Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China
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200 Itō did not dispute figures: Wang Yunsheng, vol. 2, pp. 260, 268–9; ‘a voice and nothing besides’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1009; ‘if Japan wins’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 992, 1006; Kaiser Wilhelm II: the Kaiser’s interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2
201 Cixi asked Grand Council to reconsider: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2798; Cixi stopped trying to persuade: ibid.; ‘trembling’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2799–800; Guangxu rushed ratification: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2801–2, cf. p. 2791; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1062; ‘the safest line’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1017
202 ‘The Japanese war’: Denby, vol. 2, p. 147; foreign debts: Jin Pushen, 2000, no. 1; Qi Qizhang, p. 504
203 ‘there’s no head’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 992; ‘C’est le seul homme’: Carl, p. 101
Chapter 18 The Scramble for China (1895–8)
204 Cixi continued to receive documents: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2889; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vols 21–4, passim; marked increase in Guangxu visits: Mao Haijian, 2010, no. 4; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3637, 3648–9, 3652, 3656, 3662, 3670–726, passim; Viceroy Zhang pointed out: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 989–90; cf. Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 1, pp. 472–3, 476, 479; European powers regarded China: Denby, vol. 2, pp. 147–8; Morse, vol. 3, p. 101; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 998
205 ‘When the envoys’: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1063; ‘blood vessels’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 130; Guangxu to top officials: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2803; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3595–6; ‘forced me to ratify’: Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 44; Guangxu berated Li: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2829
206 ‘not even look’: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; Gong from sickbed: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 180; mistress of the court: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2837, 2844, 2878, 2890; Cixi on Guangxu: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, pp. 300–1; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2742; got on really well: Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4; officials were warned: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2856; Wang Wenshao, pp. 919–20
207 study closed down: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2878; Viceroy Zhang for alliance with Russia: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 1002–3; Grand Council decamped: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1064; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2883
208 ‘on guard against future perils’: Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 197; Bon voyage banquet: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 113; footnote: Morse, vol. 3, pp. 103–4; Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, p. 116
209 New York Times description: New York Times, 3 September 1896; Guangxu audience: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2944; Li Hongzhang, vol. 26, p. 275; after seeing Cixi: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 84; vol. 26, p. 275; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2944; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3876–7; Mao Haijian 2010, no. 4
210 journey to Yellow River: State Archives Bureau, Ming and Qing Archives (ed.), pp. 466–7; Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1; Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, pp. 199–226; Zhang proposal: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 989–1001; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3631ff.; ‘whole towns’: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 533; ‘had done nothing’: Morse, vol. 3, p. 108
211 Moon Festival: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2934–6
212 Cixi planned to restore Old Summer Palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2891; Weng to collect opium tax: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3963–5; Li Bingheng argued: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3972–3
213 ‘the scheme of the Inspector General’: Qing shilu, vol. 57, p. 301; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3973; Germany grabbing Qingdao: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, pp. 106–47; Qingdao Museum et al. (eds.), pp. 121ff. Dugdale, E. T. S. (ed. & tr.), XIV, p. 69; Morse, vol. 3, pp. 106–7; ‘No fighting’: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1069; Wang Yunsheng, vol. 3, pp. 173–4; Cixi informed afterwards: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1069
214 ‘stinking beasts’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3099; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1072; ‘the Empress Dowager comforted us’: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1071; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3081
215 ‘the height of treachery’: Witte, p. 100; bribing Chinese negotiators: Zhang Rongchu (tr.), pp. 203–12; ‘what a pathetic sight’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3104; Guangxu audience with Earl: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 519; ‘It’s not just you’: ibid.; Cixi not consulted: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, pp. 519–20; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3104
216 Censor Weijun: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3103
Chapter 19 The Reforms of 1898 (1898)
219 ‘In the world’s history’: Morse, vol. 3, p. 127; ‘urgent need’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3081; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 2, p. 430; receiving Prince Heinrich: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, pp. 3118–28; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1072; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 530
220 stop fighting over trifles: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 522; prince had to stand before Cixi: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3118; Guangxu and medals: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 428–35; ‘Prince Gong was silent’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, pp. 3081, 3114; ‘The roller-coaster’: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 252–3
221 Cixi launches reforms: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3132
