A Brief History of the Spy
Page 27
IRA: The Irish Republican Army. Group opposed to the presence of the British in Northern Ireland, which waged a campaign during the twentieth century. Offshoots include The Continuity IRA and the Real IRA. Its political wing is Sinn Fein.
JIC: Joint Intelligence Committee: A group reporting to the British Cabinet, which oversees the work of the various British intelligence agencies.
KGB: The Committee for State Security. Although only officially existing between 1954 and 1991, the title is often used for Russian foreign intelligence throughout the twentieth century.
KGB history: The Soviet State Security organization would go through many name changes in the period leading up to the Cold War. The Cheka (The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage) operated from December 1917 to February 1922, when it was incorporated into the NKVD (the People’s Commissariat of State Security) as the GPU (the State Political Directorate). From July 1923 to July 1934 it was known as the OGPU (the Unified State Political Directorate) before reincorporating into the NKVD, this time as the GUGB (Main Administration of Soviet Security). For five months in 1941 it was referred to as the NKGB (the People’s Commissariat of State Security) before returning to the NKVD. It became the MGB (Ministry for State Security) in 1946, before Beria merged that with the MVD (the Ministry of the Interior) in 1953 following Stalin’s death. After Beria’s fall, State Security was separated from the Ministry, and became the KGB. The KGB was disbanded in 1991 to be replaced by the SVR.
Langley: term often used to describe CIA Headquarters, or the senior officials of the CIA.
MGB: See KGB history.
MI5: The British Security Service. Officially, this was only its title between September 1916 and 1929 but the abbreviation is used even within the service.
MI6: term commonly used for the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). Properly, it only refers to a period during the Second World War when it was used as a counterpart to MI5, but the phrase has entered common usage. Officially the title SIS was given in 1920, and enshrined in law in 1994. The service itself uses SIS rather than MI6 as an abbreviation.
Moscow Centre: term used for those giving instructions to Russian/Soviet intelligence agents.
Mossad: the Israeli foreign intelligence agency.
MSS: Ministry for State Security. The foreign intelligence agency of the People’s Republic of China.
MVD: see KGB history.
NCS: National Clandestine Service. Since 2005, the operational arm of the CIA.
NIA: National Intelligence Authority. A body overseeing American intelligence work between the end of the Second World War and the creation of the CIA in 1947.
NKGB: see KGB history.
NKVD: see KGB history.
NSA: National Security Agency. The SIGINT arm of US intelligence. NSC: National Security Council. Chaired by the American president, this was designed to oversee American intelligence after 1947. It came to prominence during the Iran-Contra affair. Its functions were merged with the Homeland Security Council in 2009 to form the National Security Staff.
OGPU: see KGB history.
ODNI: Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
one-time pad: a method of sending messages which is nearly impossible to decode unless you have a copy of the pad. Agents are supplied with a set of tear-off sheets which are used to encode the message and then destroyed; their handlers have the only duplicate set, which they use to decode the information.
ONI: Office of Naval Intelligence. The American Navy’s intelligence arm.
OSS: Office of Strategic Services. The American intelligence agency during the Second World War. It was effectively a forerunner of the CIA.
PFLP: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Terrorist organization fighting for a separate Palestinian state.
PFLP-GC: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command. Splinter group from the PFLP.
PLO: Palestine Liberation Organisation. Political and paramilitary organization aiming to set up a separate Palestinian state. Politburo: the leading members of the Communist party. Usually referring to the USSR, but each country had its own politburo.
SDECE: External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service. The French intelligence agency between 1944 and 1982. Replaced by the DGSE.
SIG: Special Investigation Group. A team set up by James Jesus Angleton to investigate potential spies within the CIA.
SIGINT: SIGnals INTelligence: information received from messages passed between opposing forces.
SIS: See MI6.
SMERSH: derived from the Russian term SMERt’ SHpionam (Death to Spies). This was a part of the NKVD during the Second World War. Its notoriety derives from its use by Ian Fleming in the James Bond novels written in the 1950s, although the real SMERSH was disbanded in 1946.
SOE: Special Operations Executive. The sabotage wing of British intelligence during the Second World War. It derived from MI6’s Section D, and was folded back into MI6 after the end of hostilities.
