Cities of Empire
Page 60
Rutland, Charles Manners, 4th Duke of
Said, Edward
Saint-Domingue
St Christopher’s (St Kitt’s)
St Helena
St James’s Chronicle
St Lucia
Sala, George Augustus
Saldanha, António de
Salem
Sam Wa Group
sanitation
Bombay
Calcutta
Dublin
Hong Kong
Liverpool
Melbourne
Sassen, Saskia
Sassoon, Sir Albert (Abdullah)
Sassoon, David
Sassoon, Frederick
Sassoon family
Scott, Sir George Gilbert
Cowasji Jehangir hall
St John the Evangelist Church, Colaba
Second World War
Seeley, J. R.
Semple, George
Semple, Robert
Serampore
Seringapatam
Service, Robert
Seven Years’ War
Sewall, Samuel
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of
Shahjahanabad
see also Delhi
Shanghai
Shankarseth, Sir Jagannath
Sharma, Kalpana
Shaw, George Bernard
Shaw, Richard Norman
Shawmutt
see also Boston
Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl of
Sheridan, Thomas
Sherrard, Thomas
Shiels, William
Shillinge, Andrew
ship building
shipping trade
Australian
Barbados
Bombay
Boston
development of refrigerated shipping
Hong Kong
Liverpool
Shiv Sena
Shrubsole, William
Shushtari, Abdul Lateef
silk
silver
Simon, John
Simpson, Norman Skinner
Singapore
Singh, Malvika
Sinn Fein
Sino-British relations
British bigotry/racism
and the British in Hong Kong
Chuan-pi Convention
Convention of Peking
free trade
gunboat diplomacy
and the handing back of Hong Kong to China
harmony
Liverpool’s Sino-Scouse collaboration
Opium Wars see Opium Wars
resistance and violence during British occupation of Hong Kong
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Tientsin
Siraj-ud-Daula, nawab of Bengal
Sirr, Henry
Skosana, Xola
slave trade/slavery
abolition
African Trade Act (1750)
Barbados
Boston slave population
Britain’s industrialization and the slave trade
brutality
Cape
East Africa
Hottentot Code
Irish POWs
and Liverpool
Muslim slaves
and the plantation ‘mercantile-financial complex’
Portuguese
revolts
Spanish slave-raiding
and sugar
Wilberforce Bill
Williams on capitalism and
Slumdog Millionaire
smallpox
Smith, Adam
The Wealth of Nations
Smith, Albert
Smith, Andrew
Smith, George
Smuts, Jan
Smyth, Edward
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
Society of the United Irishmen
Somerset, Lord Charles
South African Commercial Advertiser
South African Turf Club
Southampton
Spanish Empire
and the West Indies
Spanish Succession, War of the
Sparrman, Andrew
Spectator, The
Spooner, George Hardwicke
Sri Lanka
Stamfordham, Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron
Stamp Act
repeal
Standard Triumph
Stapleton family
Stavorinus, Johan
Sterling Area
Stevens, Frederick William
Stevens, G. W.
Stevens, William Bagshaw
Stirling, James
Stoke-on Trent
Stormberg, Battle of
Stour valley
Stoute, Jane
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of
Stuarts
Stubbs, William
Suez Canal
Suez Invasion of Egypt
sugar
1764 Sugar Act
beet
Boston
Brazil
Bridgetown/Barbados
and Britain’s industrialization
British addiction
and the British blockade of France
Calcutta
and the French colonies
Jamaica
Liverpool trade
Mauritian
and the Navigation Acts
plantation ‘mercantile-financial complex’
production process
and Sephardic Jewish merchants
and slavery
Sugar Act
Tate & Lyle’s closure in Liverpool
West Indian export growth to Britain, 1663–1775
Sulphur, HMS
Sumatra
Summerson, Sir John
Sutherland, John
Swift, Jonathan
Swinton, George Sitwell
Sydney
Syria
Table Mountain
Tagore, Dwarkanath
Taiping Rebellion
Taiwan
Taj Mahal
Tam Achoy
Tate & Lyle
Tate Gallery
taxation, colonial
Bengal
Bombay
New England
Stamp Act see Stamp Act
Sugar Act
tariff reform
Tea Act
Townshend duties
and the West Indies
Taylor, A. J. P.
