Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  XXVII

  This exploit, then, was accomplished by the Goths on the third day after they were repulsed in the assault on the wall. But twenty days after the city and harbour of Portus were captured, Martinus and Valerian arrived, bringing with them sixteen hundred horsemen, the most of whom were Huns and Sclaveni and Antae, who are settled above the Ister River not far from its banks. And Belisarius was pleased by their coming and thought that thenceforth his army ought to carry the war against the enemy. On the following day, accordingly, he commanded one of his own bodyguards, Trajan by name, an impetuous and active fighter, to take two hundred horsemen of the guards and go straight towards the enemy, and as soon as they came near the camps to go up on a high hill (which he pointed out to him) and remain quietly there. And if the enemy should come against them, he was not to allow the battle to come to close quarters, nor to touch sword or spear in any case, but to use bows only, and as soon as he should find that his quiver had no more arrows in it, he was to flee as hard as he could with no thought of shame and retire to the fortifications on the run. Having given these instructions, he held in readiness both the engines for shooting arrows and the men skilled in their use. Then Trajan with the two hundred men went out from the Salarian Gate against the camp of the enemy. And they, being filled with amazement at the suddenness of the thing, rushed out from the camps, each man equipping himself as well as he could. But the men under Trajan galloped to the top of the hill which Belisarius had shewn them, and from there began to ward off the barbarians with missiles. And since their shafts fell among a dense throng, they were for the most part successful in hitting a man or a horse. But when all their missiles had at last failed them, they rode off to the rear with all speed, and the Goths kept pressing upon them in pursuit. But when they came near the fortifications, the operators of the engines began to shoot arrows from them, and the barbarians became terrified and abandoned the pursuit. And it is said that not less than one thousand Goths perished in this action. A few days later Belisarius sent Mundilas, another of his own bodyguard, and Diogenes, both exceptionally capable warriors, with three hundred guardsmen, commanding them to do the same thing as the others had done before. And they acted according to his instructions. Then, when the enemy confronted them, the result of the encounter was that no fewer than in the former action, perhaps even more, perished in the same way. And sending even a third time the guardsman Oilas with three hundred horsemen, with instructions to handle the enemy in the same way, he accomplished the same result. So in making these three sallies, in the manner told by me, Belisarius destroyed about four thousand of his antagonists.

  But Vittigis, failing to take into account the difference between the two armies in point of equipment of arms and of practice in warlike deeds, thought that he too would most easily inflict grave losses upon the enemy, if only he should make his attack upon them with a small force. He therefore sent five hundred horsemen, commanding them to go close to the fortifications, and to make a demonstration against the whole army of the enemy of the very same tactics as had time and again been used against them, to their sorrow, by small bands of the foe. And so, when they came to a high place not far from the city, but just beyond the range of missiles, they took their stand there. But Belisarius selected a thousand men, putting Bessas in command, and ordered them to engage with the enemy. And this force, by forming a circle around the enemy and always shooting at them from behind, killed a large number, and by pressing hard upon the rest compelled them to descend into the plain. There a hand-to-hand battle took place between forces not evenly matched in strength, and most of the Goths were destroyed, though some few with difficulty made their escape and returned to their own camp. And Vittigis reviled these men, insisting that cowardice had been the cause of their defeat, and undertaking to find another set of men to retrieve the loss after no long time, he remained quiet for the present; but three days later he selected men from all the camps, five hundred in number, and bade them make a display of valorous deeds against the enemy. Now as soon as Belisarius saw that these men had come rather near, he sent out against them fifteen hundred men under the commanders Martinus and Valerian. And a cavalry battle taking place immediately, the Romans, being greatly superior to the enemy in numbers, routed them without any trouble and destroyed practically all of them.

  And to the enemy it seemed in every way a dreadful thing and a proof that fortune stood against them, if, when they were many and the enemy who came against them were few, they were defeated, and when, on the other hand, they in turn went in small numbers against their enemy, they were likewise destroyed. Belisarius, however, received a public vote of praise from the Romans for his wisdom, at which they not unnaturally marvelled greatly, but in private his friends asked him on what he had based his judgment on that day when he had escaped from the enemy after being so completely defeated, and why he had been confident that he would overcome them decisively in the war. And he said that in engaging with them at the first with only a few men he had noticed just what the difference was between the two armies, so that if he should fight his battles with them with a force which was in strength proportionate to theirs, the multitudes of the enemy could inflict no injury upon the Romans by reason of the smallness of their numbers. And the difference was this, that practically all the Romans and their allies, the Huns, are good mounted bowmen, but not a man among the Goths has had practice in this branch, for their horsemen are accustomed to use only spears and swords, while their bowmen enter battle on foot and under cover of the heavy-armed men. So the horsemen, unless the engagement is at close quarters, have no means of defending themselves against opponents who use the bow, and therefore can easily be reached by the arrows and destroyed; and as for the foot-soldiers, they can never be strong enough to make sallies against men on horseback. It was for these reasons, Belisarius declared, that the barbarians had been defeated by the Romans in these last engagements. And the Goths, remembering the unexpected outcome of their own experiences, desisted thereafter from assaulting the fortifications of Rome in small numbers and also from pursuing the enemy when harassed by them, except only so far as to drive them back from their own camps.

