Cities of Empire

by Tristram Hunt

  73. Smith (1847), p. 448.

  74. Morris (1997).

  75. Legge (1971), p. 177.

  76. Redesdale (1900), p. 5, quoted in White (1996), p. 65.

  77. Bowring to Lytton, 18 September 1858, CO 129/69, 247–8, National Archives (London), quoted in Munn (2001), p. 1.

  78. See Jung-Fang Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History (New York, 1993).

  79. Smith (1847), p. 447.

  80. Legge (1971), p. 185.

  81. John M. Carroll, Edge of Empire: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong (London, 2005), p. 53.

  82. Kwan (1991).

  83. Wang Tao, ‘My Sojourn in Hong Kong’, translated by Yang Qinghua, in Renditions, Special Issue, 29–30 (1988), p. 39, quoted in White (1996), p. 64.

  84. Eitel (1983), p. v.

  85. Quoted in White (1996), p. 65.

  86. Quoted in Kwan (1991), p. 36.

  87. Smith (1974), p. 33.

  88. Kwan (1991), p. 44.

  89. Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea: Letters of Travel (London, 1888), pp. 289–90.

  90. Jules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days (1873) (London, 2012), p. 87; Legge (1971), p. 175; Kipling (1888), p. 249; Harold Nicolson, Curzon (London, 1934), p. 13.

  CHAPTER 7: BOMBAY

    1. Report of the Commission on the Drainage and Water Supply of Bombay (Bombay, 1869), p. vi; Henry Conybeare, Report on the Sanitary State and Sanitary Requirements of Bombay (Bombay, 1852), p. 17; Andrew Leith, Report on the Sanitary State of the Island of Bombay (Bombay, 1864), pp. 12, 15; Sir Dinshaw Wacha, Shells from the Sands of Bombay – Being My Recollections and Reminiscences, 1860–1875 (Bombay, 1920), pp. 467, 478; Gillian E. Tindall, City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay (London, 1982), p. 201; Mridula Ramanna, Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay (London, 2002).

    2. J. H. Furneaux, Glimpses of India (Bombay, 1895), pp. 200, 196.

    3. Sir Richard Temple, A Bird’s Eye View of Picturesque India (London, 1898), p. 20, quoted in Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner (eds.), Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture (Bombay, 1995), p. 168.

    4. G. W. Stevens, ‘All India in Miniature’, in R. P. Karkaria (ed.), The Charm of Bombay (Bombay, 1915), p. 81.

    5. Ibid.

    6. Jan Morris and Simon Winchester, Stones of Empire (Oxford, 2005), p. 133.

    7. Suketu Mehta, Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (London, 2004).

    8. Kalpana Sharma, Rediscovering Dharavi (Delhi, 2000), p. 8. See also Ranjani Mazumdar, ‘Spectacle and Death in the City of Bombay Cinema’, in Gyan Prakash and Kevin M. Kruse (eds.), The Spaces of the Modern City (Princeton, 2008); and Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen, An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions (London, 2013).

    9. See Thomas Blom Hansen, Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay (Princeton 2001).

  10. Gyan Prakash, Mumbai Fables (New Delhi, 2011), p. 29.

  11. Pratapaditya Pal, ‘Introduction’, in Pauline Rohatgi, Pheroza Godrej and Rahul Mehrotra (eds.), Bombay to Mumbai (Mumbai, 1997).

  12. Furneaux (1895), p. 196.

  13. Silk Buckingham, ‘Autobiography’, in Karkaria (1915), p. 64.

  14. See Sharada Dwivedi and Rahul Mehrotra, Bombay: The Cities Within (Bombay, 1995).

  15. Thomas Carlyle, ‘Chartism’, in Selected Writings (Harmondsworth, 1986), p. 211.

  16. John Martineau, The Life and Correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere (London, 1895), p. 399.

  17. Alexander Mackay, Western India: Reports Addressed to the Chambers of Commerce of Manchester, Liverpool, Blackburn, and Glasgow (London, 1853), p. 5.

