Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  I

  Such, then, were the fortunes of the Romans in Libya. I shall now proceed to the Gothic War, first telling all that befell the Goths and Italians before this war.

  During the reign of Zeno[A] in Byzantium the power in the West was held by Augustus, whom the Romans used to call by the diminutive name Augustulus because he took over the empire while still a lad,[B] his father Orestes, a man of the greatest discretion, administering it as regent for him. Now it happened that the Romans a short time before had induced the Sciri and Alani and certain other Gothic nations to form an alliance with them; and from that time on it was their fortune to suffer at the hand of Alaric and Attila those things which have been told in the previous narrative. And in proportion as the barbarian element among them became strong, just so did the prestige of the Roman soldiers forthwith decline, and under the fair name of alliance they were more and more tyrannized over by the intruders and oppressed by them; so that the barbarians ruthlessly forced many other measures upon the Romans much against their will and finally demanded that they should divide with them the entire land of Italy. And indeed they commanded Orestes to give them the third part of this, and when he would by no means agree to do so, they killed him immediately.[C] Now there was a certain man among the Romans named Odoacer, one of the bodyguards of the emperor, and he at that time agreed to carry out their commands, on condition that they should set him upon the throne. And when he had received the supreme power in this way, [D] he did the emperor no further harm, but allowed him to live thenceforth as a private citizen. And by giving the third part of the land to the barbarians, and in this way gaining their allegiance most firmly, he held the supreme power securely for ten years.

  DATES:

  [A]474-491 A.D.

  [B]July 31, 475 A.D.

  [C]July 28, 476 A.D.

  [D]July 28, 476 A.D.

  It was at about this same time that the Goths also, who were dwelling in Thrace with the permission of the emperor, took up arms against the Romans under the leadership of Theoderic, a man who was of patrician rank and had attained the consular office in Byzantium. But the Emperor Zeno, who understood how to settle to his advantage any situation in which he found himself, advised Theoderic to proceed to Italy, attack Odoacer, and win for himself and the Goths the western dominion. For it was better for him, he said, especially as he had attained the senatorial dignity, to force out a usurper and be ruler over all the Romans and Italians than to incur the great risk of a decisive struggle with the emperor.

  Now Theoderic was pleased with the suggestion and went to Italy, and he was followed by the Gothic host, who placed in their waggons the women and children and such of their chattels as they were able to take with them. And when they came near the Ionian Gulf, they were quite unable to cross over it, since they had no ships at hand; and so they made the journey around the gulf, advancing through the land of the Taulantii and the other nations of that region. Here the forces of Odoacer encountered them, but after being defeated in many battles, they shut themselves up with their leader in Ravenna and such other towns as were especially strong. [E] And the Goths laid siege to these places and captured them all, in one way or another, as it chanced in each case, except that they were unable to capture, either by surrender or by storm, the fortress of Caesena, which is three hundred stades distant from Ravenna, and Ravenna itself, where Odoacer happened to be. For this city of Ravenna lies in a level plain at the extremity of the Ionian Gulf, lacking two stades of being on the sea, and it is so situated as not to be easily approached either by ships or by a land army. Ships cannot possibly put in to shore there because the sea itself prevents them by forming shoals for not less than thirty stades; consequently the beach at Ravenna, although to the eye of mariners it is very near at hand, is in reality very far away by reason of the great extent of the shoal-water. And a land army cannot approach it at all; for the river Po, also called the Eridanus, which flows past Ravenna, coming from the boundaries of Celtica, and other navigable rivers together with some marshes, encircle it on all sides and so cause the city to be surrounded by water. In that place a very wonderful thing takes place every day. For early in the morning the sea forms a kind of river and comes up over the land for the distance of a day’s journey for an unencumbered traveller and becomes navigable in the midst of the mainland, and then in the late afternoon it turns back again, causing the inlet to disappear, and gathers the stream to itself. All those, therefore, who have to convey provisions into the city or carry them out from there for trade or for any other reason, place their cargoes in boats, and drawing them down to the place where the inlet is regularly formed, they await the inflow of the water. And when this comes, the boats are lifted little by little from the ground and float, and the sailors on them set to work and from that time on are seafaring men. And this is not the only place where this happens, but it is the regular occurrence along the whole coast in this region as far as the city of Aquileia. However, it does not always take place in the same way at every time, but when the light of the moon is faint, the advance of the sea is not strong either, but from the first half-moon until the second the inflow has a tendency to be greater. So much for this matter.

