Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China
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122 ‘biggest permanent threat’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 4, pp. 216–17; build up the navy: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 74; vol. 2, p. 1977; Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; endorsing first national flag: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 14, no. 848; Zhang Xia et al. (eds), pp. 470–505; Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 11, pp. 16–17; ‘China proudly took’: Morse, vol. 2, p. 393; ‘he must bear in mind’: Morse, vol. 2, Appendix D
123 ‘Great Dragons’: Palace Museum (ed.) 2002, vol. 12, p. 379; ‘China’s weakness’: Mi Rucheng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 78, cf. p. 7; installation of telegraph: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 325ff.; Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 1, p. 107; modern coal-mining: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 1, pp. 153–5; vol. 7, pp. 20, 23–4, 26, 103, 128, 138, passim; Sun Yutang (ed.), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 612–47; electricity: Huang Xi, pp. 33–4; Huang Xing, 2009, vol. 38, no. 3
124 Beijing’s first tram: Huang Xi, p. 35; replacing outdated currency: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2032; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 7, p. 540; ‘We would have to borrow’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 9, p. 259
125 the Wusong line: Mi Rucheng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 39ff.; Sun Yutang (ed.), vol. 1, no. 2, p. 612; railway in the Sea Palace: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, pp. 221–2; Yang Naiji; Carl, p. 290; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2561; Yu Bingkun et al., p. 173
126 ‘a giant in intellect’: Martin 2005, p. 219; trade deficit: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2556; Viceroy Zhang proposal: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 1, pp. 661–7
127 Cixi deliberation: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 1, p. 667; ‘This project has magnificent’: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 262; ‘Textile making’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, p. 74
Chapter 12 Defender of the Empire (1875–89)
129 ‘lost consciousness’: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 3; Chun change: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 210–14; Aisin-Gioro Puyi, pp. 7–8; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 186
130 Morse remarked: Morse, vol. 2, pp. 328–9; ‘a soldier of fortune’: Denby, vol. 1, p. 242; Earl Li’s view: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, pp. 9136–8; Marquis Zeng: Qing Government (ed.), Tongzhi, p. 9137; Chun’s view: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 1, p. 116
131 ‘minding other people’s business’: Zeng Jize, p. 382; Cixi endorsing Zuo: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 804, 917–19; vol. 2, p. 1838; ‘China’s new diplomacy’ and Queen Victoria: Morse, vol. 2, p. 333; Gordon advice: Morse, vol. 2, pp. 334–5
132 ‘ready for war’: Morse, vol. 2, p. 338; Cixi conducting negotiations: Zeng Jize, pp. 41–7; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 855–6, 870, 896–7; ‘diplomatic triumph’: Morse, vol. 2, p. 338; Lord Dufferin: Morse, vol. 2, p. 339; Cixi illness: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 936; Xue Baotian, pp. 50–116
133 ‘begged to be excused’: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1679–82; Cixi approach to Vietnam: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, p. 1213; vol. 2, pp. 1399–400, 1685–6, 1729–30, passim; Zhang Zhenkun, vol. 1, pp. 30–1, 44–5, 54–5
134 ‘I can’t but worry’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1787–8; Prince Gong: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1732 , 1737, 1775–7, 1787, 1790, 1811–15; 30 March 1884: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 1816
135 dismissing Gong: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1817–18; He Gangde, p. 9
136 ‘hard to look back’: Dong Shouyi, pp. 433–40; ‘protracted war’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 331–3; ‘totally unjust’: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, p. 1699
137 ‘Have read it’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 21, p. 150; Cixi withdrew troops: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1744–5; France demands indemnity: Morse, vol. 2, p. 355; Li Hongzhang, vol. 21, p. 181; not a sou: Li Hongzhang, vol. 21, p. 199; Kong Xiangji 2001, pp. 344–8; ‘war is unavoidable’: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1766–7; ‘When it comes to’: Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 329; overseas Chinese: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1804–5
138 ‘swept away’: Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 348; Cixi orders ceasefire: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, pp. 1917–22; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1912–14; Vietnamese helping French: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 1729–30; Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, p. 418; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 60; ‘If it had not been’: Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 352
139 Patenôtre and Earl Li: http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History6627.html; Cixi writes in crimson ink: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 64, pp. 818, 821, 823, 840