  18. Karl Marx, ‘The British Rule in India’ (1853), in James Ledbetter (ed.), Dispatches for the New York Tribune: Selected Journalism of Karl Marx (London, 2007), pp. 215–16.

  19. Martineau (1895), vol. 1, p. 399.

  20. Sir Richard Temple, Men and Events of My Time in India (London, 1882), p. 268.

  21. S. M. Edwardes, The Rise of Bombay: A Retrospect (Bombay, 1902), p. 265. See also Prakash (2011); Rekha Ranade, Sir Bartle Frere and His Times: A Study of His Bombay Years (New Delhi, 1990).

  22. W. J. Macpherson, ‘Investment in Indian Railways, 1845–75’, The Economic History Review, 8, 2 (1955), p. 177.

  23. James J. Berkley, Paper on the Thul Ghaut Railway Incline (Bombay, 1850), p. 6.

  24. Wacha (1920), p. 165.

  25. Martineau (1895), vol. 1, p. 402.

  26. Mrs Anne Elwood, Narrative of a Journey Overland from England … to India (London, 1830), vol. 1, p. 378; Viscountess Falkland, Chow-Chow: Being Selections from a Journal Kept in India, Egypt and Syria (London, 1857), vol. 1, p. 8; Stevens (1915), p. 83; G. W. Forrest, Cities of India (London, 1903), pp. 33–4.

  27. Stevens (1915), p. 82.

  28. Norman Macleod, Peeps at the Far East: A Familiar Account of a Visit to India (London, 1871), p. 26.

  29. See Meera Kosambi, ‘British Bombay and Marathi Mumbai: Some Nineteenth-Century Perceptions’, in Patel and Thorner (1995).

  30. ‘Report on European Pauperism’, December 1863, p. 19 (Maharashtra State Archives Judicial Department/1867/vol. 13/140), quoted in Avarind Ganachari, ‘“White Man’s Embarrassment”: European Vagrancy in 19th Century Bombay’, Economic and Political Weekly, 37, 25 (2002), p. 2477.

  31. Edwardes (1902), p. 265.

  32. James Gray, Life in Bombay and the Neighbouring Out-Stations (London, 1852), p. 239.

  33. Edwardes (1902), p. 283.

  34. Dwivedi and Mehrotra (1995).

  35. Furneaux (1895), p. 196.

  36. Anon, Bombay and Its Ducks of 1882 by One of the Latter (Bombay, 1882), p. 7.

  37. Mary Carpenter, Six Months in India (London, 1868), vol. 2, p. 1.

  38. Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland (1835) (London, 1958), p. 108.

  39. Quoted in Kosambi (1995), pp. 19, 22.

  40. Wacha (1920), p. 319.

  41. Quoted in Dwivedi and Mehrotra (1995), p. 86.

  42. Quoted in Tindall (1982), p. 223.

  43. Mariam Dossal, Mumbai: Theatre of Conflict, City of Hope (Oxford, 2010).

  44. Temple (1882), pp. 269–70.

  45. Ibid., p. 259.

  46. L. Rousselet, India and Its Native Provinces: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal (London, 1875), p. 14, quoted in Dwivedi and Mehrotra (1995), p. 76.

  47. Bombay and Its Ducks of 1882 (1882), pp. 64–5.

  48. Temple (1882), p. 273.

  49. Conybeare (1852), pp. 2, 21, 39.

  50. See D. A. Washbrook, ‘India, 1818–1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism’, in Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1999).

  51. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London, 2001), pp. 37, 39.

  52. H. Conybeare, Report on the Sanitary State and Requirements of Bombay, Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, New Series, vol. 11 (Bombay, 1855), Appendix H, ‘A Comparison between Different Methods of Conveyancing and Ultimately Disposing of Night Soil’, p. 28, quoted in Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, History, Culture and the Indian City (Cambridge, 2009), p. 48.

  53. John Broich, ‘Engineering the Empire: British Water Supply Systems and Colonial Societies, 1850–1900’, in Journal of British Studies, 47 (2007), p. 365.