SPG: Special Procedures Group. Part of the CIA tasked with aiding anti-Communist parties to win the Italian elections after the Second World War.
SSA: South African State Security Agency. The South African intelligence service since 2009.
Stasi: Staatssicherheit. The Ministry for State Security in East Germany. The intelligence agency for the East German Communist regime.
StB: Státní Bezpeènost (State Security). The Czech secret service between 1945 and 1990.
Sûreté: the French police.
SVR: Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation. The successor to the KGB.
tradecraft: the ways in which a spy operates in order to maintain their cover.
TSD: Technical Services Division. The real-life Q Branch of the CIA, creating all the gadgets and technology required by agents. And the occasional Acoustic Kitty.
watchers: counter-intelligence agents monitoring a target.
wet work/wet affairs: a euphemism for murder and assassinations, deriving from the spilling of blood.
INDEX
Abdoolcader, Sirioj Husein 100, 116
Abel, Colonel Rudolf Invanovich 71–2, 76
ABLE ARCHER 83 160
Abse, Leo 102
Acoustic Kitty 107
Adenauer, Konrad 57
aerospace research 118, 140, 156, 248
see also nuclear weapons and research
Afghanistan
Russian occupation 114, 149–50, 194, 196–7, 200, 210, 211, 212
US invasion 223
Agee, Philip 129–30, 170
AIDs 181–2
Air America 112–13
Akhmerov, Iskhak 26
al-Balawi, Humam 237
al-Fadl, Jamal Ahmed 219
al-Janabi, Rafid Ahmed Alwan ‘Curveball’ 228, 229–31
al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed 236–7
al-Libi, Abu Faraj 237
al-Mergrahi, Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed 209
al-Qaeda xiii, 200, 205–6, 210, 211–12, 219, 220–1, 222, 223–6, 233, 235–7
al-Qahtani, Mohammed 236
Alexander II, Tsar 7
Ali, Abdullah Ahmed 234–5
Allen, Sir Mark 226
Allende Gossens, Salvador 125, 126
Ames, Aldrich 166–7, 168, 172, 178, 185, 186–7, 194, 195, 214, 241, 244
Ames, Robert 208
Amin, Hafizullah 149–50
Andropov, Uri 67, 100, 105–6, 139, 141, 152, 158, 160, 180
Angleton, James Jesus 92–3, 119–23
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 54
Arafat, Yasser 206
Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo 56
Arlington Hall 28–30
Armas, Colonel Carlos Castillo 56
Armstrong, Sir Robert 187–8
Ashcroft, Attorney General John 247
ASIS (Australian Secret Intelligence Service) 148–9, 161–2
assassinations
banned by President
Ford 143
by Bogdan Stashinsky 74
Georgi Markov 141–2
John F. Kennedy 63, 93–4, 180
Leon Trotsky 8
Osama bin Laden 235–9
Reinhard Heydrich 5
Tsar Alexander II 7
Atlee, Clement 22
atomic bombs see nuclear weapons projects and research
Australia 31–2, 122, 134, 187–8
Babar, Mohamed 234
Baer, Robert 94
Bakatin, General Vadim 199
Baker, James 76
Baker Jr., Howard H. 123
Bandera, Stepan 74
Bao Dai, Emperor 61
Barot, Dhiren 234
Barton Osborn, K. 111
Baruch, Bernard 21
Bay of Pigs 87, 89
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 12, 15, 141, 145, 248
Bearden, Milt 195
Belgium 84, 85
Belhadji, Abdelhakim 226
Beneš, Edvard 37
Bennett, Leslie James 122
Bentley, Elizabeth 25–8, 29, 51
Berezovsky, Boris 249
Beria, Lavrentiy 8, 58
Berlin xvi, 21, 40–1, 53, 78, 83, 85, 208
Wall 74, 85, 197
Bettany, Michael 159
Biden, Joe 130, 239
bin Laden, Osama xiii, 200, 210–12, 219, 220–1, 222, 223, 225, 226, 235–9
Bissell, Richard 87