  DATES:

  [E] 489 A.D.

  But when the third year had already been spent by the Goths and Theoderic in their siege of Ravenna, the Goths, who were weary of the siege, and the followers of Odoacer, who were hard pressed by the lack of provisions, came to an agreement with each other through the mediation of the priest of Ravenna, the understanding being that both Theoderic and Odoacer should reside in Ravenna on terms of complete equality. And for some time they observed the agreement; but afterward Theoderic caught Odoacer, as they say, plotting against him, and bidding him to a feast with treacherous intent slew him, and in this way, after gaining the adherence of such of the hostile barbarians as chanced to survive, he himself secured the supremacy over both Goths and Italians. And though he did not claim the right to assume either the garb or the name of emperor of the Romans, but was called “rex” to the end of his life (for thus the barbarians are accustomed to call their leaders), still, in governing his own subjects, he invested himself with all the qualities which appropriately belong to one who is by birth an emperor. For he was exceedingly careful to observe justice, he preserved the laws on a sure basis, he protected the land and kept it safe from the barbarians dwelling round about, and attained the highest possible degree of wisdom and manliness. And he himself committed scarcely a single act of injustice against his subjects, nor would he brook such conduct on the part of anyone else who attempted it, except, indeed, that the Goths distributed among themselves the portion of the lands which Odoacer had given to his own partisans. And although in name Theoderic was a usurper, yet in fact he was as truly an emperor as any who have distinguished themselves in this office from the beginning; and love for him among both Goths and Italians grew to be great, and that too contrary to the ordinary habits of men. For in all states men’s preferences are divergent, with the result that the government in power pleases for the moment only those with whom its acts find favour, but offends those whose judgment it violates. But Theoderic reigned for thirty-seven years, and when he died, he had not only made himself an object of terror to all his enemies, but he also left to his subjects a keen sense of bereavement at his loss. And he died in the following manner.[F]

  DATE:

  [F] 526 A.D.

  Symmachus and his son-in-law Boetius were men of noble and ancient lineage, and both had been leading men in the Roman senate and had been consuls. But because they practised philosophy and were mindful of justice in a manner surpassed by no other men, relieving the destitution of both citizens and strangers by generous gifts of money, they attained great fame and thus led men of the basest sort to envy them. Now such persons slandered them to Theoderic, and he, believing their slanders, put these two men to death, on the ground that they were setting about a revolution, and made their property confiscat
e to the public treasury. And a few days later, while he was dining, the servants set before him the head of a great fish. This seemed to Theoderic to be the head of Symmachus newly slain. Indeed, with its teeth set in its lower lip and its eyes looking at him with a grim and insane stare, it did resemble exceedingly a person threatening him. And becoming greatly frightened at the extraordinary prodigy and shivering excessively, he retired running to his own chamber, and bidding them place many covers upon him, remained quiet. But afterwards he disclosed to his physician Elpidius all that had happened and wept for the wrong he had done Symmachus and Boetius. Then, having lamented and grieved exceedingly over the unfortunate occurrence, he died not long afterward. This was the first and last act of injustice which he committed toward his subjects, and the cause of it was that he had not made a thorough investigation, as he was accustomed to do, before passing judgment on the two men.