222 Guangxu orders Weng to retire: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3134; Cixi’s summer gifts: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1074; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3134; collaborated remarkably well: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 31–3; all decrees had Cixi’s endorsement: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 16–18, 33–5; ‘The future of China’: Martin 1896, p. 327
223 Junglu to carry it out: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 4135; ‘six or seven out of ten’: Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 369
224 ‘I knew I was the Sage’: Kang Youwei, p. 8; writings sent on to Cixi: Mao Haijian 2005, p. 382; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3112; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 23, no. 1107; Cixi drew Guangxu’s attention to Kang: Guangxu asked Weng to give him another copy of Kang’s pamphlet on Japan most likely because Cixi, who kept the pamphlet, talked to him about it and he had not read it. Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3128; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 382; ‘as a close adviser’: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 231; With Cixi’s blessing: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 234–5
225 ‘humiliation’: Kang Youwei, p. 44; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 441; Macartney question: Cranmer-Byng, p. 238; Robbins, p. 386; ‘the able men’: Der Ling 2004, p. 277; Debates on Advisory Board: Mao Haijian 2009, pp. 576–88; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 547; State Archives Bureau, Ming and Qing Archives (ed.), pp. 6–11; 4,000 taels: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 562; Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 142; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 67
226 Sun Jianai: Mao Haijian 2009, pp. 582–3; friends regarded Kang’s occupations: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2009, no. 1; writings delivered to Guangxu clandestinely: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 355, 432; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 721 ; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 67
227 Guangxu read Poland fable and fell ill: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 433; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 131; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 553; ‘the wisest ever in history’: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 351–5
228 Kang petitions collected into booklets: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, p. 360; bound booklets in the library of the Palace Museum, Beijing; ‘get rid of the whole lot’: Kong Xiangji 1988, pp. 373–5; ‘loss of goodwill’: Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 380
229 four secretaries: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 35, 65, 81; ‘Every day’: Mao Haijian 2005, p. 73; Kang Board: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 332; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 709
230 ‘An emperor is like the father’: Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 62; ‘the modern Sage’: Morse, vol. 3, p. 132; Confucius crowned King: Sun Jianai, in Mao Haijian 2009, pp. 42, 534; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, pp. 63–4
231 Kang anxiously explained: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 350–1
Chapter 20 A Plot to Kill Cixi (September 1898)
232 Wang Zhao t
o approach Nie: Wang Zhao, in Cen Chunxuan, Yun Yuding et al., p. 84; Tan to Yuan: Yuan Shikai, pp. 550–3; Bi Yongnian, p. 28
233 a haul of gold: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 402–3; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 774; Kang ghosted petitions re Japan: Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 399–401, 404–5, 443–5
234 newspaper in Tianjin: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 107–95; Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 958; ‘My dearest and nearest’: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 440–2; Itō wrote to wife: Wang Xiaoqiu, p. 122
235 Japanese newspapers: Wang Xiaoqiu, p. 129; ‘Ludicrous’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, p. 193; Viceroy ‘shocked’: Zheng Xiaoxu, vol. 2, p. 671; Tianjin paper promotes Kang: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 148–53; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 69; ‘the first Chinese Minister’: New York Times, 13 May 1897; confidential report to Tokyo: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 251–4
236 Sir Yinhuan denounced: Kong Xiangji 1988, p. 252; Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 540; nothing was done: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, pp. 539–41; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 38; secret middle man: Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 230–3; Kong Xiangji (ed.) 2008a, pp. 144, 188, 422; Ma Zhongwen 1998; Mao Haijian 2009, p. 721; Liang Dingfen, in Tang Zhijun, p. 67; ‘so-called Japanese desire’: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 510; cf. Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2009a, p. 83; ‘When I go to his house’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 6, p. 3068; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1071
237 ‘If the throne employs Itō’: State Archives Bureau, Ming and Qing Archives (ed.), p. 461
238 ‘going about things’: Yuan Shikai, p. 553
239 Bi later described: Bi Yongnian, p. 28; The Wild Fox visited Richard, 19 Sept: Kang’s letter to Timothy Richard, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 3, p. 528; Richard’s words: Richard, dedication, pp. 258, 263, 266; ‘too delicious!’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1044; ‘nonsense’: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1718, p. 191
240 ‘detectives and policemen’: Brenan to MacDonald, in Seagrave, p. 244; ‘cherishes the aspiration’: Kang Youwei, p. 66; reform-needs-bloodshed theory: Liang Qichao 1964, p. 109; newspaper report: Mao Haijian 2009, p. 822
241 The two innocent men: Chen Kuilong, p. 37; Wang Xiagang, pp. 240–4; people were appalled: Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 170; Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1; Kang claim first appeared: Tang Zhijun, p. 39
242 ‘have attempted’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, no. 1399; cf. Mao Haijian 2005, p. 133; Yuan diary hidden: Yuan Shikai, pp. 554–5; ‘the rumoured plot’: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 3, p. 542; Kang charged Cixi: Tang Zhijun, pp. 57–63
243 Sir Yinhuan acknowledged: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 562; Weng to Yinhuan: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, passim; Wu (Woo) Yong, pp. 21–2; Kong Xiangji 2001, pp. 199–200; Ma Zhongwen 1996, no. 4; ‘traitor’: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1084; ‘like the fingers’: Zhang Shesheng, p. 156; footnote: Zhang (Chang) Yinhuan, p. 561; Zhang Rongchu (tr.), pp. 211–12