140 annual revenue had doubled: Shen Xuefeng; ten million taels: Li Wenzhi (ed.), p. 773; Hart’s honour: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2570; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, pp. 737–8; the banquet: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 48–58; Charles Denby: Denby, vol. 1, pp. 241–8
Chapter 13 Guangxu Alienated from Cixi (1875–94)
145 ‘I send you out’: Carl, pp. 192–3
146 Empress Zhen’s strokes: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 1, p. 259; vol. 2, p. 735; vol. 3, p. 1555; see the historian Xu Che’s investigation, in Xu Che, pp. 345–7; mourning ban: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 1065, 1244; vol. 2, p. 1450; Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, p. 371; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 1751; Ding Ruqin, p. 242
147 Guangxu’s first lesson: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, p. 1191
148 ‘sitting, standing’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, p. 1266; ‘I have been missing you’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 3, p. 1327; Guangxu’s education: Weng Tonghe 2006, vols 3 & 4 passim; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, pp. 69–75; report from a governor: from the First Historical Archives o China, Beijing, archive number: 04-01-14-0080-001; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 1, p. 73
149 ‘don’t begrudge them expenses’: from the First Historical Archives of China, Beijing, archive number: 04-01-12-0528-062; essays and poems: Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), pp. 178–201
150 wooden horse: Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), p. 195; enterprising Dane: Headland, p. 116; stutter: He Gangde, p. 16; thunder: Xin Xiuming, p. 31; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2452
151 Cixi postpones retirement: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 2119–27; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2028–31; Earl Li and Prince Chun: Li Hongzhang, vol. 34, pp. 42, 47, 50; Weng reaction: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2030–1; Guangxu reaction: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2029–31, 2089–92, 2103; Lin Keguang et al., p. 27; health deteriorated: Zhu Jinfu & Zhou Wenquan 1982, no. 3; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2068, 2125; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 1, pp. 75–6
152 ‘duty to the ancestors’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2103; smashed glass and Cixi reaction: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2201–2, 2211–2; Lin Keguang et al., p. 39; ‘in a fury’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2503; cf. Headland, p. 202
153 ‘reserved’ as empress: Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2008, p. 4; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2231; Duke Guixiang figure of scorn: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 94; Xin Xiuming, p. 85; Yehenala Genzheng & Hao Xiaohui 2007, pp. 164, 170–4; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, pp. 295–8
154 5.5 million taels: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2255; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1051; The grand banquet: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2261; how Guangxu treats Longyu: Rongling, p. 21; Headland, p. 202
155 Pearl: Pujia, Pujie et al., p. 187; Xin Xiuming, p. 23; French doctor: Franzini; Weng in Shanghai: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1052; Weng on church orphanage: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2311
156 Heaven’s warning: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2249; Cixi’s meeting with the pair: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2256; shelved the railway: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, pp. 274–6; Li Hongzhang, vol. 34, p. 634; currency reform ditched: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 7, pp. 548ff.; Weng
Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2032; ordered Guangxu to learn English: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1056; Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 324; Weng’s dismay: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2481, 2484; speech problem: Seagrave, p. 175; He Gangde, p. 16
157 ‘period of slumber’: Morse, vol. 2, p. 394; ‘Audience went’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 837; ‘The foreign barbarian’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2428
158 ‘Railroads’: Seagrave, p. 175
Chapter 14 The Summer Palace (1886–94)
159 ultimate ambition: Xin Xiuming, pp. 47–8; ‘strike’: Yu Bingkun et al., pp. 158–68
160 ‘all in the empire’: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, no. 80; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, pp. 2414–15; abandoned visiting Wutai: He Gangde, p. 17; told grandees: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2060; Summer Palace cost: Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; Ye Zhiru & Tang Yinian, pp. 1027–31; cf. Xin Xiuming, p. 47
161 some three million taels: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 3, p. 141; Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; Ye Zhiru & Tang Yinian, pp. 1029–30
162 ‘the latest models’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 213; ‘never seen such’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2879–80
Chapter 15 In Retirement and in Leisure (1889–94)
163 the Statutes: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 14, no. 1164; cf. Mao Haijian 2005, p. 11; reject an official’s petition: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 15, no. 85; first list sent to Cixi: Junjichu suishou dengjidang (Files of Documents that Passed through the Grand Council), 5 March 1889 ff.
