Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China
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Cockburn, Henry 253–4, 354
Confucius 4, 6, 51, 51n, 60, 61, 62, 71, 72, 73, 75, 97, 99, 105, 121, 147, 149, 150, 151, 157, 182n, 191, 222, 224, 230, 231, 326, 343
Conger, Edward H. 316
Conger, Sarah 252–3, 264, 271, 273, 297–8, 307, 311, 312, 313, 314–17, 320, 324, 326, 327, 335, 336, 354
Constitution Office 341
Cornell University 316
Cuba 121
Cui 279
customs duties 20–1, 63–7, 69, 74, 122, 140, 182, 202, 208n, 298, 298n, 301, 317
Dagu Forts 27, 28, 94, 139, 141, 263–4, 269, 276, 296
Dalai Lama, thirteenth (Thubten Gyatso) 363–5
Daoguang, Emperor 6, 8, 11, 22–3, 25–6, 26n, 73
David, Armand 176
death by a thousand cuts (ling-chi) 13, 29, 42, 49, 59, 62. 71, 87, 146, 329
Denby, Charles 130, 140–1, 201–2, 205
Deng Shichang 190
Department of the Nobles 105
Der Ling 169, 323, 352, 352n
Dethève, Dr 155, 248
Ding Baozhen 85, 86, 116
Dingjun Mountain, The (film) 334
Dong Fuxiang 266–7
Duan, Prince 254, 264, 266, 268, 271, 272, 274, 296, 308
Duanfang, Viceroy 326–7, 328, 370
Dufferin, Lord 132
Dunne, Captain Hart 32
Edward VII, King 332
Edwards, E. H. 259–60
Elements of International Law (Wheaton) 73
Electoral Regulation, 1908 342–3, 362
Elgin, Lord 27, 28, 29, 30–1, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 293
Enming 347
eunuchs: royal concubines subsidise allowance by selling their embroidery through 6; presence in harem 10; Emperor’s sex life and 12, 13; Cixi and 12, 13, 17, 46, 56, 57, 83–7, 159, 164–6, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 199, 242, 248, 333, 334, 369; Music Department and 15; opera and 16, 98; Little An’s relationship with Cixi 83–7, 139; travel outside Forbidden City 83–7, 139; life of 83–4; castration 83, 335; punishments meted out to 85–7, 107, 139, 194, 244, 350; ‘sunset call’ 104; Lee Lianying see Lee Lianying; Emperor Guangxu and 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 239, 249, 362, 366; tips for 153, 193; observe that Cixi is ‘extremely thrifty’ 159; Boxers and 273, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283; relaxation of laws for 335, 336
Ever-victorious Army 59, 61, 69
Favier, Pierre-Marie-Alphonse 297
Fengxiu, Miss 99, 102
Ferry, Jules 133–4, 138
Fontanier, Henri 91–2, 94
foot-binding 5, 177, 313, 317, 325–6, 371
Forbidden City 4–5; selection of consorts and 8, 9–10; Gate of Divine Prowess 9; harem (hou-gong) 9–10, 11–13, 34, 42, 43; treasures melted down 14; Cixi’s mother invited into to look after daughter in 17; funeral of Emperor Xianfeng and 47; coronation of Emperor Tongzhi in 51, 52; Hall of Supreme Harmony 51, 154; main part of out of bounds for women 52; officials travel into 56; Cixi’s dislike of 84; eunuchs in 85, 86 see also eunuchs; operas staged in 87, 178; ban on music in 87, 109; shunning of Western goods in 89; Emperor Tongzhi sneaks out of to visit prostitutes 99, 104, 106; Emperor Tongzhi’s wedding and 100, 101, 102; replica of within mausoleums 109; cold and impersonal 145; Emperor Guangxu first arrives at 145; Cixi moves out of into the Sea Palace 152; Gate of Supreme Harmony 154; fire in before Emperor Guangxu’s wedding, 1889 154, 156, 161–2; flood waters lash at walls of 157; executions in 244, 279, 310, 349; doctor from French Legation enters to examine Emperor Guangxu 248; Boxers and 272–3, 279, 292–3, 297; Cixi’s return to after invasion 309–10; Cixi hosts diplomatic corps in 311–17; Puyi expelled from, 1924 372