  54. Letter from Florence Nightingale to James Pattison Walker, 3 January 1865, Florence Nightingale Museum, London, quoted in Gérard Vallée (ed.), Florence Nightingale on Health in India (Waterloo, 2006), pp. 8–9. See also, Mridula Ramanna, ‘Florence Nightingale and Bombay Presidency’, Social Scientist, 30, 9–10 (2002), pp. 31–46.

  55. Florence Nightingale, How People May Live and Not Die in India (London, 1863), pp. 6, 7, 8.

  56. Florence Nightingale, Life or Death in India (London, 1874), pp. 3, 16.<
br />
  57. See Mariam Dossal, Imperial Designs and Imperial Realities (Bombay, 1991).

  58. Leith (1864), p. 36.

  59. Martineau (1895), vol. 1, pp. 463, 464.

  60. Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy to Lord Elphinstone, 26 October 1854, India Office Records MSS Eur F87/163, British Library, 5, 8, 10, quoted in Broich (2007), p. 361.

  61. G. B. Shaw, The Common Sense of Municipal Trading (London, 1904), pp. 110–11.

  62. Report of the Commission on the Drainage and Water Supply of Bombay (1869), p. 71.

  63. Bombay and Its Ducks of 1882 (1882), p. 5.

  64. Report of the Sanitary Commission for Bombay, 1865 (Byculla, 1866), p. 10.

  65. Edwardes (1902), p. 284.

  66. Joseph Chamberlain to Jesse Collings, 26 April 1875, Chamberlain Papers (University of Birmingham), quoted in Denis Judd, Radical Joe: A Life of Joseph Chamberlain (Cardiff, 1993), p. 67.

  67. Edwardes (1902), p. 261.

  68. Quoted in Dwivedi and Mehrotra (1995), p. 147.

  69. Asok Mitra, Calcutta’s Indian City (Calcutta, 1963), pp. 39–40.

  70. Gray (1852), p. 248.

  71. Quoted in Tindall (1982), p. 212.

  72. Temple (1882), p. 259.

  73. See Dwivedi and Mehrotra (1995).

  74. See Mariam Dossal, ‘The “Hall of Wonder” within the “Garden of Delight”’, in Rohatgi, Godrej and Mehrotra (1997).

  75. Bombay and Its Ducks of 1882 (1882), p. 5; Temple (1882), p. 277.

  76. The Building News, 18 (1870), quoted in Christopher W. London, Bombay Gothic (Mumbai, 2002), Appendix.

  77. Quoted in Tindall (1982), p. 236.

  78. See Philip Davies, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660 to 1947 (London, 1985).

  79. Preeti Chopra, A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay (Minneapolis, 2011), p. 69.

  80. See Sharada Dwivedi and Rahul Mehrotra, Fort Walks (Mumbai, 2003).

  81. Morris and Winchester (2005), p. 133.

  82. Furneaux (1895), p. 203.

  CHAPTER 8: MELBOURNE

    1. See David Dunstan (ed.), Victorian Icon (Victoria, 1996); Kate Darian-Smith (ed.), Seize the Day (Monash, 2010).

    2. Charles W. Dilke, Problems of Greater Britain (London, 1890), p. 214; Anthony Trollope, Australia and New Zealand (London, 1873), vol. 1, p. 75.

    3. www.melbourne.vic.gov.au.

    4. John Sutherland, Victoria and Its Metropolis – Past and Present (Melbourne, 1888), p. 490.

    5. See Ian Turner, ‘The Growth of Melbourne’, in J. W. McCarty and C. B. Schedvin (eds.), Australian Capital Cities (Sydney, 1978).

