Eat the Beetles!: An Exploration into Our Conflicted Relationship with Insects
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109 — O. Rousseau, “Industry Questions EU Insect Meat Food Law,” Meat Processing (November 19, 2015). http://www.globalmeatnews.com/Safety-Legislation/Industry-questions-EU-insect-meat-food-law
110 — The World Bank stopped using the term in 2016.
111 — This is true globally for most food imports, not just insects.
112 — Waldbauer, 2009. Fireflies, Honey, and Silk, p37.
113 — “A Point of View: On Bees and Beings,” BBC News (June 3, 2012). http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18279345
114 — See J.A. VanLeeuwen, D. Waltner-Toews, T. Abernathy, and B. Smit, “Evolving Models of Human Health Toward an Ecosystem Context,” Ecosystem Health 5(3, 1999): 204–219. The figure is also discussed in my book Ecosystem Sustainability and Health: A Practical Approach.
115 — Yates-Doerr, 2015. “The World in a Box?”
116 — See http://www.archipelago-restaurant.co.uk
117 — In September 2015, Redzepi announced that Noma would close at the end of 2016 and resurrect itself as an urban farm, following the seasonal patterns more closely. J. Gordinier, “René Redzepi Plans to Close Noma and Reopen It as an Urban Farm,” New York Times (September 14, 2015). http://www.nytimes .com/2015/09/16/dining/noma-rene-redzepi-urban-farm.html?_r=0
118 — Kanazawa et al., 2008. “Entomophagy: A Key to Space Agriculture.” Insects don’t take up much room and don’t compete for human foods; they can be used to recycle waste, and can even, like silkworms, provide materials for clothing. With the right bugs, Andy Weir’s Martian Mark Watney could have lasted a lot longer. Or maybe the crew were eating insects. I don’t recall the astronauts’ diets being made explicit.
119 — Arabena, 2009. “Indigenous to the Universe.”
PART VII. REVOLUTION 9
120 — Dronamraju, 1995. Haldane’s Daedalus Revisited.
121 — I am not sure if Hawking realized how his framing of this echoed that of Haldane.
122 — Gould, 1983/1994. “Nonmoral Nature.”
123 — Stephen Jay Gould, a generation after Teilhard, argued for a separation of these two kinds of questions: how and why. He asserted that there were questions appropriate to the magisterium of science and questions appropriate to the magisterium of religion, and that these were separate “non-overlapping” magisteria. This still leaves open the question of how we go about integrating insights from these magesteria.
124 — For more on fractals, see Benout Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature (New York: Times Books, 1982).
YOU MIGHT SEE ME.
INDEX
NOTE: The page numbers listed in this index will not correspond to locations in your ebook, but this index has been retained as a list of searchable terms.
A
Acheta domesticus densovirus, 208, 269
acoustic ecology, 96, 165–166
Aegrotocatellus jaggeri, 55
Africa, 5, 31, 63, 66–67, 83, 177–179, 259, 275
Botswana, 275
Canary Islands, 133
Central African Republic, 181
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 181
Ghana, 179–180
Kenya, 65
Madagascar, 126, 154–155
Mali, 126
South Africa, 35, 258, 275
sub-Saharan Africa, 31, 36–37, 181, 276, 281
Tanzania, 62
Uganda, 62, 65, 181–182, 219
Zimbabwe, 275, 277
agri-food
cricket farming and, 201
economies of scale and, 169
global food culture and, 47
as inequitable, 281
insects as food source for, 153, 254
and need for diversity, 208–209
need to reinvent practices of, 293
problems associated with, xix–xx
sustainability of, 42, 204, 207
transformation of, 233
as a wicked problem, 172
AgriProtein, 218
alarm pheromones, 93–94
aldicarb, 132–133
allergic reactions to insect-eating, 258
Anderson Design Group, 145, 274
angiosperms, 87
animal feeds
insects and, 32, 210–219
production by Enterra Feed, 211–215
animal welfare
caring about, 241
insect farming and, 234
and sale of live crickets, 234
Annan, Kofi, xiii, xvi, 220
Anomylocaris, 52
ant highways/bridges, 159–160
ant-dipping, 62
ants
ancestors of, 56
black ants as garnish, 119–120
in Cretaceous period, 56–57
egg-laying habits of, 20
as eusocial insects, 25
in film and literature, 140, 148–149
heptachlor and, 131
honeypot ants, 63
leaf-cutter ants, 225–226
magnetoreception in, 100
pacts with, 251
in rock and bark drawings, 63
sal de hormiga, 225–226
weaver ants (Oecyphylla smaragdina), 33, 61–62, 159–160, 195
yellow citrus ants (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr), 159
aphids
and citrus trees, 159
grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), 23, 116–117
lacewings and, 161
ladybird beetles and, 162
as producers of manna, 221
aphrodisiacs, 92
apicentric beekeeping, 255
apposition eyes, 98–99
aquaculture. See fish farming
arachnids, 8, 53, 132
Archipelago Restaurant, 289–291
Arcticalymene jonesi, 55
armoured ground cricket, 177
armyworms, 161
arthropods. See also specific subphyla, classes, orders, etc.