Black Friday 77–8
Blair, Tony 204, 227, 248
Blake, George 53–4, 81, 83–4, 95
Bland Report 5–6
Bletchley Park 4, 13, 14
Blix, Hans 230
Bloch, Felix 195–6
Blunt, Anthony 10, 11–12, 14, 33, 95, 157
BND 74, 75, 84, 104, 139, 228, 229, 230, 231, 242
Bohlen, Charles 21, 22
Bohm, Gerald 104
Bokhan, Sergei 167–8
Boland, Edward P. 190, 191
Bolshakov, Georgi 90
Bolshevik Party 7
Bond, James (films) xii, 10, 99, 132
Bond, James (novels) xiii, 2, 9–10, 60, 68, 99
Boren, Senator David 186
Bormann, Martin 9
BOSS (Bureau for State Security) xv, 200
Bossard, Frank 101, 108
Botha, Pik 181
Bouchiki, Ahmed 206–7
Bourne Identity film trilogy 63–4, 188
Bowman, Spike 175
Boyce, Christopher John ‘the Falcon’ 134–5
Boyle, Andrew 157
brainwashing 64, 83, 127
Brandt, Willy 105, 120–1, 130–1
Bravo, Rafael 248
Brehznev, Leonid 100, 105, 106, 146, 152
British Army 102, 202
British Ministry of Aviation 101, 108
British Navy / Admiralty 68, 74, 92
British Union of Fascists 3–4
Britten, Douglas 101
Brockway, Lord 158
Browder, Earl 26
Brunet, Giles G. 122
Brzezinski, Zbigniew 136
Bulawayo Chronicle 181
Bulgaria 141
Burgess, Guy 10, 11–12, 13, 15, 32, 33, 47, 52, 100, 120
Bush, George H. W. 129, 142, 147
Bush, George W. 200, 217, 221, 222, 227, 229, 233
Butler Report 227
Cahill, Joe 202
Cairncross, John 10, 12, 13, 14–15, 33, 95, 157
Callaghan, James 146, 148, 201
Campbell, Alastair 227–8
Canada 23–4, 25, 95, 122, 137, 254
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) 24, 95
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 9
Carter, Jimmy 136, 142, 143, 190
Casey, William J. 119, 152–3, 156, 181, 183, 189–90, 192–3, 214–15
Castro, Fidel 85–8, 127
Cecil, Robert 14
Central Intelligence Group 19, 36
Chapman, Anna xvi, 250–4
Charteris, Leslie 12
Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage) 8
Cherkashin, Victor 165, 166, 168, 170, 178, 186–7, 214
Chernenko, Konstantin 152, 160
Chernomyrdin, Viktor S. 243
Chernyaev, Rudolf 136
Chiang Kai-shek 20, 54
Chilcott Inquiry 227
Chile 124–6
Chin, Larry Wu-Tai 176–7
China 8, 20, 37, 44, 48–50, 54, 83, 108, 175–7
Chou, Y. T. 133
Church Committee 127–8
Church, Russian Orthodox 138–9
Church, Senator Frank 127–8
Churchill, Sir Winston 5, 20, 22, 35–6
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) xii, xv, 47, 74, 100, 152, 181, 198, 208, 242, 246
Abdelhakim Belhadj 226
Abu Zubaida 224–5
access to Soviet landlines 52–4
Adolf Tolkachev 154–6, 166
agents in Moscow 62–3, 138, 143–5, 153, 154–6, 166–8, 254
Air America 112–13
Aldrich Ames 166–7, 168, 185, 194, 214
Aleksander Zhomov 194–5
Alexsandr Ogorodnik 143–5, 166
Anatoliy Golitsyn 92–3, 120, 121, 122
Arkady Shevchenko 145–6
Brian Kelley 246
checking US mail 123
Chile 124–6
Church Committee 127–8
Civil Air Transport Co. Ltd 49–50
Cuba 86, 87–8
Dimitri Polyakov 101, 107–8, 143, 166, 177
enhanced interrogation xii, 223–6
‘Falcon’ and the ‘Snowman’ 134–5
Gennady Smetanin 168
Great Mole Hunt 121–2
‘Halloween massacre’ 143
Harold James Nicholson 215–16
invasion of Afghanistan 223
Iran-Contra scandal 189–93
Iraq 215
Italian elections (1948) 45–6
James Bond Stockdale 111–12
James Jesus Angleton 92–3, 119–22, 123
Karl Koecher 138
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed 225
Korean War 36–7, 48–9
lack of inter-agency cooperation 218–19, 220
Larry Wu-Tai Chin 175–6