    6. A. F. Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics (1899) (Ithaca, 1967), p. 138.

    7. Henry Cornish, Under the Southern Cross (Madras, 1880), p. 94.

    8. Mr Shiels, MLA, Victoria Parliamentary Papers, vol. 58 (1888), p. 1318, quoted in McCarty and Schedvin (1978), p. 69.

    9. Trollope (1873), vol. 1, p. 383.

  10. Isabella Bird, ‘Australia Felix: Impressions of Victoria’, in Judith Johnson and Monica Anderson (eds.), Australia Imagined (Crawley, 2005), p. 62.

  11. Clara Aspinall, Three Years in Melbourne (London, 1862), p. 7.

  12. Charles W. Dilke, Greater Britain: A Record of Travel in English Speaking Countries During 1866 and 1867 (London, 1869), vol. 2, p. 22.

  13. British Parliamentary Papers, vol. 34 (1852), p. 1508.

  14. Sutherland (1888), p. 545.

  15. Frank Fowler, Southern Lights and Shadows: Being Brief Notes of Three Years’ Experience of Social, Literary and Political Life in Australia (London, 1859), p. 16.

  16. R. E. N. Twopeny, Town Life in Australia (London, 1883), pp. 2–3.

  17. Geoffrey Bolton, ‘Money: Trade, Investment and Economic Nationalism’, in Deryck M. Schreuder and Stuart Ward (eds.), Australia’s Empire (Oxford, 2008).

  18. Edwin Carton Booth, Another England: Life, Living, Homes and Homemakers in Victoria (London, 1869), p. 269.

  19. J. A. Froude, Oceana, or England and Her Colonies (Leipzig, 1887), p. 89.

  20. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1895), p. 10.

  21. E. S. Creasy, The Rise and Progress of the English Constitution (London, 1858), p. 16.

  22. Dilke (1869), vol. 2, p. 149.

  23. Seeley (1895), p. 184.

  24. Froude (1887), pp. 20–21, 25.

  25. J. L. Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain (London, 1933–5), vol. 2, p. 27.

  26. Froude (1887), p. 25.

  27. Denis Judd, Radical Joe: A Life of Joseph Chamberlain (Cardiff, 1993), p. 252.

  28. V. I. Lenin, ‘Imperialism’, in Selected Works (New York, 1976), vol. 1, p. 260.

  29. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion 1688–1914 (Harlow, 1993), pp. 173–4, 166–7.

  30. See Duncan Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain (Oxford, 2007), p. 58.

  31. Seeley (1895), pp. 18–19, 60.

  32. Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr Chamberlain’s Speeches (London, 1914), vol. 1, p. 279.

  33. Carton Booth (1869), p. 1.

  34. Charles Rooking Carter, Victoria, The British ‘El Dorado’; or, Melbourne in 1869 (London, 1870), p. 67.

  35. Froude (1887), p. 99.

  36. A. Patchett Martin, Australia and the Empire (Edinburgh, 1889), p. 74.

  37. H. G. Turner, A History of the Colony of Victoria (London, 1904), vol. 2, p. 262.

  38. Mark Twain, More Tramps Abroad (London, 1897), pp. 102, 103.

  39. Sutherland (1888), p. 543.

  40. Twopeny (1883), p. 5.

  41. N. W. Pollard, Homes in Victoria (Melbourne, 1861), p. 25; Granville Wilson and Peter Sands, Building a City: 100 Years of Melbourne Architecture (Melbourne, 1981).

  42. See Allan Willingham, ‘A Permanent and Extensive Exhibition Building’, in Dunstan (1996).

  43. Twopeny (1883), p. 11.

  44. R. Wright, The Bureaucrats’ Domain: Space and the Public Interest in Victoria 1836–84 (Melbourne, 1989), p. 34.

  45. Illustrated Handbook of Victoria, Australia, Colonial and Indian Exhibition, London (1886) (Melbourne, 1886).

  46. Georgina Whitehead, Civilising the City (Melbourne, 1997), p. 84. See also R. T. W. Pescott, The Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne (Melbourne, 1982).