brain circuitries in, 72–73
described, 6–8
ecological functions of, 75–76
evolution of, 52–56
extinctions and, 77–78
flatulence in, 43
parthogenesis in, 20
Asia, 31, 66
China, 27, 158–159, 183–184, 258, 278–280
Japan, 149–150, 183–192, 248, 278–279
Asian giant hornets, 27, 196
Asian/Eastern honey bees, 93, 268. See also bees
Aspire Food Group, 179–180
assassin bugs (triatomine bugs), 18, 111. See also true bugs
Australia
Aboriginal drawings of insects, 63, 67
Billy Kwong Restaurant, 226–228
insect-eating in, 63, 111, 196
naming of insects in, 5–6
Public Bar and Restaurant, 228
termites in, 78
Unspun Honey, 93, 255, 284–285
axayacatl water bug, 95
B
ball-rolling dung beetles, 99
bamboo borers/worms, 168–169
banded crickets, 208
bark beetles, 97
Bartók, Béla, 143
The Beatles, 2–3, 147
bedbugs, 9–10, 120
Bee Time, 94, 146
bee venom, 70
beehives
decision-making in, 142
foulbrood in, 134, 268
human evolution and, 71
human-devised vs wild, 68
Langstroth hives, 68–69, 283–284
nutritional value of, 27
pesticides in, 135
in temple wall paintings, 68
Warré hives, 255, 284–285
as weapons of war, 68
bees
ancestors of, 56
apicentric beekeeping, 255
Asian/Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana), 93, 268
as beautiful, 249
Brazil nuts, orchids and, 90
brood, 283
colony collapse disorder (CCD), 134, 284
communication amongst, 93–94, 142
in Cretaceous period, 56–57
disease regulations for, 268
diseases in, 268
European/Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), 32, 62, 70, 93, 242, 268
as eusocial insects, 25, 71–72
as food animals, 268
human relationship with, 66–71, 94
in industrialized agriculture, 89
Karl von Frisch’s work with, 142
killer bees, 128
in literature, 146
magnetoreception in, 100
need for diversity of pollen, 283
neonicotinoids and, 134
neurobiological experiments on, 242
nutrient levels in, 32–33
orchid bees, 90
pacts with, 250
pheromones in communication, 93–94
pollination services of, 268
as praiseworthy, 140
primates eating, 61–62
red-blindness in, 97
relationship to hornets, 57–58
relationship with greater honeyguide, 67
as semi-managed, 274, 282
beeswax, 70
beet armyworms, 161
beetle larvae. See also mealworms; palm weevil larvae
primates eating, 61
superworms (Zophobas morio), 45–46
beetles
ball-rolling dung beetles, 99
bark beetles (Dendroctonus), 97
confused flour beetles, 13
darkling beetles (Tenebrio molitor), 13, 86
diurnal beetles, 99
diving beetles, 195
dung beetles, 14, 144, 177, 195–196, 259
farming of, 217
in human diet, 10–11
Japanese beetles, 161
ladybugs (Rodolia cardinalis), 140, 161–163
longhorn beetles, 97
low extinction rates of, 25
mealworm beetles, 13
nocturnal beetles, 99
palm weevils (Rhynchophorus phoenicius), xv, 33, 83–84, 178, 180, 274, 276
pinion engraver beetles (Ips confusus), 97
pre-history of, 55, 57
southern pine beetles, 165–166
stag beetles, 248
Titanus giganteus, 64
water scavenger beetles, 195
western pine beetles, 165–166
woodboring beetles, 97
Berenbaum, May, 10
on arthropod flatulence, 43
on counting populations of insects, 18
on ladybugs, 162
on pheromones, 92
on sexual cannibalism, 122–123
Beynon, Sarah
on climate change, 42, 47
on digestion of insects, 35–36
Billy Kwong Restaurant, 226–228
biophilia, 238, 240, 311
Black Ant (restaurant), 225–226
black ants, 119–120
black flies
habitat requirements for, 139–140
Holarctic black flies, 138
management of, 161
parthogenesis in, 139
river blindness and, 121, 138–139
Simuliidae, 138
Black Fly Day, 138–139, 150
black soldier flies, 20, 32, 213–214
blow flies
control programs for, 165
maggots of, 107–108
Bodenheimer, F. S.
