Cities of Empire
Page 56
100. Freeman (1888), p. 6.
101. Lenin (1976), vol. 1, p. 260.
102. Schreuder and Ward (2008).
103. Joy Damousi, ‘War and Commemoration: “The Responsibility of Empire”’, in Schreuder and Ward (eds), Australia’s Empire (2008).
CHAPTER 9: NEW DELHI
1. Robert Byron, ‘New Delhi’, Country Life, 6 June 1931; Byron, ‘New Delhi’, The Architecture Review, 69 (1931), p. 2.
2. The Times, 11 February 1931.
3. Ibid.
4. Yorkshire Post, 11 February 1931.
5. The Times, 18 February 1931, 21 February 1931.
6. Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (London, 1974), vol. 5, p. 4985.
7. Malvika Singh and Rudrangshu Mukherjee, New Delhi: Making of a Capital (New Delhi, 2009), p. 73.
8. Sam Miller, Delhi: Adventures in a Megacity (London, 2009), p. 74.
9. Telegraph (India), 18 November 2011, 13 December 2011.
10. Sunday Times of India, 18 December 2011.
11. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–89) (London, 1837), p. 611.
12. Winston Churchill, My Early Life (London, 1943), p. 125.
13. R. S. Churchill, Churchill (London, 1967), vol. 1, Companion, part 2, p. 774: W. S. Churchill to the Bath Habitation of the Primrose League, 26 July 1897, quoted in Roland Quinault, ‘Winston Churchill and Gibbon’, in R. McKitterick and R. Quinault (eds.), Edward Gibbon and Empire (Cambridge, 2002), p. 320.
14. Hansard (Commons), 1 August 1878, vol. 242, c. 886.
15. For the history of imperial overstretch see the classic work by Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (London, 1988).
16. Milner to C. Dawkins, 4 January 1902, Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MSS Eng. Hist. C. 68, ff. 4–6, quoted in E. H. H. Green, ‘The Political Economy of Empire, 1880–1914’, in A. Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1999), p. 361.
17. Lord Brabazon, Social Arrows (London, 1886), pp. 13–14; C. F. G. Masterman (ed.), Heart of the Empire (London, 1901), p. 25.
18. Elliott Mills, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire (London, 1905), p. 7.
19. Churchill (1967), vol. 1, Companion, part 2, p. 749.
20. Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, My Indian Years, 1910–1916 (London, 1948), p. 50.
21. John William Fortescue, Narrative of the Visit to India of Their Majesties King George V and Queen Mary: And of the Coronation Durbar held at Delhi (London, 1912), pp. 143–65.
22. The Times, 13 December 1911.
23. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire (London, 2002), p. 46.
24. See David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman (London, 2006).
25. Lord Curzon, Lord Curzon’s Farewell to India: Being Speeches Delivered as Viceroy and Governor of India during Sept.–Nov. 1905 (Bombay, 1907), p. 13, quoted in Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1998), p. 168.
26. Speech, 20 July 1904, in T. Raleigh (ed.), Lord Curzon in India (London, 1906), p. 35, quoted in Robin J. Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858–1914’, in A. Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century (1999), p. 443.
27. Lord Curzon, Speeches on India (London, 1904), p. 21, quoted in Metcalf (1998), p. 169.
28. Quoted in Singh and Mukherjee (2009), p. 18.
29. Quoted in Andreas Volwahsen, Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire (Munich, 2003), p. 11.
30. Fortescue (1912), p. 164.
31. His Majesty King George’s Speeches in India (Madras, 1912), p. 129.
32. See Robert Grant Irving, Indian Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi (London, 1981).
33. G. W. Forrest, Cities of India (London, 1903), p. 133.
34. King George’s Speeches (1912), p. 126.
35. The Times, 13 December 1911.
36. William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi 1857 (London, 2009).
37. Hansard (Lords), 21 February 1912, vol. 11, c. 158.
38. Wilmot Corfield, ‘New Delhi’, The British Architect, 18 October 1912.
39. See Metcalf (1998); Anthony D. King, Colonial Urban Development (London, 1976); Robert Home, Of Planting and Planning (London, 1997).
