US-China Relations (3rd Ed)

by Robert G Sutter

  5. Akira Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921–1931

  (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965); Dorothy Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933–1938 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964).

  6. John K. Fairbank, The United States and China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983); Cohen, America’s Response to China; Schaller, The United States and China; Gordon H. Chang, Fateful Ties: A History of America’s Preoccupation with China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).

  7. Ernest R. May and John K. Fairbank, eds., America’s China Trade in Historical Perspective: The Chinese and American Performance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

  8. John Fairbank and Suzanne W. Barnett, eds., Christianity in China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985).

  Notes

  285

  9. Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963).

  10. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 29–88.

  11. John Fairbank, Edwin Reischauer, and Albert Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 593–95, 766.

  12. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998).

  13. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship; Li and Shi, Zhongmei guanxi liangbainian

  [Two hundred years of Sino-American relations].

  14. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 8–59.

  15. Paul Cohen, China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860–1870 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963).

  16. Delber McKee, Chinese Exclusion versus the Open Door Policy, 1900–1906 (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1977).

  17. Li Tien-yi, Woodrow Wilson’s China Policy, 1913–1917 (New York: Twayne, 1952).

  18. Dorothy Borg, American Policy and the Chinese Revolution, 1925–1928 (New York: Macmillan, 1947); Dorothy Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis; Akira Iriye and Warren I. Cohen, eds., American, Chinese, and Japanese Perspectives on Wartime Asia, 1939–1949 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1990).

  19. Jonathan Goldstein, Philadelphia and the China Trade (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978).

  20. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 4.

  21. Peter Ward Fay, Opium War, 1840–1842 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).

  22. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast.

  23. Edward Gulick, Peter Parker and the Opening of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973).

  24. Eugene Boardman, Christian Influence upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion 1850–1864 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952).

  25. David Anderson, Imperialism and Idealism: American Diplomats in China, 1861–1898

  (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1985); Cohen, America’s Response to China, 23–24.

  26. Fairbank et al., East Asia: Tradition and Transformation, 558–96.

  27. Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 297–99.

  28. Schaller, The United States and China, 18–24.

  29. Fairbank et al., East Asia: Tradition . . . , 570–75.

  30. Anderson, Imperialism and Idealism, 154–70.

  31. Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with Reference to China, Japan, and Korea in the 19th Century (New York: Macmillan, 1922), 485–504; Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship; Cohen, America’s Response to China, 32–34.

  32. Robert Sutter, Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006), 108.

  33. Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895–1901 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968).

  34. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 29–88; Schaller, The United States and China, 26–48.

  35. John Fairbank, Edwin Reischauer, and Albert Craig, East Asia: The Modern Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 476–77.

  36. Joseph Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).

  37. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 42–55.

  38. Hunt, Frontier Defense and the Open Door; Cohen, America’s Response to China, 56–58.

  39. Sutter, Historical Dictionary, 25–26.

  286

  Notes

  40. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 52–57, 65.

  41. Sutter, Historical Dictionary, 25–26.

  42. Edward Rhodes, China’s Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895–1913

  (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 176–81.

  43. Hunt, Frontier Defense and the Open Door.

  44. Sutter, Historical Dictionary, 192.

  45. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 68–70.

  46. Hunt, Frontier Defense and the Open Door.

  47. Li, Woodrow Wilson’s China Policy; Fairbank et al., East Asia: The Modern . . . , 571, 645, 665.

  48. Iriye, After Imperialism; Fairbank et al., East Asia: The Modern . . . , 674–76.

  49. James Sheridan, China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949 (New York: The Free Press, 1975).

  50. Fairbank et al., East Asia: The Modern . . . , 685.

  51. Benjamin Schwartz, Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958).

  52. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 107–9; Fairbank et al., East Asia: The Modern . . . , 688–91.

  53. Schaller, The United States and China, 42–43.

  54. Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis; Cohen, America’s Response to China, 126–27.

  55. Schaller, The United States and China, 51.

  56. Sutter, Historical Dictionary, 78–79.

  57. Fairbank et al., East Asia: The Modern . . . , 608–12.

  58. Schaller, The United States and China, 54, 63.

  59. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 137–38.