on eating insects, 118–119
on lice, 121–122
on manna from insects, 221, 237
Bombay locusts, 153
The Botanist and the Vintner: How Wine Was Saved for the World, 116–117
botflies. See blow flies
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 262
boxelder bugs, 18–19
brain circuitries, as shared between humans and insects, 72–73, 242
Brazil nuts, bees, orchids and, 89–90
brood
cicadas, 95
as delicacy, 196
in Langstroth hives, 283
in mead, 70
Broomfield, Matt
on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), 39, 42
on insects and empowerment of women, 39, 277
brown agouti (rodent), 90
Bug Music: How Insects Gave Us Rhythm and Noise, 96, 144
bugs
as general term, 15
history of term, 10
Bugs in the System, 10
Bukkens, Sandra, 29–30
bush crickets, 94. See also katydids
bush flies, 14
butterflies
beauty of, 91
breeding habits of, 164
in Cretaceous period, 57
metamorphosis in, 22–23
monarch butterflies, 115, 173
pentachromatism in, 97–98
Butterfly Model of Health, 287
Buzzwords: A Scientist Muses on Sex, Bugs, and Rock’n’Roll, 43
by-catch, 198, 212, 247
C
cacao trees, midges and, 87–88
caddisflies, 55
cadmium in mopane caterpillars, 259
Caelifera, 59
California red scale, 13
calling glands, 92
Cambrian explosion, 51
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), 215
caprifigs, 89
carbofuran, 133
Cardosa Flea Circus, 146
Cardoso, Maria Fernanda, 146
caring
about animal welfare, 241
about nature, 240–241, 300
defined, 240
primordial capacity for, 236
Carson, Rachel, 125–126, 131, 157
Casu marzu cheese, 66, 263–264
caterpillars. See also specific caterpillars, e.g. mopane caterpillars
Cordyceps, 169
and fig trees, 88
foraging for, 183
as important food source, 175, 181
leaf-feeding caterpillars, 159
metamorphosis and, 5, 22
primates eating, 62
Tachinid flies and, 81
taken over by fungus, 169
wasps and, 58
cave drawings (Cro-Magnon), grasshoppers in, 63
Cecidomyiidae, 87
cecropia moths, 82
Ceratopogonidae, 87
Chaos and the Emergent Mind of the Pond, 96
chapulines. See also grasshoppers
lead levels in, 258
protein levels in, 30
cheeses modified by insects, 66, 263–264
chimpanzees, 62
chitin
in beetles, 217
digestibility of, 35–37
exoskeletons and, 36
health claims for, 36
Cicada Invasion (website), 145
cicadas
in Japan, 186–187
music, 143–145
in North America, 95–96
periodical cicadas, 95–96
as potential food source, 274
citrus farming, insect control in, 158–159, 16
2–163
citrus leaf miner, 159
citrus stink bug, 159
clade, 9, 59
classification of insects. See insect classification/naming
climate change, insect-eating and, 42, 47
cochineal scale insects
natural predators for, 160
in production of dye and shellac, 221, 279
Starbucks incident, 221–222, 238
cockroaches
in film and literature, 106, 120, 140
methane emissions from, 44
“milk” produced by, 37
in music, 144
Pacific beetle cockroach (Diploptera punctata), 37
as related to lobsters, 53
coconut larvae. See red palm weevils
Codex, 269–270
cognition in honey bees, 242
Coleoptera, 9. See also beetles; mealworms
in Cretaceous period, 57
in human diet, 10–11
colony collapse disorder (CCD), 134, 284
Commission of the Codex Alimentarius, 269–270
communication
complexity of, 91, 96, 100, 142
by insects, 83–84, 91–97, 100–101
pheromones in, 91–94
companion planting, 158
complexity of the world, 44, 101, 106, 238, 254–255, 307
compound eyes, 98
cone-headed grasshoppers, 181–182
confused flour beetles, 13
consciousness
in animals, 240
in insects, 243, 307
origins of, 242, 308
copper
in mealworms, 33
in mopane caterpillars, 259
in palm weevils, 33
in termites, 33
corn earworms, 161
cossid moths, 5. See also witjuti grubs
cottony cushion scale, 162–163
cricket chips, 199
cricket farming
Entomo Farms, xii, 202–208
harvest, 205–206
in Lao PDR, x, 94, 195, 197–199
nursery, 205
processing of crickets, 206–207
in Thailand, 194–195
cricket flour, 206–207
cricket paralysis virus, 269
cricket paratha, 222, 261–262
cricket salsa, 199–200
crickets
Acheta domesticus densovirus in, 208, 269
ancestors of, 55
appeal to North American palates, 208
armoured ground cricket (Acanthoplus spiseri), 177
banded crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus), 208
bush crickets, 94
consuming beer waste, 281