164 stepped in over the railway: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 15, no. 813; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2646; Weng against it: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 3, p. 2552; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2323; Guangxu shelved it: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Movement to Learn from the West, vol. 6, p. 274–6; Li Hongzhang, vol. 34, p. 634; met with Grand Council: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2353; Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 324; tension with Guangxu: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2353, 2446; move into Summer Palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2447; ‘After my retirement’: to Liu Kunyi, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 301; Xin Xiuming, pp. 18, 21
165 ‘In person’: Carl, p. 125; eunuchs recalled: Pujia, Pujie et al., pp. 189–90
166 Censors wrote to reprimand: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 2, pp. 2149, 2151; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 4, p. 2049
167 Longyu: Carl, p. 43; Rongling, p. 22; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, p. 150
170 ‘Old Buddha’: Jin Liang 1998, p. 163; Headland, p. 85; taking human milk: Xin Xiuming, p. 41; Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), pp. 200–2; Carl, p. 48
171 daily allocation of food: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 110; seldom drank: Carl, p. 190; Rongling, p. 19; ‘when Her Majesty awakes’: Carl, pp. 23–4
172 hot-air balloon: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, pp. 502–3
173 ‘clothes, shoes’: Der Ling 2004, p. 26; ‘as if entranced’: Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, p. 165; Der Ling 2004, p. 128
174 ‘flower mountain’: Gao Shu, p. 176; Carl, p. 40; collection of gourds: Rongling, p. 15; Xin Xiuming, p. 3; Carl, p. 115; cooked food herself: Der Ling 2004, p. 95; giant marquees: Carl, p. 60, Conger, pp. 261–2; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, pp. 146–7
175 ‘She had a long’: Carl, p. 140; dog-breeders considered: Hubbard, p. 220; against ‘sleeve-dog’: Carl, pp. 53–5
176 ‘the liveliest interest’: Carl, p. 173; visiting collection in church: Yu Bingkun et al., p.172; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 2, pp. 920–1; invented a dice game: Der Ling 2004, pp. 76–7; against gambling: Rongling, p. 32
177 hated foot-binding: Carl, p. 48; Headland, pp. 88, 233; watched village performers: Xin Xiuming, p. 71; Gao Shu, p. 157
178 The Monkey King: Rongling, p. 9; tips to performers: Ding Ruqin, pp. 255–7
179 The Warriors of the Yang Family: Ding Ruqin, pp. 267–8; Zao Yang; Xin Xiuming, p. 38; ‘The most vicious’: Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 377
180 Lady Miao scroll: Yu Bingkun et al., p. 157
Chapter 16 War with Japan (1894)
181 On Japan in 1882: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 74–6, 277; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 64, p. 821
182 on Japan in 1884: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 640–1, 684; ‘speedy and satisfactory’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 11, p. 60; Hart wrote: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, p. 592; Cixi guideline for navy: Li Hongzhang, vol. 12, p. 531; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 65, pp. 33, 45; stopped buying warships: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 335; ‘We have had lakes’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 1, p. 803; footnote: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 497–8
183 rice imports: Li Wenzhi (ed.), p. 773; naval/army purchases discontinued: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Sino-Japanese War, vol. 3, pp. 177–8; ‘is concentrating the resources’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 562; Japan better equipped: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 423–4; vol. 35, p. 562; Jiang Ming, pp. 328–9; checking Earl Li accounts: Li Hongzhang, vol. 13, pp. 74–7, 207–9, 249–50, 351–4, 364–8, 391–2, 420, 546–53; vol. 14, passim; vol. 35, p. 587
184 ‘chooses to believe’: Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4; glowing report: Li Hongzhang, vol. 14, pp. 94–6; ‘Our ships are not’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 252; ‘paper tiger’: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 107; navy requests not passed on: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 406; ‘seeking to be one-up’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 562; Li 1894 report: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 333–6
185 Ito made up mind to take on China: The memoirs of Mutsu Munemitsu, Kenkenroku, in Wang Yunsheng, vol. 2, p. 35
186 ‘calculating with too much’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 976; ‘not just threatening’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 371–4; ‘within our expectations’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 372; ‘launching a punitive’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 383; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 1, pp. 117–18; ‘999 out of’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 979; ‘in a really masterful way’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 976; ‘her army and navy’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 974–5