  47. James Grant and Geoffrey Serle, The Melbourne Scene (Melbourne, 1957), p. 149.

  48. Trollope (1873), vol. 1, p. 393.

  49. Aspinall (1862), p. 89.

  50. Turner (1904), vol 2, p. 262.

  51. Aspinall (1862), p. 36; Twopeny (1883), p. 3; Carter (1870), pp. 61–2; Froude (1887), p. 98; John Freeman, Light and Shadows of Melbourne Life (London, 1888), p. 10.

  52. A. G. Austin (ed.), The Webbs’ Australian Diary (1898) (Bath, 1965), pp. 66, 69, 71 H. M. Hyndman, Record of an Adventurous Life (London, 1911), p. 100.

  53. Freeman (1888), p. 54.

  54. Twain (1897), p. 103.

  55. Austin (1965), p. 89.

  56. Twopeny (1883), p. 16.

  57. Sidney Low, ‘The Rise of the Suburbs’, Contemporary Review, 60 (1891), p. 550.

  58. Hermann Muthesius, The English House (London, 2007), vol. 1, p. 2.

  59. The Times, 25 June 1904.

  60. Twopeny (1883), p. 17.

  61. See Michael Cannon, Life in the Cities (South Yarra, 1983).

  62. Twopeny (1883), p. 16.

  63. Austin (1965), p. 76.

  64. Trollope (1873), vol. 1, p. 389.

  65. Carton Booth (1869), pp. 277–8, 279, 280, 284.

  66. Froude (1887), p. 103; Cornish (1880), p. 91; Aspinall (1862), p. 17.

  67. Cornish (1880), p. 140.

  68. Carter (1870), pp. 24–5.

  69. Aspinall (1862), p. 14.


  70. Cannon (1983), p. 266.

  71. See D. Davison, D. Dunstan and C. McConville (eds.), The Outcasts of Melbourne (Sydney, 1985).

  72. Freeman (1888), pp. 14–15.

  73. Johnson and Anderson (2005), pp. 171–2.

  74. E. Kinglake, The Australian at Home, quoted in James Grant and Geoffrey Serle, The Melbourne Scene (Melbourne, 1957), p. 155.

  75. Sutherland (1888), p. 557; Carter (1870), p. 55.

  76. See Graeme Davison, The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne (Melbourne, 1979).

  77. Illustrated Handbook of Victoria, Australia (1886).

  78. Trollope (1873), vol. 1, p. 396.

  79. Twopeny (1883), pp. 4–5.

  80. ‘Tasma’, Uncle Piper of Piper’s Hill (London, 1892), p. 144.

  81. Charles F. G. Masterman, From the Abyss; of Its Inhabitants by One of Them (London, 1902), p. 5.

  82. Sutherland (1888), p. 547.

  83. Froude (1887), pp. 18, 19, 140.

  84. Ibid., p. 143.

  85. Freeman (1888), p. vii.

  86. Trollope (1873), vol. 1, p. 401.

  87. See Darian-Smith (2010); Peter H. Hoffenberg, An Empire on Display (London, 2001).

  88. Australasian, 3 January, 1873, quoted in W. F. Mandle, ‘Cricket and Australian Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 59, 4 (1973), p. 232.

  89. Grant and Serle (1957), p. 111.

  90. Bell’s Life, 28 December 1861, quoted in W. Frost, ‘Heritage, Nationalism, Identity: The 1861–62 England Cricket Tour of Australia’, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 19, 4 (2002), p. 59.

  91. Keith Dunstan, The Paddock That Grew: The Story of the Melbourne Cricket Club (London, 1962), p. 38.

  92. Mandle (1973), p. 232.

  93. Frost (2002), p. 64.

  94. Dunstan (1962), p. 48.

  95. Mandle (1973), p. 242.

  96. Frost (2002), pp. 59, 60.

  97. W. F. Mandle, ‘Games People Played; Cricket and Football in England and Victoria in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Historical Studies, 15, 60 (1973), p. 527.

  98. The poem in The New Australian School Series Fourth Reader (Sydney, 1899). See Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688–1980 (Sydney, 1981), p. 81.

  99. Froude (1887), p. 145.