40. Quoted in Singh and Mukherjee (2009), p. 12.
41. Hardinge (1948), p. 72.
42. The Times, 3 October 1912.
43. See Irving (1981).
44. See ‘Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
45. Clayre Percy and Jane Ridley (eds.), The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to His Wife Lady Emily (London, 1985), 4 June 1912, 16 September 1912.
46. Quoted in Thomas Metcalf, ‘Architecture and the Representation of Empire: India, 1860–1910’, Representations, 6 (1984), p. 61.
47. Percy and Ridley (1985), 14 April 1912.
48. The Times, 3 October 1912.
49. Quoted in Christopher Hussey, The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens (London, 1953), p. 247.
50. See Robert Grant Irving, ‘Bombay and Imperial Delhi: Cities as Symbols’, in Andrew Hopkins and Gavin Stamp (eds.), Lutyens Abroad: The Work of Sir Edwin Lutyens Outside the British Isles (London, 2002).
51. The Times, 3 October 1912.
52. Herbert Baker, Architecture and Personalities (London, 1944), p. 64. See also, ‘Sir Herbert Baker’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004); Thomas Metcalf, Forging the Raj (New Delhi, 2005).
53. Percy and Ridley (1985), 7 January 1913.
54. Final Report of the Delhi Town Planning Committee on the Town Planning of the New Imperial Capital (London, 1913).
55. See Nayanjot Lahiri, Delhi’s Capital Century (1911–2011): Understanding the Transformation of the City (Yale, 2011).
56. See Irving (1981).
57. Byron, ‘New Delhi’, Architecture Review (1931), p. 30.
58. See ‘Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
59. Byron, ‘New Delhi’, Country Life, 6 June 1931.
60. Byron, ‘New Delhi’, Architecture Review (1931), p. 6.
61. Pamela Mountbatten, India Remembered (London, 2007), p. 51.
62. Quoted in Singh and Mukherjee (2009), p. 68.
63. Irving (2002).
64. Quoted in Singh and Mukherjee (2009), p. 66.
65. Richard Davenport-Hines (ed.), Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Wartime Journals (London, 2012), p. 198.
66. Baker (1944), p. 69.
67. Viola Bayley, One Woman’s Raj (Viola Bayley Papers Collection, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge, 1976), pp. 25–6.
68. Mountbatten (2007), p. 62.
69. See Hosagrahar Jyoti, ‘City as Durbar: Theatre and Power in Imperial Delhi’, in Nezar AlSayyad (ed.), Forms of Dominance: On the Architecture and Urbanism of the Colonial Enterprise (Aldershot, 1992).
70. See King (1976).
71. Aldous Huxley, Jesting Pilate: The Diary of a Journey (1926) (London, 1985), pp. 103–4.
72. Bayley (1976), p. 3.
73. Huxley (1985), p. 107.
74. Mountbatten (2007), p. 78.
75. Quoted in Nayantara Pothen, Glittering Decades: New Delhi in Love and War (New Delhi, 2012), p. 47.
76. H. J. Greenwall, Storm over India (London, 1933), p. 161.
77. Huxley (1985), p. 106.
78. Bayley (1976), p. 29.
79. See Cannadine (2002).
80. Quoted in Stanley A. Wolpert, Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India (Oxford, 2006), pp. 130–31.
81. L. Collins and D. Lapierre, Mountbatten and the Partition of India (Michigan, 1982), vol. 1, p. 24.
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br /> 82. Mountbatten (2007), p. 143.
83. Pothen (2012), pp. 135–6.
CHAPTER 10: LIVERPOOL
1. J. A. Watson, The End of a Liverpool Landmark: The Last Years of Love Lane Refinery (London, 1985), p. 51. See also Liverpool Daily Post, 23 January 1981, 21 April 1981.
2. John Cornelius, Liverpool 8 (London, 1982), pp. 119–21.
3. Michael Heseltine, Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography (London, 2003), p. 217.
4. John Prestwich, 1780s, quoted in Joseph Sharples, Liverpool, Pevsner Architectural Guides (London, 2004), p. 43.
5. The Liverpool Repository of Literature, Philosophy and Commerce (1826), quoted in ibid., p. 192.
6. Ibid., p. 10.
7. See David Harris Sacks and Michael Lynch, ‘Ports 1540–1700’, in Peter Clark (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2000).