187 ‘Britain cannot allow’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 24, p. 168
188 Cixi gave full support: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2708; ‘must not do anything’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2708; reprimanded Councillors: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2720; Cixi out of policy loop: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1108; ‘cowardly and incompetent’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 406; Zhirui insisted: Qi Qizhang (ed.), vol. 1, p. 41; Cixi, Guangxu and Earl Li over Admiral Ting: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1091; Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 405–7
189 Cixi saw Grand Council: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2730–1; scheduled to return to Summer Palace: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2732; Li presented detailed reports: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 415–36; donating three million taels: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 424; sixtieth birthday celebrations cancelled: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2732; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, nos 1011–12
190 ‘Hold it for now’: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1096; ‘further fighting’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 991; Cixi trying to persuade Weng: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2738; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1098
191 Earl Li’s gifts: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 452; ‘No presents, please’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2740; tell officials to present gifts: ibid.
192 attempting to explain: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1117; ‘Things look bad’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, pp. 991–2; ‘we shall probably’: Hart, Letters, 1868–1907, vol. 2, p. 992; no gifts for seventieth birthday: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 30, no. 370; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5071; Hu Sijing, pp. 28–9. For other birthdays: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 99; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5093, 5575, 5745, etc.
193 Pearl sold posts: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2754; Xin Xiuming, p. 24; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 89–95; First Historical Archives of China (ed.)
, 1996, vol. 20, no. 803; also nos 446, 459; obtained confessions from Pearl: Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 84–7
194 Headland recalled: Headland, pp. 203–4; 26 November decree: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1301; Guangxu reaction to decree: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2754; Cixi had full access to information: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1304ff.; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1108; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2797
195 Zhirui petitions: Qi Qizhang (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 41–5; ‘a hen crowing’: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 290–1; distraught by allegation: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2756, 2764; ‘rest assured’: to Liu Kunyi, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 300
196 Two other friends: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2856; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 468; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3685; tried to close Guangxu’s study: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2757–9
Chapter 17 A Peace that Ruined China (1895)
197 Cixi key points, 5 January 1895: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1116; ‘dying swine’: Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 16; 6 February, told Grand Council: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1125; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2776
198 ‘Empress Dowager had outrage’: Wang Wenshao, p. 870; called on troops to fight on: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3539; Viceroy Zhang: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, pp. 2036, 2047; Guangxu and Council willing to accept Japanese terms: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1125–6; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2776–7; ‘come and get instructions’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2778
199 Cixi objected to ceding territory: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2782; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1134–5; Guangxu authorised ‘cede territory’: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 31; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1137; Councillors wrote to Cixi: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 31; Guangxu tiptoed: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2787; ‘each year earns’: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, p. 2041; 8 April, Cixi: ‘Cede no land’: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2792; 14 April, Guangxu told Li to sign: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 56; Cixi frequently passed out: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.), The Reforms of 1898, vol. 4, p. 300; eunuch ‘often spotted’: Xin Xiuming, p. 16