Foreign Office, Chinese 58, 64, 66n, 69, 71, 73, 76, 88, 94, 119, 140, 157, 205, 209, 214, 220, 224, 237, 238, 248, 257, 263, 266, 270, 276–7, 336, 356
Fournier, Commandant 136, 137, 138
France: Opium Wars and 27–8, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 55, 59, 69; Chinese Treaty with, 1860 36, 200; Burlingame mission and 77; Zhigang in 81; Tianjin riot, 1870 and 91, 93, 94, 95; Chinese engineers sent to 122, 125; Sino-French War, 1884–5 133–9, 138n, 182, 191; treaties over borders of Vietnam 139; leases Guangzhouwan 216; Boxers and 269; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 297
Freeman-Mitford, Algernon 9, 58, 63n, 65, 67–8, 89, 90–1, 351
Freycinet, Charles de 138
Fujian province 123, 216
Fukushima Yasumasa, Lieutenant-General 360
Fuzhou 137, 141, 370
George III, King 20, 21–2
Germany: Chinese army cadets in 122; reaction to idea of China controlled by Japan 200; acquisition of Qingdao 213–15, 216, 219, 277; Prince Heinrich pays visit to Chinese court 219–20, 251; Emperor Guangxu’s attitude towards 219–20, 226; snatches port of Shandong, 1897 260–1; Boxers and 261–3, 269, 270, 270n, 277, 278, 290, 294–6; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 296, 357; offer of Entente Cordiale with China 354–5
Gioja, Flavio 256n
Giquel, Prosper 69, 137
Gladstone, William 23
God of Agriculture 269
God of Fire 269
God of Rain 259, 260, 265
God of the River 309
God of the Silkworm 128
Goddess of Blisters 106, 107
Gong, Prince: treaties with Britain, France and Russia, 1860 36–7, 38–9; appearance 36–7; Cixi’s coup and 43–5, 47, 48–9, 50; heads Grand Council 55, 56–7, 118, 134; leads Foreign Office 58, 60; Taiping Rebellion and 61, 62; Hart and 63, 65, 66, 67; importance to Cixi’s rule 70–1; reprimanded for arrogance 70–1; Tongwen College and 71, 73; Burlingame and 76; calls for Little An’s execution 85; Tianjin riots, 1870 and 92, 95, 96; rebuilding of Old Summer Palace and 104, 105; illness of Emperor Tongzhi and 107; Cixi’s designation of new emperor (Guangxu) and 113; Chun’s resignation and 115; Sino-French War, 1884–5 and 134; health 134; Cixi dismisses 134–5, 136, 157; reinstated and made chief Grand Councillor 190; peace terms with Japan and 198–9, 206; moves to Summer Palace 207; German demand for territory and 213–14; death of 220
Gordon, Charles (Chinese) 33, 59–61, 61n, 131
Grand Adviser 50, 71
Grand Council 4; Board of Regents and 49; Two Dowager Empresses and 50; Prince Gong as head of 55, 58, 118, 134, 135–6, 190, 196, 198; Cixi and 56, 57, 105, 106, 114, 134, 135, 163–4, 188, 189, 194, 196, 339, 356; Prince Chun as head of 135–6; Weng and 186, 196; Pearl affair and 194; Sino-Japanese war 1894–5 and 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206; gifts to Councillors 222; role in decision-making process 4, 225, 339; plot to kill Cixi and 229, 232, 236, 240; Boxers and 268, 286; Ching as head of 343; lack of Han influence in 347; Japanese influence in curtailed 356–7; Cixi’s will and 367
Grand Princess (Emperor Xianfeng’s daughter) 17, 19, 108
Grant, General 30, 31–3, 37
Grant, Ulysses S. 118
Great Wall 3, 7, 14, 34, 39, 269
Gros, Baron 27, 28
Guangdong province 308
Guangxi province 13, 134