  Τελευτήσαντός τε αὐτοῦ παρέλαβε τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀταλάριχος, ὁ Θευδερίχου θυγατριδοῦς, ὀκτὼ γεγονὼς ἔτη καὶ ὑπὸ τῇ μητρὶ Ἀμαλασούνθῃ τρεφόμενος. [2] ὁ γάρ οἱ πατὴρ ἤδη ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἠφάνιστο. χρόνῳ τε οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον Ἰουστινιανὸς ἐν Βυζαντίῳ τὴν βασιλείαν παρέλαβεν. [3] Ἀμαλασοῦνθα δέ, ἅτε τοῦ παιδὸς ἐπίτροπος οὖσα, τὴν ἀρχὴν διῳκεῖτο, ξυνέσεως μὲν καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐλθοῦσα, τῆς δὲ φύσεως ἐς ἄγαν τὸ ἀρρενωπὸν ἐνδεικνυμένη. [4] ὅσον τε χρόνον τῆς πολιτείας προὔστη, οὐδένα τῶν πάντων Ῥωμαίων ἐς τὸ σῶμα ἐκόλασεν ἢ χρήμασιν ἐζημίωσεν. [5] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ Γότθοις ξυνεχώρησεν ἐς τὴν ἐς ἐκείνους ἀδικίαν ὀργῶσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς Συμμάχου τε καὶ Βοετίου παισὶ τὴν οὐσίαν ἀπέδωκεν. [6] ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἀμαλασοῦνθα τὸν παῖδα ἐβούλετο τοῖς Ῥωμαίων ἄρχουσι τὰ ἐς τὴν δίαιταν ὁμότροπον καταστήσασθαι καὶ φοιτᾶν ἐς γραμματιστοῦ ἤδη ἠνάγκαζε. [7] τρεῖς τε ἀπολεξαμένη τῶν ἐν Γότθοις γερόντων οὕσπερ ἠπίστατο μᾶλλον ἁπάντων ξυνετούς τε καὶ ἐπιεικεῖς εἶναι, ξυνδιαιτᾶσθαι Ἀταλαρίχῳ ἐκέλευε. [8] Γότθοις δὲ ταῦτα οὐδαμῆ ἤρεσκε. τῆς γὰρ ἐς τοὺς ὑπηκόους ἀδικίας ἐπιθυμίᾳ βαρβαρικώτερον πρὸς αὐτοῦ ἄρχεσθαι ἤθελον. [9] καί ποτε ἡ μὲν μήτηρ ἁμαρτάνοντά τι ἐν τῷ κοιτῶνι τὸν παῖδα λαβοῦσα ἐρράπισε: καὶ ὃς δεδακρυμένος ἐς τὴν ἀνδρωνῖτιν ἐνθένδε ἀπῆλθε. [10] Γότθοι δὲ αὐτῷ ἐντυχόντες δεινὰ ἐποιοῦντο καὶ τῇ Ἀμαλασούνθῃ λοιδορούμενοι ἰσχυρίζοντο βούλεσθαι αὐτὴν τὸν παῖδα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀφανιεῖν ὅτι τάχιστα, ὅπως αὐτὴ ἑτέρῳ ἀνδρὶ ἐς κοίτην ἐλθοῦσα Γότθων τε καὶ Ἰταλιωτῶν ξὺν αὐτῷ ἄρχοι. [11] ξυλλεγέντες τε, ὅσοι δὴ ἐν αὐτοῖς λόγιμοι ἦσαν, καὶ παρὰ τὴν Ἀμαλασοῦνθαν ἐλθόντες ᾐτιῶντο οὐκ ὀρθῶς σφίσιν οὐδὲ ᾗ ξυμφέρει τὸν βασιλέα παιδεύεσθαι. [12] γράμματά τε γὰρ παρὰ πολὺ κεχωρίσθαι ἀνδρίας, καὶ διδασκαλίας γερόντων ἀνθρώπων ἔς τε τὸ δειλὸν καὶ ταπεινὸν ἀποκρίνεσθαι ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον. [13] δεῖν