US-China Relations (3rd Ed)
Page 54
20. Shannon Tiezzi, “American Government Torn on How to Handle China,” Diplomat, August
4,
2015,
http://thediplomat.com/2015/08/americas-government-is-torn-on-how-to-
handle-china; Robert Sutter, “Americans Speak to U.S.-China Policy: Let’s Be Frank,” National Bureau of Asian Research, September 18. 2015, http://xivisit.nbr.org/2015/09/18/americans-speak-to-u-s-china-policy-robert-sutter (site discontinued).
21. Orville Schell and Susan Shirk, Chairs, US Policy toward China: Recommendations for a New Administration, Task Force Report (New York: Asia Society, 2017); Sutter, The United States and Asia, 307–14; and Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War, 4th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), 133–49.
22. Robert Sutter, “Foreword: Russia-China Relations,” in Russia-China Relations: Assessing Common Ground and Strategic Fault Lines (Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2017), http://nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=950.
23. Johnson, “Thoughts from the Chairman”; Yun Sun, “China’s Peaceful Rise”; Yong Deng, “China: The Post-Responsible Power.”
24. Author consultations with US administration officials, Washington, DC, August 2016.
25. Sutter and Limaye, America’s 2016 Election Debate, 20.
26. Sutter, “Obama’s Cautious and Calibrated Approach to an Assertive China”; Jeffrey Bader, “A Framework for U.S. Policy toward China,” Asia Working Group Paper 3, March 2016,
Brookings,
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/us-china-policy-
framework-bader-1.pdf; Deputy Secretary Blinken Testimony on US-China Relations: Strategic Challenges and Opportunities, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 27, 2016.
27. David M. Lampton, “A Tipping Point in U.S.-China Relations Is upon Us,” US-China Perception Monitor, May 11, 2015; Harry Harding, “Has U.S. China Policy Failed?” Washington Quarterly 38, no. 3 (2015): 95–122.
28. Sutter, “’Obama’s Cautious and Calibrated Approach to an Assertive China.”
29. “China’s ZTE to Pay Massive U.S. Fine over Iran, North Korea Sanctions Busting,”
Euronews, March 7, 2017, http://www.euronews.com/2017/03/07/china-s-zte-to-pay-massive-us-fine-over-iran-north-korea-sanctions-busting.
30. The coverage of the US election in this article builds on the findings of Sutter and Limaye, America’s 2016 Election. That report used campaign statements and other materials made available in “2016 Presidential Candidates on Asia,” Asia Matters for America, http://
www.asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/2016-presidential-candidates-on-asia; other news and commentary; interviews and discussions with senior Republican and Democratic Asian specialists conducted in Washington, DC, during June 2016; and with Asian specialists, commentators, and officials in Beijing, Seoul, Taipei, Tokyo, and Washington during July 2016. The principal findings and implications of the report were discussed with and validated by those interviewed, most of whom requested anonymity.
31. Harding, “Has U.S. China Policy Failed?”
32. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Americans See China’s Economic Power as Diminished Threat,”
Gallup, February 26, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/181733/americans-china-economic-power-diminished-threat.aspx; Lydia Saad, “Americans See China as Top Economy Now, but U.S. in Future,” Gallup, February 22, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/poll/189347/americans-china-top-economy-future.aspx.
33. Hillary Clinton, “Issues: National Security: With Policies That Keep Us Strong and Safe, America Can Lead the World in the 21st Century,” Hillary for America; Hillary Clinton,
“Remarks to AFL-CIO [AFL-CIO Convention, Philadelphia, PA],” April 6, 2016.
34. Bernie Sanders, interview by Ezra Klein, Vox, July 28, 2015, http://www.vox.com/2015/
7/28/9014491/bernie-sanders-vox-conversation.
35. “Cruz on the Issues: China,” Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/
campaign2016/ted-cruz/on-china.
36. “A Conversation With John Kasich,” Council on Foreign Relations, December 9, 2015, http://www.cfr.org/united-states/conversation-john-kasich/p37304; John Kasich, in “Transcript
300
Notes
of Republican Debate in Miami, Full Text,” CNN, March 10, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/
03/10/politics/republican-debate-transcript-full-text/index.html.
37. Marco Rubio, “How My Presidency Would Deal with China,” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-my-presidency-would-deal-with-china-1440717685.
38. Maggie Haberman, “Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports,”
New York Times, January 7, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/
donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports; Donald Trump, “‘America First’
Foreign Policy Speech,” Washington, DC, April 27, 2016.
39. Sutter and Limaye, America’s 2016 Election Debate, 21.
40. Jane Parlez, “China Sees New Ambiguity in Donald Trump’s Taiwan Call,” New York Times, December 3, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/03/world/asia/taiwan-call-gives-china-a-clue-on-what-to-expect-from-donald-trump.html.
41. Barak Ravid, “Trump’s Israel Pick at Senate Confirmation hearing,” HAARETZ, February 16, 2017, http://www.haaretz.com/us-news/LIVE-1.772078/Friedman-confirmation-two-state.