244 ‘harbouring evil intentions’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, no. 1411; Ordered execution of Yinhuan: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, no. 662; cf. nos 679, 681; punishments of eunuchs: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 142–6; Learning Companion Xu: Mao Haijian 2009, p. 859; footnote: Xin Xiuming, p. 33
245 Reforms to continue: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, nos 1376, 1399, 1754, passim; Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 136, 547–8; ‘forging a Great Asia merger’: Yang Tianshi, pp. 188–90; ‘The Japanese government’: Yang Tianshi, p. 159; imprisoning Guangxu: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 149–53, 160; percussion instruments: Ding Ruqin, p. 272
246 Pearl a prisoner: Wang Daocheng, in Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), vol. 2, p. 223; Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 143, 152
Chapter 21 Desperate to Dethrone Her Adopted Son (1898–1900)
247 opera about a heartless adopted son: Ding Ruqin, pp. 269–70
248 ‘clear the air’: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 116; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 3, p. 538; Dr Dethève’s report: Franzini; daily routine: Xin Xiuming, pp. 12–14; Jin Liang 1998, p. 14; Rongling, p. 12
249 Guangxu’s modest living: Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 405; Wang Zhao, pp. 103–4; Carl, pp. 191, 292; ‘no obsequious eunuchs’: Headland, pp. 165–8; eunuchs poked fun: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74; ‘a Sphinx-like quality’: Carl, pp. 66–7; read translations, etc.: Ye Xiaoqing 2007, no. 2; Rongling, p. 22; Wang Zhao, pp. 102–3; devil-like figures: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74
250 a ruse: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 123–209; ‘made a mistake’: Headland, p. 65; Emperor Kangxi attributed: Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 239
251 ‘deceiving the emperor’: Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), pp. 1198, 1205; Liu Kunyi, vol. 3, pp. 1112, 1415; Junglu and Earl Li: Chen Kuilong, p. 23
252 Hart wrote: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1180; Cixi’s tea party and impressions: Conger, pp. 40–3; Lady Ethel MacDonald, ‘My Visits to the Dowager Empress of China’, Empire Review, April 1901, in Seagrave, pp. 259, 261
254 the prisoner wrote: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1512
255 legations pressed to see Guangxu: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 43–4; Headland, p. 161; ‘too busy’: Headland, p. 161
Chapter 22 To War against the World Powers – with the Boxers (1899–1900)
256 powers gave Italy consent: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 121; Morse, vol. 3, pp. 124–5; ‘The Italian Ultimatum’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 1190; Hart,Journals, 1863–1866, p. 1192
257 ‘great surprise’: Headland, p. 61; ‘being unable to’: Xiang, pp. 87–8; ‘There was a bustle’: Morse, vol. 3, p. 125; ‘stuck out his hand’: Salvago Raggi, pp. 148–9; Cixi’s decrees: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 1207, 1220; ‘Not a speck’: Xiang, p. 95
258 ‘feeling of elation’: Morse, vol. 3, p. 125; Italy only bluffing: Xiang, p. 101; Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, p. 250; ‘Foreign powers bully’: Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, pp. 652–6; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 1247–8; Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89; ‘Western people’: Wu Tingfang, p. 254; ‘I happened to be’: Yung Wing, pp. 70–3
259 ‘When an Oriental’: Wu Tingfang, p. 181
260 Edwards quotes: Edwards, pp. 53–4; ‘Whenever a Christian’: Smith, p. 54; ‘be fair and even-handed’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 44; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1451, passim
261 ‘owing debts’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 13; German expedition: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 21–32; First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds.), vol. 5, pp. 588–92; ‘On the whole’: Bird, p. 298; ‘punished severely’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 19–21, 38
262 replacing Yuxian: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 38, 44–5; ‘most deeply aggrieved’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1423; Morse, vol. 3, p. 179; Boxers had destroyed: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 57; ‘extremely circumspect’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 46–8; Cixi banned Boxers: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, no. 53; legations dissatisfied and demanded: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Morse, vol. 3, p. 187
263 ‘I have never known’: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; On 12 April: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Boxers, vol. 3, p. 169; published in the Peking Gazette: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 80
264 ‘none of them wish’: Conger, p. 91; Lord Salisbury remarked: Roberts, p. 773; Junglu sick leave: Ronglu (Junglu), p. 405; Hou Bin; ‘disciplined’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 86; Kong Xia
ngji 2008, p. 168; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 180
265 ‘For the first time’: Smith, p. 169; blue eyes!: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 175
266 ‘killing of all foreigners’: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 179; permission for 400 troops: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 110–11; Conger, p. 92; not authorising Seymour: Conger, pp. 97, 100; MacDonald, Sir Claude et al., p. 49; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 142–4; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 182; mobilisation of some Boxers: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, pp. 145, 157–8; ‘with the utmost courage’: Xiang, p. 261; ‘deep regret’: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 133
267 ‘Well, what’s done’: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 183; Rescue parties: Morse, vol. 3, p. 204; Fleming, p. 95; Xiang, pp. 269–70; ‘never forget’: Smith, p. 240; Junglu to protect: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 144–5; decrees to rein in Boxers: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 136–41
268 Earl Li and other dignitaries: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, passim; An eye-witness recorded: Yun Yuding, vol. 2, pp. 785–6
269 Queen Victoria to Salisbury: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 133; ‘China Telegrams’: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, nos 135–851; ‘Feel anxious’: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 130
270 ‘We are in the wrong’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 74; Grass-roots officials: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 28ff.; ‘Our choice is’: Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 786; Queen Victoria had spelt out: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 130; footnote: Roberts, p. 771
Chapter 23 Fighting to a Bitter End (1900)