8. W. T. Pike (ed.), Liverpool and Birkenhead in the Twentieth Century (Brighton, 1911), p. 23.
9. See John Belchem (ed.), Liverpool 800 (Liverpool, 2006).
10. Quoted in Tony Lane, Liverpool: Gateway of Empire (London, 1987), p. 26.
11. Thomas Baines, History of the Commerce and Town of Liverpool (Liverpool, 1852), p. 840.
12. Ramsay Muir, A History of Liverpool (Liverpool, 1907), p. 300.
13. Pike (1911), p. 13.
14. Lane (1987), p. 26.
15. Sharples (2004), p. 103.
16. Belchem (2006), p. 319.
17. Alfred Holt (ed.), Merseyside (Liverpool, 1923), pp. 179–80.
18. Muir (1907), p. 2.
19. See John Belchem, Irish, Catholic and Scouse (Liverpool, 2007).
20. Quoted in J. P. Dudgeon, Our Liverpool (London, 2010), p. 70.
21. Herman Melville, Redburn: His First Voyage (1849) (New York, 1983), p. 222.
22. Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire (London, 2011), p. 272.
23. Muir (1907), p. 302.
24. J. A. Picton, Memorials of Liverpool, Historical and Topographical (London, 1873), p. 567.
25. Hugh Gawthrop, Fraser’s Guide to Liverpool (Liverpool, 1855), p. 188.
26. C. W. Jones, Pioneer Shipowners (London, 1938), p. 118.
27. See Nicholas J. White, ‘Liverpool Shipping and the End of Empire: The Ocean Group in East and Southeast Asia, 1945–1973’, in S. Haggerty, A. Webster and N. J. White (eds.), The Empire in One City? (Manchester, 2008).
28. See Lane (1987), p. 117; Brian Lewis, ‘So Clean’: Lord Leverhulme, Soap and Civilisation (Manchester, 2008).
29. Lane (1987), p. 25.
30. Pike (1911), p. 59.
31. Dudgeon (2010), pp. 96–7.
32. Muir (1907), p. 298.
33. Pike (1911), p. 69.
34. Dudgeon (2010), p. 72.
35. Sharples (2004), p. 67.
36. Pike (1911), p. 32.
37. See Murray Steele, ‘Transmitting Ideas of Empire: Representations and Celebrations in Liverpool, 1886–1953’, in Haggerty, Webster and White (2008).
38. Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, 22 May 1915.
39. See Krishan Kumar, ‘Empire, Nation, and National Identities’, in Andrew Thompson (ed.), Britain’s Experience of Empire in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 2012).
40. Clayre Percy and Jane Ridley (eds.), The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to His Wife Lady Emily (London, 1985), p. 395.
41. John Summerson, The Unromantic Castle and Other Essays (London, 1990), p. 256.
42. Francis Hyde, Liverpool and the Mersey: An Economic History of a Port (Newton Abbot, 1971).
43. J. B. Priestley, English Journey (Leipzig, 1935), pp. 242, 244, 247, 252, 257.
44. Kumar (2012).
45. Belchem (2006); see also John Darwin, Unfinished Empire (London, 2012); George Chandler, Liverpool Shipping: A Short History (Liverpool, 1960).
46. Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire (London, 2007); see also, Peter Clarke, The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire (London, 2007).
47. See Jim Tomlinson, ‘The Empire/Commonwealth in British Economic Thinking and Policy’, in Thompson (ed.), Britain’s Experience of Empire (2012).
48. Lane (1987).
49. Chris Couch, City of Change and Challenge: Urban Planning and Regeneration in Liverpool (Liverpool, 2003).
50. Belchem (2006).
51. Ibid.
52. Stuart Wilks-Heeg, ‘From World City to Pariah City? Liverpool and the Global Economy, 1850–2000’, in Ronaldo Munck (ed.), Reinventing the City? Liverpool in Comparative Perspective (Liverpool, 2002).