  Ὕστερον δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν ἅπαντες, ἐπαρθέντες τοῖς φθάσασιν εὐτυχήμασι, παντί τε τῷ Γότθων στρατεύματι ὤργων διὰ μάχης ἰέναι καὶ πολεμητέα εἶναι ἐκ τοῦ ἐμφανοῦς σφίσιν ᾤοντο. [2] Βελισάριος δέ, πάμπολυ ἔτι εἶναι τὸ διαφέρον ἐν ἀμφοτέροις οἰόμενος, ὤκνει τε ἀεὶ τῷ παντὶ διακινδυνεύειν στρατεύματι καὶ τὰς ἐπεκδρομὰς ἐσπούδαζέ τε ἔτι μᾶλλον καὶ ἐπενόει ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους. [3] ἐπεὶ δὲ κακιζόμενος πρός τε τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ Ῥωμαίων τῶν ἄλλων ἀπεῖπε, παντὶ μὲν τῷ στρατῷ μάχεσθαι ἤθελε, τὴν δὲ ξυμβολὴν ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς οὐδέν τι ἧσσον ποιήσασθαι. [4] πολλάκις τε ἀπεκρούσθη ἐς τοῦτο ὁρμήσας, καὶ τὴν ἔφοδον ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν ἀποθέσθαι ἠνάγκαστο, ἐπεὶ προγνόντας τὰ ἐσόμενα πρὸς τῶν αὐτομόλων τοὺς πολεμίους ἐν παρασκευῇ παρὰ δόξαν εὗρε. [5] διὸ δὴ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἐμφανοῦς διαμαχήσασθαι τὸ λοιπὸν ἤθελε, καὶ οἱ βάρβαροι ἄσμενοι ἐς τὴν μάχην καθίσταντο. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀμφοτέροις τὰ ἐς τὴν ξυμβολὴν ὡς ἄριστα ἤσκητο, Βελισάριος μὲν ἀγείρας τὸ στράτευμα ὅλον τοιάδε παρεκελεύσατο: [6] ‘Οὐ μαλακίαν τινὰ καταγνοὺς ὑμῶν, ἄνδρες συστρατιῶται, οὐδὲ τῶν πολεμίων κατορρωδήσας τὴν δ
ύναμιν τὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς συμβολὴν ὤκνουν, ἀλλ̓ ἐπεὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἡμῖν ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς διαφέρουσιν εὖ καθειστήκει τὰ πράγματα, διασώσασθαι ᾤμην δεῖν ἐς ἀεὶ τὴν τῆς εὐπραξίας αἰτίαν. [7] οἷς γὰρ κατὰ νοῦν τὰ παρόντα χωρεῖ, ἐφ̓ ἕτερον μεταβάλλεσθαι ἀξύμφορον οἶμαι. ὁρῶν μέντοι ἐς τόνδε ὑμᾶς προθυμουμένους τὸν κίνδυνον, εὔελπίς τέ εἰμι καὶ οὔποτε ὑμῶν τῇ ὁρμῇ ἐμποδὼν στήσομαι. [8] οἶδα γὰρ ὡς τὸ πλεῖστον ἀεὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις ῥοπῆς ἡ τῶν μαχομένων κεκλήρωται γνώμη καὶ τὰ πολλὰ τῇ τούτων προθυμίᾳ κατορθοῦσθαι φιλεῖ. [9] ὡς μὲν οὖν ὀλίγοι μετὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς τεταγμένοι πλήθους περιεῖναι οἷοί τέ εἰσι τῶν ἐναντίων ἐξεπίσταται ὑμῶν ἕκαστος, οὐκ ἀκοῇ λαβών, ἀλλ̓ ἐς πεῖραν ἀγῶνος τὴν καθ̓ ἡμέραν ἥκων. [10] ὅπως δὲ μὴ καταισχύνητε μήτε τὴν προτέραν τῶν ἐμῶν στρατηγημάτων δόξαν μήτε τὴν ἐκ τῆσδε ὑμῶν τῆς προθυμίας ἐλπίδα, ἐφ̓ ὑμῖν κείσεται. [11] πάντα γὰρ ὅσα ἡμῖν ἐν τῷδε τῷ πολέμῳ πεπρᾶχθαι ξυμβαίνει πρὸς τὴν ἀπόβασιν κρίνεσθαι τῆς παρούσης ἡμέρας ἀνάγκη. [12] ὁρῶ δὲ καὶ τὸν παρόντα καιρὸν ἡμῖν