tea
Boston boycott
Boston Tea-Party
and the East India Company
Tea Act
Tejpal, Gokuldas
Telegraph
Temple, Sir Richard
statue decapitation in Mumbai
Thirty Years’ War
Thomas, Sir Dalby
Thomson, James
Thorncomb, Andrew
Tientsin, Treaty of
Tiffany, Osmond
Tilbury dockyard
Time magazine
Times, The
Tipy Sultan, ‘Tiger of Mysore’
tobacco
Tobago
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Toibin, Colm
Tone, Theobald Wolfe
Toulon
Toummanah, D. T. Aleifasakure
Townshend, Charles
Townshend, George, 1st Marquess
Townshend duties
Toxteth riots
trade
as an ‘Additional Empire’
cotton see cotton
free trade
Navigation Acts
shipping trade see shipping trade
slave see slave trade/slavery
sugar see sugar
wool
see also under specific cities
Transvaal
Trent and Mersey Canal
Trevor-Roper, Hugh
Trinidad
Trollope, Anthony
Trollope, Frederic
Tuan Guru
(Abdullah ibn Qadi Abd al-Salam)
Turner, Henry Giles
Turner, Sharon
Twain, Mark
Twining, Thomas
Twopenny, Richard
Tyrone House, Dublin
Udhagamandalam
Ulster plantations
Uncle Piper of Piper’s Hill
unemployment
Dublin
Liverpool
United East India Company see Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)
United Irishmen
United States of America see America, North
Unwin, Raymond
urbanism, as legacy of British Empire
Usher, John
Utilitarianism
Utrecht, Peace of
Vaidya, Sitaram Khanderao
Valentia, George Annesley, Viscount
Vansittart, Henry
Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)
and Bombay
Verne, Jules
Vernon, Edward
Versailles peace talks
Victoria, Queen
Diamond Jubilee
as Empress of India
Golden Jubilee
Victoria Day
see also Empire Day
Victoria (Australia)
Victory, HMS
Vidyalankar, Mrityunjay: Rajabali
Vihar water project
VOC see Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
Wacha, Sir Dinshaw
Wakefield, Edward
Walpole, Horace
Wang Tao
War of the Austrian Succession
War of the Spanish Succession
Ward, Edward
Warren, Peter
Washington, George
Watson-Wentworth, Charles, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
Watson, Charles
Weatherhead, Alfred
Webb, Beatrice
Webb, Philip
Webb, Sidney
Weber, A. F.
Wedgwood, Josiah
Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington
Wellesley, Richard, Earl of Mornington
and Calcutta
and Cape Town
statue decapitation in Mumbai
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of
Wembley Empire exhibition
Wentworth, Thomas, 1st Earl of Strafford
West Indies and the Caribbean
Anglo-French wars
and eighteenth-century European wars
Liverpool trade
New England trade
and the plantation ‘mercantile-financial complex’
wealth
see also Barbados; Bridgetown
Westminster, Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of
whaling
White House, Washington, DC
White Star Line
Whitehaven
Whitelaw, James
Wilberforce, William
Wilford, Michael
Wilkins, Charles
Wilkins, Henry St Clair
Wilks-Heeg, Stuart
William III
William Henry, Prince, Duke of Clarence (later William IV)
William and John
Williams, Eric
Williams, Roger
Willoughby, Francis, 5th Baron
Wilson, Harold
Windham, William
Winthrop, Adam
Winthrop, Henry
Winthrop, John
Winthrop, Robert C.
Winthrop, Samuel
Wirral Society of local conservationists
Wirral Waters redevelopment scheme
Wolfe, James
Wolfe Tone, Theobald
Wood, John
Wood, William
Woodleefe, John
wool trade
Wootton, Charles
World War I
World War II
Wren, Sir Christopher
Wyatt, Charles
Wyatt, Woodrow
Wyeth, Joshua
Wyvil, Richard
Xianfeng, Emperor
Yonge, Sir George
Yorkshire Post
Young, Arthur
Zanzibar
Zuma, Jacob
ALSO BY TRISTRAM HUNT
Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City
Marx’s General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels
About the Author
TRISTRAM HUNT is the author of Marx’s General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels and Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City. One of Britain’s leading young historians, he writes regularly for The Guardian, The Observer, and The Times, and has broadcast numerous series for the BBC. A lecturer in history at the University of London, Hunt represents Stoke-on-Trent in the British Parliament, where he serves as the education spokesman for the Labour Party.
CITIES OF EMPIRE. Copyright © 2014 by Tristram Hunt. All rights reserved. For information, address Henry Holt and Co., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
www.henryholt.com
Jacket artwork: Aerial view of the city of Boston, engraved by L. W. Atwater, 1873 (chromolitho), after Charles Parsons (1821–1910) / Boston Athenaeum, USA / Bridgeman Images
eBooks may be purchased for business or promotional use. For information on bulk purchases, please contact Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department by writing to MacmillanSpecialMarkets@macmillan.com.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as follows:
Hunt, Tristram, 1974– author.