53. A. J. P. Taylor, ‘Manchester’, Encounter, 8, 3 (1957).
54. Heseltine (2003), p. 218.
55. Quoted in Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain (London, 1984), p. 302. See also Roy May and Robin Cohen, ‘The Interaction between Race and Colonialism: A Case Study of the Liverpool Race Riots of 1919’, Race and Class, 16, 2 (1974).
56. Belchem (2006), p. 377.
57. Fryer (1984), p. 302.
58. Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, 8 November 1919.
59. Wilks-Heeg (2002).
60. Watson (1985); see also Vincent Mahler, ‘Britain, the European Community, and the Developing Commonwealth: Dependence, Interdependence, and the Political Economy of Sugar’, International Organization 35, 3 (1981).
61. Daily Mirror, 11 October 1982.
62. BBC News Website, 30 December 2011.
63. Spectator, 16 October 2004.
64. Guardian, 5 June 2003.
65. The exception being the ExUrbe think-tank. See, ‘Peel and the Liverpool City Region: Predatory Capitalism or Providential Corporatism?’, March 2013, www.exurbe.org.uk. See also Financial Times, 29 November 2013, which noted that the chairman of Sam Wa Resources Holding, Stella Shiu, had other business partners who included ‘an Iranian pomegranate juice exporter and an investment adviser in New Jersey who recently settled US Securities and Exchange Commission allegations of fraud and violation of securities regulation’.
66. ‘Liverpool Reaches for the Sky to Thrive’, Financial Times 12 March 2012; see also Financial Times, 13 November 2012; The Economist, 3 September 2012.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Tunku (Prince)
Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of
Aborigines
Acheson, Dean
Achilles
Adams, John
Adams, Samuel
Adams, Samuel Snr, ‘Deacon’
Adamson, Richard
Addison, Joseph
Aden
African National Congress (ANC)
African Trade Act (1750)
Agamemnon
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of
Ajax
Alabama, CSS
Alam II, Shah
Aleifasakure Toummanah, D. T.
Algerians, massacre by Parisian police
Algonquian societies
Aliens Act (1905)
Allahabad
Treaty of
Alleynes family
America, North
American imperialism
American Revolution
British Declaratory Act of, 1766 (American Colonies Act)
British taxation
British understanding in eighteenth century of America’s place in Empire
Civil War
Council for New England
Declaration of Independence
epidemics brought by European settlers
Joseph (biblical patriarch) comparison
Magna Carta rights and the Thirteen Co
lonies
Native Americans
New England
Pilgrim Fathers’ arrival in
tea imports
West Indies trade
American Episcopal Church
Amiens, Treaty of
Amoy (Xiamen)
Amritsar Massacre
Amsterdam
ANC (African National Congress)
Anglican Church
in India
in Ireland
Anti-Corn Law League
Antigua
Apthorp, Charles
Arago, Jacques
Arbella
architecture
‘Battle of the Styles’
Beaux Arts
Bombay
Boston
Calcutta
Cape Town
Dublin
Garden City tradition
Gothic revival
Hong Kong
Indian colonial styles
Indo-Saracenic
Liverpool
Melbourne
Mughal
New Delhi
and a new imperial landscape
Argaum, Battle of
Arkwright, Richard
Armenians
Arminianism
Arrow
Asiatick Society of Bengal
Aspinall, Clara
Assaye, Battle of
Atkins, John
Attucks, Crispus
Aughrim, Battle of
Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
Austen, Jane
Australasian
Australia
Aborigines
as ‘another England’
dual identity of Australians/Brits
economy
population centralization
Victoria see Victoria (Australia)
wool trade
Australian Facts and Prospects
Australian Imperial Force, First World War
Austrian Succession, War of the
Azim-ush-shan, Prince
Bahadur Shahh II (Zafar)
Bahrain
Baines, Thomas
Baird, Sir David
Baker, Sir Herbert
Bandyopadhyay, Alapan
Banerjee, Mamata
Bank of Bombay
Bank of Liverpool and Martins Ltd
Baptist Church
Barbados
Ameridian settlement
Barbadian Assembly
and Boston
and brutality to slaves
Crown Colony designation
early British settlement
Englishness
imports of British goods
independence