ξυλλαμβάνοντα, ὃς ἡμῖν δεδουλωμένου τοῖς φθάσασι τοῦ τῶν πολεμίων φρονήματος ῥᾴδιον, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, τὴν ἐκείνων ἐπικράτησιν θήσεται. [13] τῶν γὰρ πολλάκις ἠτυχηκότων ἥκιστα ἀνδραγαθίζεσθαι φιλοῦσιν αἱ γνῶμαι. ἵππου δὲ ἢ τόξου ἢ ἄλλου ὁτουοῦν ὅπλου ὑμῶν φειδέσθω μηδείς. [14] ἐγὼ γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ παραυτίκα ὑπὲρ πάντων ἕτερα τῶν κατὰ τὴν μάχην διαφθειρομένων ἀνθυπουργήσω.’ [15] Βελισάριος μὲν τοσαῦτα παρακελευσάμενος ἐξῆγε τὸ στράτευμα διά τε πυλίδος Πιγκιανῆς καὶ Σαλαρίας πύλης, ὀλίγους δέ τινας διὰ πύλης Αὐρηλίας ἐς Νέρωνος πεδίον ἐκέλευεν ἰέναι. [16] οἷς δὴ Βαλεντῖνον ἐπέστησε καταλόγου ἱππικοῦ ἄρχοντα, καὶ αὐτῷ ἐπέστελλε μάχης μὲν μηδεμιᾶς ἄρχειν, μηδὲ τοῦ στρατοπέδου τῶν ἐναντίων ἐγγυτέρω ἰέναι, δόκησιν δὲ παρέχειν ἀεὶ τοῦ αὐτίκα προσβάλλειν, ὅπως μὴ τῶν ἐνταῦθα πολεμίων τινὲς τὴν ἐκείνῃ γέφυραν διαβαίνοντες ἐπιβοηθεῖν τοῖς ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων χαρακωμάτων οἷοί τε ὦσι. [17] πολλῶν γὰρ ὄντων, ὥσπερ μοι προδεδήλωται, τῶν ἐν Νέρωνος πεδίῳ στρατοπεδευομένων βαρβάρων ἱκανόν οἱ ἐφαίνετο τούτους δὴ ἅπαντας οὐ μεταλαχόντας τῆς ξυμβολῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄλλου στρατοῦ κεχωρίσθαι. [18] καὶ ἐπειδὴ Ῥωμαίων τοῦ δήμου ἐθελούσιοί τινες ὅπλα ἀνελόμενοι εἵποντο, ἐς μὲν τὴν ξυμβολὴν αὐτοὺς ξυντετάχθαι σφίσιν οὐκ εἴασε, δείσας μὴ ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι γενόμενοι κατορρωδήσωσί τε τὸν κίνδυνον καὶ τὸ στράτευμα ξυνταράξωσιν ὅλον, βάναυσοί τε ἄνδρες καὶ πολέμου ἀμελέτητοι παντάπασιν ὄντες. [19] ἐκτὸς δὲ πυλῶν Παγκρατιανῶν, αἳ ὑπὲρ Τίβεριν ποταμόν εἰσι, φάλαγγα ποιησαμένους ἡσυχάζειν ἐκέλευεν ἕως αὐτὸς σημήνῃ, λογισάμενος, ὅπερ ἐγένετο, ὡς, εἴπερ αὐτούς τε καὶ τοὺς ἀμφὶ Βαλεντῖνον ἴδωσιν οἱ ἐν Νέρωνος πεδίῳ πολέμιοι, οὔ ποτε θαρσήσουσι τὸ σφέτερον ἀπολιπόντες χαράκωμα ἐπὶ σφᾶς ξὺν τῷ ἄλλῳ στρατῷ ἐς μάχην ἰέναι. [20] ἕρμαιον δὲ καὶ λόγου πολλοῦ ἄξιον εἶναι ἄνδρας τοσούτους τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ τῶν ἐναντίων στρατοπέδου ἀποκεκρίσθαι. [21] Οὕτως μὲν οὖν ἱππομαχίαν μόνον ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ποιήσασθαι ἤθελεν, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πεζῶν οἱ πλεῖστοι ἤδη μένειν ἐν τοῖς καθεστῶσιν οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες, ἵππους τε τῶν πολεμίων ληϊσάμενοι καὶ τοῦ ἱππεύειν οὐκ ἀμελέτητοι γεγενημένοι, [22] ἱππόται ἦσαν. τοὺς δὲ πεζούς, ὀλίγους τε ὄντας καὶ οὔτε φάλαγγα ἔχοντας λόγου ἀξίαν ποιήσασθαι οὔτε τοῖς βαρβάροις θαρσήσαντάς πω ἐς