Citizen, June 11, 1936, Magazine Section, 2; San Antonio Express, July 26, 1936, D1, D3; Scott Zesch, “The Two Captivities of Adolph Korn,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, CIV (Apr. 2001), 515–40; and Neil Fisher to the author, Nov. 26, 2002.

  Herman Lehmann: affidavit of T. Buchmeyer [sic; Phillip Buchmeier], July 2, 1870, Rudolph Radeleff to Lawrie Tatum, Dec. 3, 1872, Phillip Buchmeier to Lawrie Tatum, Dec. 3, 1872, Rudolph Radeleff to Lawrie Tatum, Feb. 12, 1873, Texas Senate Chamber (no signature) to Lawrie Tatum, Mar. 20, 1873, and Henry C. King to James M. Haworth, May 8, 1873, Southern Plains Indian Agencies Collection, WHC; J. E. Tourtellotte to Lawrie Tatum, May 27, 1871, Henry C. King to Lawrie Tatum, Mar. 20, 1873, Phillip Buchmeier to Lawrie Tatum, Apr. 3, 1873, and William M. Leeds to James Haworth, Mar. 27, 1878, Microfilm Roll KA42, OHS; H. R. Clum to R. Radeleff, Oct. 1, 1872, Microfilm Roll M21/108, NARA-SW; J. M. Haworth to Phillip Buchmeier, Apr. 23, 1873, and John O. Meusebach to John Hancock, Aug. 10, 1874, and accompanying news clippings, Microfilm Roll M234/379, NARA-SW; John A. Wilcox to Engelbert Krauskopf, Jan. 28, 1878, J. W. Davidson to Engelbert Krauskopf, Apr. 12, 1878, and J. W. Davidson to Assistant Adjutant General, Apr. 14, 1878, Box D62.137.118, FSMA; Engelbert Krauskopf to Gustav Schleicher, Mar. 12, 1878, Microfilm Roll M234/384, NARA-SW; affidavit of Herman Lehmann, Apr. 15, 1901, Microfilm Roll KA60, OHS; affidavit of Quanah Parker, Aug. 26, 1901, Microfilm Roll KA1, OHS; deposition of Herman Lehmann, Apr. 28, 1903, Indian depredation claim of W. S. Glenn, Record Group 123, Case No. 1893, NARA; San Antonio Daily Herald, May 19, 1870,
2, May 21, 1870, 2, May 24, 1870, 2, June 2, 1870, 2, and Aug. 4, 1870, 2; San Antonio Daily Express, May 28, 1870, 2; San Antonio Weekly Express, Mar. 21, 1878, 3, and May 16, 1878, 3; Frontier Times, Dec. 1924, 32; Austin American-Statesman, Sept. 13, 1925, Sunday Magazine, 2; Fredericksburg Standard, Aug. 15, 1925, 1, Feb. 5, 1932, 1, 2 (obituary), and May 1, 1946, Section 5, 1; New York Herald Tribune, Oct. 11, 1931, Magazine Section, 26; San Antonio Express, Nov. 21, 1932, 1D (interview with Willie Lehmann); Houston Post, Mar. 5, 1933, Magazine Section (interview with Maurice J. Lehmann); Howard Wheeler to Maurice R. Anderson, Apr. 12, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Collection, OHS, XI, 338; Frontier Times, XVIII (Mar. 1941), 277–88, and XXXI (July, Aug., Sept. 1954), 251–77; Highlander [Marble Falls, Tex.], Jan. 27, 1972 (interview with Mayfield Kothmann); Fredericksburg Radio Post, Nov. 16, 1972, 10 (interview with Esther Lehmann); Boerne Star, Mar. 10, 1983 (interview with M.J. Lehmann); Garland Perry and Kitti Focke, “A New Look at Nine Years Among the Indians,” in Herman Lehmann, Nine Years with the Indians, 1870–1879, ed. J. Marvin Hunter (3d ed.; San Antonio: Lebco Graphics, 1985), 247–89; [Gerda Lehmann Kothmann], “Herman and Willie Lehmann Captured by Apache Indians May 16, 1870,” Herman and Willie Lehmann historical marker file, M. Beven Eckert Memorial Library, Mason, Texas; Gerda Lehmann Kothmann to the author, Feb. 20, 2001, and Mar. 24, 2004; Esther Lehmann to the author, July 24, 2002; and Carlos Parker to the author, Nov. 25, 2002.

  Clinton and Jeff Smith: John Mangold to James Davidson, Feb. 27, 1871, and John W. Sansom to James Davidson, Feb. 28, 1871, Adjutant General, General Correspondence, Box 401-390, Folder 390-4, TSA; H. M. Smith to Edmund Davis, Mar. 8, 1871, Henry M. Smith to Lawrie Tatum, Mar. 14, 1871, H. R. Clum [to Enoch Hoag?], June 8, 1871, H. M. Smith to Lawrie Tatum, July 16, 1871, H. M. Smith to Edmund J. Davis, Aug. 1, 1871, H. R. Clum to Enoch Hoag, June 10, 1872, and Edward F. Hoag to Lawrie Tatum, June 14, 1872, Microfilm Roll KA42, OHS; H.M. Smith and H. E. Smith to John Sansom, Mar. 8, 1871, John W. Sansom to Edmund Davis, Mar. 11, 1871, Edmund J. Davis to Lawrie Tatum, Mar. 17, 1871, H. R. Clum to Enoch Hoag, Apr. 4, 1871, Enoch Hoag to Lawrie Tatum, Apr. 8, 1871, and Edmund J. Davis to Lawrie Tatum, Aug. 11, 1871, Southern Plains Indian Agencies Collection, WHC; H. R. Clum to H. M. Smith, Apr. 13, 1871, Microfilm Roll M21/100, NARA-SW; Lawrie Tatum to Enoch Hoag, Apr. 15, 1871, and May 13, 1871, Lawrie Tatum to Cols. Grierson and Mackenzie, Aug. 4, 1871, John Hancock to secretary of the Interior, May 27, 1872, Lawrie Tatum to Enoch Hoag, Oct. 24, 1872, and Cyrus Beede to F. A. Walker, Dec. 13, 1872, Microfilm Roll M234/377, NARA-SW; Lawrie Tatum to Henry M. Smith, Oct. 24, 1872, and Henry M. Smith to E. J. Davis, Nov. 18, 1872, Records of Governor Edmund J. Davis, Box 301–82, Folder 268, TSA; [Medical] Record for the Month of December 1872, Fort Concho, Microfilm Roll 38, FCML; William Schuchardt to Hon. Second Assistant Secretary of State, Despatch No. 101, Mar. 29, 1873, Despatch No. 103, May 8, 1873, Despatch No. 105, May 17, 1873, Despatch No. 109, July 20, 1873, and Despatch No. 110, Aug. 28, 1873, Microfilm Roll M299/T-1, NARA-CP; William Schuchardt to Editor San Antonio Express, Apr. 7, 1873, and Thomas Williams to C. C. Augur, May 1, 1873, reprinted in the 2002 edition of The Boy Captives; J. M. Haworth to Enoch Hoag, May 14, 1873, Microfilm Roll M234/378, NARA-SW; U.S. House of Representatives, Exec. Doc. No. 257, 43d Cong., 1st Sess., 22–23, 26–27; San Antonio Daily Herald, Feb. 28, 1871, 3, Mar. 2, 1871, 2, Dec. 1, 1872, 2, Apr. 25, 1873, 1, and May 6, 1873, 3; San Antonio Daily Express, Feb. 28, 1871, 5, and Nov. 30, 1872, 2; Semi-Weekly Farm News [Dallas], Nov. 4, 1930, 2, Nov. 11, 1930, 2, Nov. 18, 1930, 2, and Nov. 25, 1930, 2 (interview with Jeff Smith); San Antonio Light, June 13, 1931, Mar. 8, 1940, 4A, and Apr. 22, 1940, 3A (Jeff Smith’s obituary); Claude [Tex.] News, Oct. 9, 1931; Rocksprings Record, Sept. 16, 1932, 4 (Clinton Smith’s obituary); San Antonio Express, Apr. 22, 1940, 1A (Jeff Smith’s obituary); San Antonio Evening News, Apr. 22, 1940, 5 (Jeff Smith’s obituary); Dallas Morning News, Aug. 6, 1979 (interview with Bert Smith, Jeff’s son); Carlene Smith, “The Boy Who Lived with Geronimo: Jefferson Davis Smith,” Our Heritage [San Antonio Genealogical and Historical Society], spring 1994, 26–28; Smith Genealogy Report, posted at http://lady3248.tripod.com/smithgenealogy.xhtml, visited May 24, 2004 (recollections of Sidney M. Whitworth); Edda Raye Moody to the author, Feb. 8, 2001, Feb. 10, 2001, Feb. 12, 2001, Mar. 25, 2001, and June 18, 2003; Tom and Carlene Smith to the author, June 11, 2001; and Allen Smith Jr. to the author, May 13, 2003.