42. “Trump’s Unpredictability on Foreign Policy Keeps the World Guessing,” Financial Times,
January
19,
2017,
https://www.ft.com/content/31b5d958-ddc1-11e6-9d7c-be108
f1c1dce.
43. Samuel Osbourne, “Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Says Donald Trump Encouraged Him to Improve Relations with Vladimir Putin,” Independent, February 14, 2017, http://
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/japan-prime-misiter-shinzo-abe
-donald-trum-p-improve-russia-relations-valdimir-putin-us-president-a7579166.html.
44. Jeremy Page and Teping Chen, “Syria Attack Throws U.S.-China Summit Off-Balance,”
Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/syria-attack-throws-u-schina-talks-off-balance-1491555629.
45. Bonnie Glaser and Alexandra Veers, “Trump and Xi Break the Ice at Mar-a-Lago,”
21–32.
46. David Brown and Kevin Scott, “China-Taiwan Relations,” Comparative Connections 19, no. 1 (May 2017): 62–63.
47. Shi Jiangtao, “US Doubts over One-China Linchpin to Stalk Key Sino-US Security Talks,” South China Morning Post, June 16, 2017, 1; Mark Landler, “Trump Takes More Aggressive Stance with U.S. Friend and Foes in Asia,” New York Times, June 30, 2017, https://
www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/world/asia/trump-south-korea-china.html.
48. Emily Rauhala, “As Trump Pushes for Bigger U.S. Defense Budget, China Slows Growth Rate of Its Military Spending,” Washington Post, March 4, 2017, https://www.
washingtonpost.com/world/as-trump-pushes-for-bigger-us-defense-budget-china-slows
-growth-rate-of-its-military-spending/2017/03/04/ace6105c-0094-11e7-a51a-e16b4bcc6644_
story.html?utm_term=.489451bdd660.
49. Mark Lander and Michael Shear, “Trump Administration to Take a Harder Tack on Trade with China,” New York Times, April 6, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/us/
politics/trump-xi-jinping-china-summit-mar-a-lago.html.
50. Tracy Wilkinsen, “Human Rights Fade from U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda under Trump,”
Los Angeles Times, April 5, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-fg-trump-human-rights-20170405-story.html.
8. SECURITY ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY
US-CHINA RELATIONS
1. In addition to sources noted in chapter 4, see Wang Zhongchun, “The Soviet Factor in Sino-American Normalization, 1969–1979,” in Normalization of U.S.-China Relations, ed.
Notes
301
2. John Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993), 166–77, 310–11.
3. James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Knopf, 1999), 33–35.
4. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 166–73; Harry Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992), 119–22, 332–33.
5. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, Playing the China Card: Implications for United States-Soviet Union-Chinese Relations (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1979).
6. Robert Sutter, The China Quandary: Domestic Determinants of U.S. China Policy, 1972–1982 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983), 99–100, 111–26.
7. Mann, About Face, 98–100, 109–14; Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy in Xinjiang,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), 148–50.
8. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, 224–34.
9. David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 39–63; Jean Garrison, Making China Policy: From Nixon to G. W. Bush (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005), 165–72.
10. Shirley Kan, U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issue for Congress, CRS Report RL32496
(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, April 15, 2009), 6–11.
11. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, 71–110.
12. The Chinese reactions and motivations concerning these developments are reviewed in Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams, and Robert Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003).
13. Evan Medeiros, China’s International Behavior: Activism, Opportunism, and Diversifi-cations (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2009), 48–53; Bonnie Glaser and Brittany Billingsley, “Creating a New Type of Great Power Relations,” Comparative Connections 14, no. 2 (September 2012): 25–32; and author’s consultations with Chinese specialists, Beijing, March 25, 2015.
14. Bonnie Glaser and Evan Medeiros, “The Ecology of Foreign Policy Decision-Making in China: The Ascension and Demise of the Theory of Peaceful Rise,” China Quarterly 190 (June 2007): 291–310.
15. Robert Sutter, China’s Rise in Asia (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 265–76.
16. Avery Goldstein, Rising to the Challenge: China’s Grand Strategy and International Security (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005).
17. Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 177.
18. Ibid., 178.
19. David M. Lampton, The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 27.
20. People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, “China’s Peaceful Development Road,” People’s Daily Online, December 22, 2005, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/
200512/22/eng20051222_230059.html (accessed July 7, 2006); “Full text of Chinese President Hu Jintao’s Speech at Opening Session of Boao Forum,” China Daily, April 15, 2011, http://
www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-04/15/content_12335312.htm (accessed August 11, 2017); People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, “China’s National Defense in 2004” (Beijing, December 27, 2004); People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, “China’s National Defense in 2006” (Beijing, December 29, 2006). People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, “China’s National Defense in 2008” (Beijing, January 2009); People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, “China’s National Defense in 2010” (Beijing, March 2011).