Guangxu, Emperor (Zaitian): designated monarch 114–15, 145; Cixi’s relationship with 145–7; names for Cixi 145, 151; death of Empress Zhen and 145–6; childhood 145–50; education 146–50, 156, 196; Grand Tutor Weng and see Weng, Grand Tutor; Confucian ideals 147, 149, 150, 151, 157; timidity and physical weakness 150; accession to throne 150–2, 154–5; forced begging of Cixi not to retire, reaction to 151–2; health 151–2, 247–8; wedding 152–4; temper of 152; relationship with Cixi deteriorates 153–4, 156; wife and 154; sex life 154, 155; allows Cixi’s reforms to lapse 156–7; frets about ‘hard life of the people’ 156–7; learns English 156; audience with diplomatic corps 157–8; reduced influence of Cixi under reign of 163–4; shelves modernisation projects 179, 183, 184, 210; halts purchases for army and navy 183, 184; Sino-Japanese War 1894–5 and 185, 187, 188, 199, 205, 206, 243; Cixi tackles favourite concubine of 192–4; allows Cixi access to official papers 194; Cixi separates friends from 194–6, 206–7; Cixi closes study of 195–6, 207; becomes more
submissive towards Cixi after Japanese war 206; state of inertia and cluelessness concerning reforms 210; biological mother dies 211; reaction to German attempt to seize Qingdao 213–14; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, reaction to 215–16; visit of Prince Heinrich of Germany and 219–20; actively seeks advice from Cixi/comes round to Cixi’s ideas of reforms 220–2; ‘Announcement of the Fundamental Policy of the State’ and 220–1; Wild Fox Kang and 224–31, 232, 244, 245, 246, 250, 251; latent bitterness towards Cixi 226; hatred of Russia 226–8; Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 and 226, 227; dismissal of officials en masse 228–9, 245; appoints Kang’s friends to office 228–9; breaks working arrangement with Cixi 229–30; plot to kill Cixi and 233–44, 245, 246, 250, 251; becomes Cixi’s puppet after failed plot to kill her 238–9, 249–50; declining health 247, 248, 360, 361; French Legation doctor examines 248; Cixi’s rule after failed plot to kill and 248–51; Temple of Heaven visits 250–1, 254; Ploughing Rite 249; no taste for luxury 249, 249n; nomination of heir-apparent and 254–5; foreign legations push for audience with 255; legations take side of 256; Italian attempts to gain Chinese territory and 257; Boxers and 268; flees Beijing 279, 280–1, 282, 283; killing of concubine Pearl and 279, 310; contrast between Cixi and 290–1; power shift between Cixi and 290–1, 311; conditions of captivity on return from exile 361–2; poisoning of 366; succession 366–7; will 367
Guanyin, Goddess of Mercy 68, 333
Guixiang, Duke 153, 154, 248, 254, 340
Guo Songtao 119–20
Han Chinese 4, 4n, 8, 12, 13, 62, 169, 176–7, 267, 283, 328–9, 339, 346–7
Hart, Robert 157, 200; Inspector General of Customs 63–4, 69, 74, 76, 122, 140, 297, 298, 298n, 299, 301; memorandum on modernisation of China 65–7, 66n; Martin and 73; memorandum on expansion of foreign trade 122, 123; on Sino-French War, 1884–5 138; on Japan’s withdrawal of troops from Korea 182; on natural disasters, 1890 182–3; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 186, 190, 191, 192, 201, 203, 205; opium production and 212; restoration of Old Summer Palace and 213; on Timothy Richard 239; on Cixi’s receptions for diplomatic corps and families 252, 311, 313; on Italian attempts to gain Chinese territory 256; Boxers and 293; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 297, 298, 299, 305; lives with Chinese girl 322; meetings with Cixi 332
Headland, Mrs Isaac 18–19, 24, 94, 193–4, 325, 368
Heinrich of Germany, Prince 219–20, 251