  60. Patricia Neils, China Images in the Life and Times of Henry Luce (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990); Graham Peck, Two Kinds of Time (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967).

  61. James C. Thomson Jr., While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nationalist China, 1928–1937 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968).

  62. Fairbank et al., East Asia: The Modern . . . , 701–6.

  3. RELATIONS DURING WORLD WAR II,

  CIVIL WAR, COLD WAR

  1. Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); Herbert Feis, The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953); Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945 (New York: Macmillan, 1971); Tsou Tang, America’s Failure in China, 1941–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963); Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009); Wang Taiping, ed., Xin Zhongguo waijiao wushinian [Fifty years of diplomacy of the new China] (Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe, 1999).

  2. Feis, The China Tangle.

  3. Russell Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973).

  4. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs, eds., Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).

  5. Taylor, The Generalissimo; Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China.

  6. Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy; John Beal, Marshall in China (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970).

  Notes

  287

  7. Warren Cohen, “The Development of Chinese Communist Policy toward the United States, 192
2–1938,” Orbis 2 (1967): 219–37.

  8. James Reardon-Anderson, Yenan and the Great Powers: The Origins of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy, 1944–1946 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).

  9. Odd Arne Westad, Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998).

  10. Borg and Heinrichs, Uncertain Years; Zi Zhongyun, Meiguo duihua zhengce de yuanqi he fazhan, 1945–1950 [The origins and development of American policy toward China, 1945–1950] (Chongqing: Chongqing, 1987).

  11. Tsou, America’s Failure in China.

  12. Charles Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Time Runs Out on CBI (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1959).

  13. Charles Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell’s Command Problems (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1956).

  14. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China.

  15. Michael Schaller, The United States and China: Into the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 59–61.

  16. Ibid., 72; Warren Cohen, America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 138.

  17. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China.

  18. Kenneth Shewmaker, Americans and the Chinese Communists, 1927–1945: A Persuading Encounter (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971).

  19. Robert Sutter, China Watch: Toward Sino-American Reconciliation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 12–14.

  20. Sutter, China Watch, 14–18.

  21. Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 603–4.

  22. Sutter, China Watch, 18–23.

  23. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 604–5.

  24. Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy.

  25. Schaller, The United States and China, 94–96.

  26. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 159–62.

  27. Robert Sutter, Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006), 57–58.

  28. Schaller, The United States and China, 99–102.

  29. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 192.

  30. John Fairbank, Edwin Reischauer, and Albert Craig, East Asia: The Modern Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 858–59.

  31. Schaller, The United States and China, 115.

  32. Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Strait Talk: United States-Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 13.

  33. Schaller, The United States and China, 116–17; Zi, Meiguo duihua zhengce de yuanqi he fazhan [The origins and development of American policy toward China].

  34. Yu-ming Shaw, An American Missionary in China: John Leighton Stuart and Chinese-American Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).

  35. Tucker, Strait Talk, 13; Sutter, China Watch, 31–34.

  36. Chen Jian, China’s Road to the Korean War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Westad, Brothers in Arms; Zi Zhongyun and He Di, eds., Meitai Guanxi Sishinian

  [Forty years of US-Taiwan relations] (Beijing: People’s Press, 1991).

  37. Allen Whiting, The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975); Robert S. Ross and Jiang Changbin, eds., Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

  38. Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001); Thomas Christensen, Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobiliza-

  288

  Notes

  tion, and Sino-American Conflicts, 1949–1958 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).

  39. Richard Wich, Sino-Soviet Crisis Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).

  40. Ralph Clough, Island China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 5–10.

  41. Tucker, Strait Talk, 13–26.

  42. Robert Blum, Drawing the Line: The Origins of the American Containment Policy in East Asia (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982); William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997); Chen, China’s Road to the Korean War.

  43. Schaller, The United States and China, 152–62.

  44. Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).

  45. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 186–91.

  46. Schaller, The United States and China, 129–35.

  47. Rosemary Foot, A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking and the Korean Armistice Talks (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).