χεῖρας ἰέναι, ἀλλ̓ ἐς φυγὴν ἀεὶ ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ ὁρμῇ καθισταμένους, οὐκ ἀσφαλὲς ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι ἄποθεν τοῦ περιβόλου παρατάσσεσθαι, ἀλλ̓ αὐτοῦ ἄγχιστα τῆς τάφρου ἐν τάξει μένειν, ὅπως, εἴ γε σφῶν τοὺς ἱππέας τρέπεσθαι ξυμβαίνοι, δέχεσθαί τε οἷοί τε ὦσι τοὺς φεύγοντας καὶ ξὺν αὐτοῖς ἅτε ἀκμῆτες τοὺς ἐναντίους ἀμύνεσθαι. [23] Πριγκίπιος δέ τις ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ δορυφόροις, ἀνὴρ δόκιμος, Πισίδης γένος, καὶ Ταρμοῦτος Ἴσαυρος, Ἔννου τοῦ Ἰσαύρων ἀρχηγοῦ ἀδελφός, Βελισαρίῳ ἐς ὄψιν ἐλθόντες ἔλεξαν τοιάδε: [24] ‘Στρατηγῶν ἄριστε, μήτε τὸ στράτευμά σοι, ὀλίγον τε ὂν καὶ πρὸς μυριάδας βαρβάρων πολλὰς μαχησόμενον, ἀποτέμνεσθαι ἀξίου τῆ πεζῶν φάλαγγος, μήτε χρῆναι τὸ Ῥωμαίων πεζικὸν ὑβρίζεσθαι οἴου, δἰ οὗ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῖς πάλαι Ῥωμαίοις ἐς τόδε μεγέθους κεχωρηκέναι ἀκούομεν. [25] εἰ γάρ τι οὐκ ἀξιόλογον αὐτοῖς ἐν τῷδε τῷ πολέμῳ εἰργάσθαι ξυμβαίνει, οὐ τῆς τῶν στρατιωτῶν κακίας τεκμήριον τοῦτο, ἀλλ̓ οἱ τῶν πεζῶν ἄρχοντες τὴν αἰτίαν φέρεσθαι δίκαιοι, ἵπποις μὲν ἐν τῇ παρατάξει μόνοι ὀχούμενοι, κοινὴν δὲ ἡγεῖσθαι οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες τὴν τοῦ πολέμου τύχην, ἀλλὰ φυγῇ αὐτῶν μόνος ἕκαστος καὶ πρὸ τῆς ἀγωνίας τὰ πολλὰ χρώμενοι. [26] σὺ δὲ πάντας μὲν τοὺς πεζῶν ἄρχοντας, ἱππέας γὰρ ὁρᾷς γεγενημένους ἥκιστά τε ξυντάττεσθαι τοῖς σφῶν ὑπηκόοις ἐθέλοντας, ξὺν τῷ ἄλλῳ τῶν ἱππέων στρατεύματι ἔχων ἐς τὴν ξυμβολὴν τήνδε καθίστασο, ἡμᾶς δὲ τοῖς πεζοῖς ἐς τὴν παράταξιν ἡγεῖσθαι ξυγχώρει. [27] πεζοὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡμεῖς τὸ τῶν βαρβάρων πλῆθος ξὺν αὐτοῖς οἴσομεν, ἐλπίδα ἔχοντες ὅσα ἂν ὁ θεὸς διδῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ἐργάσασθαι.�
� [28] Ταῦτα ἀκούσας Βελισάριος κατ̓ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὐ ξυνεχώρησεν: αὐτὼ γὰρ ἄνδρε μαχίμω ἐς ἄγαν ὄντε ὑπερηγάπα καὶ πεζοὺς ὀλίγους διακινδυνεύειν οὐκ ἤθελε. [29] τέλος δὲ τῇ τῶν ἀνδρῶν προθυμίᾳ βιαζόμενος ὀλίγους μέν τινας ἔς τε τὰς πύλας καὶ ἄνω ἐς τὰς ἐπάλξεις ξὺν Ῥωμαίων τῷ δήμῳ ἀμφὶ τὰς μηχανὰς εἴασε, τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις Πριγκίπιόν τε καὶ Ταρμοῦτον ἐπιστήσας ὄπισθεν αὐτοὺς ἵστασθαι ἐν τάξει ἐκέλευεν, ὅπως αὐτοί τε μὴ τὸν κίνδυνον κατορρωδήσαντες τὸ ἄλλο στράτευμα ξυνταράξωσι, καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ἤν τίς ποτε μοῖρα τρέποιτο, μὴ ὡς ἀπωτάτω χωρήσαιεν, ἀλλ̓ ἐς τοὺς πεζοὺς καταφεύγοντες τοὺς διώκοντας οἷοί τε ὦσι ξὺν ἐκείνοις ἀμύνεσθαι.