Lebanon 208
Leonid Polishchuk 167
Martha D. Peterson 144–5
Mikhail Goleniewski 81, 83, 84
missions in to China 49–50
new state of Israel 40–1
Nicholas Shadrin 171
9/11 attacks 217, 218–19, 220, 222 (see also enhanced interrogation; Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda)
Office of Reports and Estimates 37, 42–3, 48
Operation Ajax 54–5
Operation CKTAW 153, 154, 168
Operation Phoenix 108–11
Operation Silicon Valley 132–3
Operation Success 55–6
Operations HTLINGUAL and CHAOS 123
Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda 219, 220, 233–4, 235–9 (see also 9/11 attacks; enhanced interrogation)
Pakistan 233, 237–8
Philip Agee 129–30
Pike Commission 128–9
Project Aquatone 75–6
Project MKULTRA 63–6
Pyotr Semyonovich Popov 62–3, 83
Reino Häyhänen 72
Republic of Congo 84–5
Saddam Hussein 226–7
Sergei Bokhan 167–8
Sharon Marie Scranage 169–70
Soviet atomic projects 42–4
Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia 38
Soviet occupation of Afghanistan 194
Special Investigation Group (SIG) 121
spy swap (2010) 252
Syria 233–4, 240
Technical Services Division 107, 112, 152
U-2 spy planes 76–7, 78, 89, 90
Vietnam 60–2, 97, 108–13
Vitaly Yurchenko 170–2<
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Vladimir Vetrov 156–7
Watergate scandal 114, 123–4
Weapons of Mass Destruction 226–7, 230, 231
Yuri Nosenko 93–4, 121
see also Bush, George H. W.; Casey, William J.; Deutch, John; Dulles, Alan; Gates, Robert M.; Goss, Porter; Hayden, Michael; Helms, Richard; Hillenkoetter, Roscoe; James R. Schlesinger; McCone, John A.; Smith, General Walter Bedell; Tenet, George; Webster, William H.
Civil Air Transport Company Ltd 49–50
Clan na Gael 203
Clapper, James 238–9
Clarke, Richard 220 Clemens, Hans 57
Clinton, Bill 213, 217, 241
Clinton, Hillary 239
CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) 158
Colby, William 18, 111, 123, 127, 128, 129
Cominform 37, 38
Comintern 3, 11, 12
Committee for Imperial Defence 2
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) 3, 25
Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) 16, 25, 26
Condon, Richard 65
Congo, Republic of 84
Contras (Nicaraguan Democratic Force) 190–1, 192, 193
Counterspy magazine 130
Courtiour, Roger 148
Crabb, Commander Lionel ‘Buster’ 68–9
Cromwell, Thomas 1–2
Crowell, William P. 28–9
Cuba 85–8, 190
Missile Crisis 55, 89–91, 139
Cumming RN, Commander Mansfield Smith ‘C’ 2, 3, 6
Czechoslovakia 37–8, 101–3, 105–6, 197
Daily Telegraph 181, 250
Daniloff, Nicholas 182–4
Dannenberg, Robert 219
Davis, Raymond 238
Dawe, Amos 133
de Menezes, Jean Charles 234
Dearlove, Sir Richard 228–9
defections
East to West 12, 23–5, 26–7, 31, 42, 56, 58, 72, 73, 74–5, 80–1, 82, 92, 93, 94, 100, 102, 115–16, 119, 122, 154, 165, 170, 185, 198, 216, 243
West to East 33, 47, 52, 78–9, 84, 92, 100, 120, 152, 165, 170, 171–2
Degtyar, Victor 177–8
Delisle, Paul 254
Department of Homeland Security 222–3
Deutch, John 214, 217, 243
Deutsch, Arnold 11, 12, 13
Devlin, Lawrence 85
Dickstein, Samuel 16
Director of National Intelligence (DNI) 232–3, 238–9
Dobrynin, Anatoli 136
Donovan, William ‘Wild Bill’ 17, 18–19
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 115, 116
Downey, John T. 50
Downing, Jack 195
Driberg, Tom 103
drugs 64–5, 112–13
Dubček, Alexander 105–6
Dudin, Lieutenant Colonel Andrei 242