  48. Barry Naughton, The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), 55–83.

  49. Chen, Mao’s China and the Cold War.

  50. Christensen, Useful Adversaries.

  51. Schaller, The United States and China, 144–46.

  52. Ross Koen, The China Lobby in American Politics (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

  53. Tucker, Strait Talk, 13–15.

  54. Clough, Island China, 10–14.

  55. Sutter, China Watch, 34–46.

  56. Zhang Baijia and Jia Qingguo, “Steering Wheel, Shock Absorber, and Diplomatic Probe in Confrontation: Sino-American Ambassadorial Talks Seen from the Chinese Perspective,” in Ross and Jiang, eds., Re-examining the Cold War, 173–99; Sutter, China Watch, 34–46.

  57. Sutter, Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations, 4.

  58. Steven Goldstein, “Dialogue of the Deaf? The Sino-American Ambassadorial-Level Talks, 1955–1970,” in Ross and Jiang, eds., Re-examining the Cold War, 200–237.

  59. Tucker, Strait Talk, 14–17.

  60. Chen, Mao’s China and the Cold War.

  61. Schaller, The United States and China, 152–56.

  62. Tucker, Strait Talk, 17–21.

  63. Cohen, America’s Response to China, 210–13; Goldstein, “Dialogue of the Deaf?”

  229–37.

  64. Tony Saich, Governance and Politics of China (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 44–56.

  65. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 689–702.

  66. Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

  67. Sutter, China Watch, 65–67.

  68. Peter Van Ness, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).

  69. Jisen Ma, The Cultural Revolution in the Foreign Ministry of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2004).

  70. Schaller, The United States and China, 156–62.

  71. Tucker, Strait Talk, 21–26.

  Notes

  289

  4. RAPPROCHEMENT AND NORMALIZATION

  1. A. Doak Barnett, A New U.S. Policy toward China (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1971); Rosemary Foot, The Practice of Power: U.S. Relations with China since 1949

  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Evelyn Goh, Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961–1974 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Gong Li, Kuayue: 1969–1979 nian Zhong-Mei guanxi de yanbian [Across the chasm: The evolution of relations between China and the United States, 1969–1979] (Henan: Henan People’s Press, 1992).

  2. Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).

  3. Foot, The Practice of Power; Goh, Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China.

  4. Robert Ross, Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969–1989 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Robert Sutter, China Watch: Toward Sino-American Reconciliation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 83–102; Thomas Gottlieb, Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism and the Origins of the Strategic Triangle (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1977); John Garver, China’s Decision for Rapprochement with the Uni
ted States, 1968–1971 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982); Wang Zhongchun, “The Soviet Factor in Sino-American Normalization, 1969–1979,” in Normalization of U.S.-China Relations, ed. William Kirby, Robert Ross, and Gong Li (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).

  5. James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Knopf, 1999).

  6. Sutter, China Watch, 1–62.

  7. The developments in the United States during 1968 noted here and below are covered in American History Online—Facts on File (http://www.fofweb.com) and CQ Almanac 1968

  (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly News Features [1968]).

  8. Mann, About Face, 13–25.

  9. Li Jie, “China’s Domestic Politics and the Normalization of Sino-U.S. Relations, 1969–1979,” in Kirby, Ross, and Li, eds., Normalization of U.S.-China Relations, 56–89; Philip Bridgham, “Mao’s Cultural Revolution: The Struggle to Seize Power,” The China Quarterly 41 (1970): 1–25.

  10. Gottlieb, Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism; Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

  11. Harlan Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945–1981 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982).

  12. Thomas Robinson, “The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development and the March 1969 Clashes,” American Political Science Review 66, no. 4 (December 1972): 1175–78; Alice Lyman Miller and Richard Wich, Becoming Asia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 116–36, 182–93.

  13. John Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993), 304–20.

  14. Gottlieb, Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism.

  15. Sutter, China Watch, 72–75.

  16. Ibid., 75–78.

  17. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 306–10.

  18. Sutter, China Watch, 78–102.

  19. Michael Schaller, The United States and China: Into the Twenty-First Century ( New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 170.

  20. Ross, Negotiating Cooperation, 28, 34–35.