302
Notes
21. Briefings, Academy of Military Science, Beijing, June 2008 and June 2011; briefings by senior representatives of the Academy at a public meeting at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, on October 2, 2008.
22. Paul Godwin, “China as a Major Asian Power: The Implications of Its Military Modernization (A View from the United States),” in China, the United States, and Southeast Asia: Contending Perspectives on Politics, Security, and Economics, ed. Evelyn Goh and Sheldon Simon (New York: Routledge, 2008), 145–66; Ashley J. Tellis and Travis Tanner, eds., Strategic Asia 2012–2013: China’s Military Challenge (Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2012); Chu Shulong and Lin Xinzhu, “It Is Not the Objective of Chinese Military Power to Catch Up and Overtake the United States,” Beijing Huanqiu Shibao, June 26, 2008, 11; Christopher Twomey, “The Military-Security Relationship,” in Tangled Titans: The United States and China, ed. David Shambaugh (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), 235–62.
23. United States Department of Defense, Annual Report on the Military Power of the People’s Republic of China, 2009 (Washington, DC: US Department of Defense, March 2009); United States Department of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2012, https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/
Documents/pubs/2012_CMPR_Final.pdf (accessed January 25, 2013).
24. People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office, “China’s National Defense in 2004,” 2–4.
25. Andrew Scobell and Larry M. Wortzel, eds., Shaping China’s Security Environment: The Role of the PLA (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2006), 2; Andrew Nathan and Andrew Scobell, China’s Search for Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012).
26. Briefings, Beijing, June 2008; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, October 2, 2008.
27. Hu Xiao, “Japan and U.S. Told, Hands Off Taiwan,” China Daily, March 7, 2005, 1; for background see Michael Yahuda, Sino-Japanese Relations after the Cold War (New York: Routledge, 2014).
28. “China-Southeast Asia Relations,” Comparative Connections 9, no. 3 (October 2007): 75.
29. On the military aspects of the Obama government’s reengagement policies, see Mark Manyin et al., Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s “Rebalancing” toward Asia, CRS Report 42448 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, March 28, 2012) and Kurt Campbell, The Pivot (New York: Twelve-Hachette Book Group, 2016).
30. United States Department of Defense, Annual Report to Congress . . . 2012; Nathan and Scobell, China’s Search for Security; Tellis and Tanner, eds., Strategic Asia 2012–2013; Ian Rinehart, The Chinese Military: Overview and Issues for Congress, CRS Report 44196 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, March 24, 2016).
31. Robert S. Ross, “The Geography of Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century,”
International Security 23, no. 4 (Spring 1999): 81–118.
32. Aaron Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).
33. Kan, U.S.-China- Military Contacts.
34. Evan Medeiros, Reluctant Restraint: The Evolution of China’s Nonproliferation Policies and Practices, 1980–2004 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007).
35. Bonnie S. Glaser, “China’s Policy in the Wake of the Second DPRK Nuclear Test,” Asia Foundation, https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/GlaserChinaSecurity2.pdf (accessed July 19, 2017); Jeffrey Bader, Obama and China’s Rise (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2012) 26–39, 83–93.
36. Evan Medeiros, China’s International Behavior, 96–101; Bader, Obama and China’s Rise, 140–50; “China to Become Second-Largest Contributor to UN Peacekeeping Budget,”
China Watch, June 6, 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/china-wa
tch/politics/
12210677/china-contributions-un-peacekeeping-budget.html.
Notes
303
37. Godwin, “China as a Major Asian Power,” 145–66; Tellis and Tanner, Strategic Asia 2012–2013; United States Department of Defense, Annual Report to Congress . . . 2012; Rinehart, The Chinese Military.
38. Michael Swaine, “China’s Regional Military Posture,” in Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 266; Lampton, The Three Faces of Chinese Power, 40–42; Tellis and Tanner, Strategic Asia 2012–2013; Michael Swaine, Creating a Stable Asia: An Agenda for a U.S.-China Balance of Power (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2016); Aaron Friedberg, Beyond Air-Sea Battle: The Debate over US Military Strategy in Asia (London: IISS/
Routledge, 2014).
39. Bates Gill, Rising Star: China’s New Security Diplomacy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2007); David Shambaugh, China Goes Global (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 269–306; Ankit Panda, “China Creates New ‘Asia for Asians’ Security Forum,”
Diplomat, September 15, 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/china-creates-new-asia-for-asians-security-forum.
40. The discussion in the following several paragraphs is adapted from Swaine, “China’s Regional Military Posture,” 268–72. See also Michael Swaine, America’s Challenge: Engaging a Rising China in the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011), 147–82; Tellis and Tanner, Strategic Asia 2012–2013, 3–196; Friedberg, Beyond Air-Sea Battle; Swaine, Creating a Stable Asia: An Agenda for a U.S.-China Balance of Power (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2016).
41. Garver, Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 249–64.
42. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, 200–263; Twomey, “The Military-Security Relationship”; Susan Lawrence and David MacDonald, U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues, CRS