[Ten cities that made an empire]
Cities of empire: the British colonies and the creation of the urban world / Tristram Hunt.
pages cm
“Originally published in England in 2014 under the title Ten Cities that Made an Empire by Allen Lane, London.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8050-9308-7 (hardback) — ISBN 978-0-8050-9600-2 (electronic book)
1. Great Britain—Colonies—History—Case studies. 2. Cities and towns—Case studies. 3. Metropolitan areas—Case studies. 4. Imperialism—History—Case studies. I. Title.
DA16.H86 2014b
941—dc23
2014030024
Originally published in the U.K. in 2014 under the title Ten Cities that Made an Empire by Allen Lane, London.
First U.S. Edition: November 2014
* A visit to the landmark ‘Road to Regeneration’ exhibition at Beijing’s National Museum of China clarifies any doubt about the central place of the Opium Wars and the loss of Hong Kong in the Communist Party narrative of contemporary China’s progress. ‘After Britain started the Opium War in 1840, the imperial powers descended on China like a swarm of bees, looting our treasures and killing our people,’ reads the official account. ‘They forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties that granted them economic, political and cultural privileges and sank China gradually into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society.’ The anti-imperialist struggle was the beginnings of China’s ‘search for a path to salvation [in Maoist socialism]’.
* Partha Chatterjee has suggested the revival of colonial themes in postcolonial countries is itself the broader product of a new era of technocratic elitism. ‘We are being told that it is a sign of our growing self-confidence as a nation that we can at last acknowledge, without shame or guilt, the good the British did for us,’ he wrote in 2005. ‘I suspect it is something else. The more popular democracy deepens in India, the more its elites yearn for a system in which enlightened gentlemen could decide, with paternal authority, what was good for the masses. The idea of an Oxford graduate of 22 going out to rule over the destiny of 100,000 peasants in an Indian district can stir up many noble thoughts in middle-class Indian hearts today.’ See Partha Chatterjee, ‘Those Fond Memories of the Raj’, in Empire and Nation (New York, 2010).
* See here.
* The
name was taken from a local Indian tribe, part of the Algonquin people.
* Virginia (1607), New York (1626), Massachusetts Bay (1630), New Hampshire (1630), Maryland (1634), Connecticut (1636), Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1636), Delaware (1638), North Carolina (1653), New Jersey (1660), South Carolina (1670), Pennsylvania (1682) and Georgia (1733).
* Admiral John Byng was widely held responsible for the loss of Minorca in 1756 at the start of the Seven Years’ War. He was court-martialled and executed in 1757.
* Strafford’s ingratiating use of the phrase ‘your imperial Crown’ needs some explanation. The Kings of England and then the United Kingdom did not generally title themselves ‘Emperors’ (until, that is, they became Emperors of India in the nineteenth century) but the Protestant Reformation of the mid-1530s and the creation of the Church of England had led England to declare itself autonomous, free from the jurisdiction of Rome. As the 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals famously phrased it, ‘this realm of England is an Empire governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same’. Phrases such as ‘great Brittaines imperial crown’ or ‘the Empire of great Britaine’ were common by the 1610s. Oliver Cromwell perhaps came closest to assuming the title ‘Emperor’ in the mid-1650s. See David Armitage, ‘The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Language of Empire’, The Historical Journal, 35 (1992).
* Since 1803 the building has served as the Bank of Ireland, where appeals to Wisdom and Justice have not, in recent years, always been heeded.
* The events of 1916 and 1966 were explicitly connected. At a meeting of the Dublin City Council on 7 December 1953, a letter was submitted from the Hon. Secretary, IRA Dublin Brigade, enclosing a copy of a resolution adopted by the Dublin Brigade Council calling for the removal of Nelson Pillar and the erection adjacent thereto of a memorial to the men of 1916. See Andrew O’Brien, ‘The History of Nelson’s Pillar’, Dublin Historical Record, 60, 1 (2007).
* The acerbic Swedish doctor Andrew Sparrman had a simple explanation for such effusive praise. ‘The Cape is usually mentioned in too high terms by sea-faring men; particularly by such as have been there only for a short time. The reason probably is, that people, who are weary of a long and tedious voyage of several months duration, are usually enchanted with the first spot of earth they set foot upon, of which they afterwards make their reports according to the impression it first made upon them. This is so much more likely to happen with respect to the Cape, as seafaring men are seldom used to stay there long enough to be weary of it.’ See Andrew Sparrman, A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope (Dublin, 1785), p. 7.
* The missionary Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (1823–26), was the author of that quintessentially colonial nineteenth-century hymn ‘From Greenland’s icy mountains’ (1819):
From Greenland’s icy mountains,
From India’s coral strand,