τοίνυν τὸν ἔν τινι ἔργῳ τολμητήν τε καὶ δόξῃ μέγαν ἐσόμενον, φόβου τοῦ ἐκ διδασκάλων ἀπαλλαγέντα, τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις μελέτας ποιεῖσθαι. [14] ἔλεγον δὲ ὡς οὐδὲ Θευδέριχός ποτε Γότθων τινὰς τοὺς παῖδας ἐς γραμματιστοῦ πέμπειν ἐῴη: [15] λέγειν γὰρ ἅπασιν ὡς, ἤνπερ αὐτοῖς τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκύτους ἐπιγένηται δέος, οὐ μήποτε ξίφους ἢ δορατίου ὑπερφρονεῖν ἀξιώσουσιν. [16] ἐννοεῖν τε αὐτὴν ἐδικαίουν ὡς ἄρα οἱ ὁ πατὴρ Θευδέριχος χώρας τε τοσαύτης κύριος γεγονὼς καὶ βασιλείαν οὐδαμόθεν αὐτῷ προσήκουσαν περιβαλλόμενος τελευτήσειε, καίπερ γραμμάτων οὐδὲ ὅσον ἀκοὴν ἔχων. [17] ‘Οὐκοῦν, ὦ δέσποινα,’ ἔφασαν, ‘παιδαγωγοὺς μὲν τούτους χαίρειν τανῦν ἔα, σὺ δὲ Ἀταλαρίχῳ ὁμοδιαίτους ἥλικάς τινας δίδου, οἵπερ αὐτὸν τὰ ἐς τὴν ἡλικίαν ξυνακμάζοντες ἐς τὴν ἀρετὴν κατά γε τὸν βάρβαρον νόμον ὁρμήσουσι.’ [18] Ταῦτα ἐπεὶ ἤκουσεν Ἀμαλασοῦνθα, οὐκ ἐπῄνεσε μέν, δείσασα δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιβουλήν, δόκησίν τε παρείχετο ὡς πρὸς ἡδονῆς αὐτῇ οἱ λόγοι ἐγίνοντο, καὶ ξυνεχώρει ἅπαντα ὅσων οἱ βάρβαροι αὐτῆς ἔχρῃζον. [19] τῶν τε γερόντων Ἀταλάριχον ἐκλελοιπότων παῖδες αὐτῷ τινες ξυνῆσαν κοινωνοὶ τῆς διαίτης ἐσόμενοι, οὔπω μὲν ἡβηκότες, χρόνῳ δὲ οὐ πολλῷ προτερεύοντες, οἵπερ αὐτόν, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ἐς ἥβην ἦλθεν, ἔς τε μέθην καὶ γυναικῶν μίξεις παρακαλοῦντες, κακοήθη τε διαφερόντως εἶναι καὶ τῇ μητρὶ ὑπὸ ἀβελτερίας ἀπειθέστερον κατεστήσαντο. [20] ὥστε οὐδὲ μεταποιεῖσθαι αὐτῆς τὸ παράπαν ἠξίου, καίπερ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐκ τοῦ ἐμφανοῦς ἐπ̓ αὐτὴν ἤδη ξυνισταμένων, οἵ γε καὶ τῶν βασιλείων ἀναχωρεῖν τὴν ἄνθρωπον ἀνέδην ἐκέλευον. [21] Ἀμαλασοῦνθα δὲ οὔτε κατωρρώδησε τὴν τῶν Γότθων ἐπιβουλὴν οὔτε οἷα γυνὴ ἐμαλθακίσθη, ἀλλ̓ ἔτι τὸ βασιλικὸν ἀξίωμα ἐνδεικνυμένη, τρεῖς ἀπολέξασα τοὺς ἐν τοῖς βαρβάροις λογιμωτάτους τε καὶ αὐτῇ αἰτιωτάτους τῆς στάσεως, ἐκέλευεν ἐς τὰς τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐσχατιὰς ἰέναι, οὐχ ἅμα μέντοι, ἀλλ̓ ὡς πορρωτάτω ἀλλήλων: τῷ δὲ λόγῳ ἐστέλλοντο ἐφ̓ ᾧ τὴν χώραν φυλάξωσιν ἐκ τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ἐφόδου. [22] ἀλλ̓ οὐδέν τι ἧσσον οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι διά τε τῶν φίλων καὶ τῶν ξυγγενῶν ῾ξυνῄεσαν γὰρ ἔτι καὶ μακρὰν ὁδὸν πορευόμενοι ἐς αὐτοὺς ἅπαντες᾿ Ἀμαλασούνθῃ τὰ ἐς τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν ἐξηρτύοντο. Ἅπερ οὐκέτι φέρειν ἡ γυνὴ οἵα τε οὖσα ἐπενόει τοιάδε. [23] πέμψασα ἐς Βυζάντιον Ἰουστινιανοῦ βασιλέως ἀνεπυνθάνετο εἴπερ αὐτῷ βουλομένῳ εἴη Ἀμαλασοῦνθαν τὴν Θευδερίχου παῤ αὐτὸν ἥκειν: βούλεσθαι γὰρ αὐτὴν ἐξ Ἰταλίας ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι ὅτι τάχιστα. [24] βασιλεὺς δὲ τῷ λόγῳ �
��σθεὶς ἐλθεῖν τε τὴν γυναῖκα ἐκέλευε καὶ τῶν Ἐπιδάμνου οἴκων τὸν κάλλιστον ἐν παρασκευῇ ἐπέστελλε γενέσθαι, ὅπως ἐπειδὰν Ἀμαλασοῦνθα ἐνταῦθα ἴοι, καταλύοι τε αὐτόσε καὶ χρόνον διατρίψασα ὅσον ἂν αὐτῇ βουλομένῃ εἴη, οὕτω δὴ κομίζηται ἐς Βυζάντιον. [25] ταῦτα ἐπεὶ Ἀμαλασοῦνθα ἔγνω, ἄνδρας ἀπολέξασα Γότθους, δραστηρίους τε καὶ αὐτῇ ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ἐπιτηδείους, ἔστελλεν ἐφ̓ ᾧ τοὺς τρεῖς ἀποκτενοῦσιν ὧν ἄρτι ἐμνήσθην, ἅτε τῆς στάσεως αἰτιωτάτους αὐτῇ γενομένους. [26] αὐτὴ δὲ ἄλλα τε χρήματα καὶ τετρακόσια Χρυσοῦ κεντηνάρια ἐν νηὶ μιᾷ ἐνθεμένη, ἐς ταύτην τε ἐμβιβάσασα τῶν οἱ πιστοτάτων τινάς, πλεῖν μὲν ἐκέλευσεν εἰς Ἐπίδαμνον, ἀφικομένους δὲ ὁρμίζεσθαι μὲν ἐν τῷ ταύτης λιμένι, τῶν δὲ φορτίων, ἕως αὐτὴ ἐπιστέλλοι, [27] μηδ̓ ὁτιοῦν ἐκφορεῖν τῆς νεώς. ἔπρασσε δὲ ταῦτα, ὅπως, ἢν μὲν ἀπολωλέναι τοὺς τρεῖς πύθηται, μένοι τε αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν ναῦν μεταπέμποιτο, οὐδὲν ἔτι ἔχουσα πρὸς τῶν ἐχθρῶν δέος: ἢν δὲ αὐτῶν τινα περιεῖναι ξυμβαίνῃ, οὐδεμιᾶς οἱ ἀγαθῆς ἀπολελειμμένης ἐλπίδος, πλέοι τε κατὰ τάχος καὶ ἐς γῆν τὴν βασιλέως ξὺν τοῖς χρήμασι διασώζοιτο. [28] τοιαύτῃ μὲν γνώμῃ Ἀμαλασοῦνθα ἐς Ἐπίδαμνον τὴν ναῦν ἔπεμπε, καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀφίκετο ἐς τὸν Ἐπιδαμνίων λιμένα, οἱ τὰ χρήματα ἔχοντες τὰ ἐντεταλμένα ἐποίουν. [29] ὀλίγῳ δὲ ὕστερον Ἀμαλασοῦνθα, τῶν φόνων οἱ ἐξειργασμένων ᾗπερ ἐβούλετο, τήν τε ναῦν μετεπέμπετο καὶ μένουσα ἐπὶ Ῥαβέννης τὴν ἀρχὴν ὡς ἀσφαλέστατα ἐκρατύνατο.