Eat the Beetles!: An Exploration into Our Conflicted Relationship with Insects
Page 33
diseases in, 207–208
egg-laying habits of, 20
Festa del Grillo (Cricket Festival), 234
flavor of, xv
house crickets (Acheta domesticus), 7, 40–41, 207–208
in literature, 140–141, 146
mole crickets, 196
nutrient levels in, 33, 207
proposal for food standards for, 269–270
protein powder from, 208
role in nutrient-cycling, 85–86
survival of Permian extinction by, 58–59
white crickets, 196
CRISPR/Cas9, 164
D
darkling beetles, 13, 86. See also beetles; mealworms
Darwin, Charles
on bloodsucking insects, 112–113
on parasitic wasps, 304
DDT, 125–127, 129–130
deformed wing virus, 269
dengue fever, 110
Department of Food Safety (WHO), 269
depuration, 35
desert fruitcake, 156
detritivores, 78
Dhalwala, Meeru, 222–224, 261–262, 292
Dicrotendipes thanatogratus, 12
Dimini Cricket, xiv
Diptera, 9, 57. See also black flies; black soldier flies; blow flies; fruit flies; mosquitoes
disease
emerging infectious diseases, 271–272
foodborne, 262–264, 266–267, 269
in honey bees, 268
in insects, 268–269
insects bearing, 121–123
wars against, 130
disgust
and cultural images, 104–105
Darwin and, 112
defined, 119–120
disruptive technology, xii
domestication
of insects, 31–32, 282
of silkworms, 146, 279–280
Don Bugito (restaurant), 224
Donne, John, on fleas, 145
dragonflies
as by-catch, 198
larvae of, 195
in music, 144
pentachromatism in, 97–98
dung beetles, 14, 99, 144, 177, 195–196, 259
Dunn, David, 96, 165–166
E
eastern honey bees. See Asian/Eastern honey bees
ecological niches
occupied by bees, 282
occupied by insects, 19–20
Edible: An Adventure into the World of Eating Insects and the Last Great Hope to Save the Planet, xi
edible insects
agricultural pests as, 31
big sellers in Lao PDR, 195
categories of, 31–32
greenhouse gas emissions from production of, 42
insecticides and, 134
nutrients in, 76
problems with language used for, 15
research into, 30
Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security (FAO, 2103), x–xi, xvii, 3, 176–177, 204
efficiency, as societal ideal, 253
Einstein, Albert, on problem-solving, 303
emperor moths, 5, 83, 175. See also mopane caterpillars/worms
enlightenment science, and marginalization of practices, 173
Ensifera, 59
Enterra Feed
animal feed production by, 211–215
in Europe, 218, 264
organic waste recycling by, xii, 213, 252
entomapatheia, 166, 239–240
Entomeal, 218
Entomo Farms
cricket farming at, 202–208
geoentomarian, 14
insect products from, xii
trade-offs, 255
Entomological Society of America, 19
entomology, 8, 158
entomon, 8
entomophagy. See also insect-eating; insectivory
as communion, 311
controversy over term, 14
cultural resistance to, xvii–xviii
ethical considerations for, 234–235, 238
and food security, 175
goals of, 287, 300
green hopes for, 277
and meaning of life, 301–313
as narrative thread through evolution, 301
need to consult traditional knowledge base, 287
as neocolonial, 176–177
origin of term, 8
questions around, xx, 309–310
as a wicked problem, 171–172
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 131, 132
Erzinçlioglu, Zakaria, 108, 113
ethics
defined, 236
of insect-eating, 234–235, 245–247, 256
vs morality, 236
regulations and, 237–238
euceros, 21–22
Europe
Belgium, 264
Spain, 67, 271
Switzerland, 218
European Association of Insect Producers, xii, 264–265
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 270–271
European foulbrood (Mellissococcus pluton), 268
European praying mantis, 12
European Union (EU)
changing of regulations in, 271–272
insects-as-food regulations in, 217–219, 263
European/Western honey bees, 32, 62, 70, 93, 242, 268. See also bees
eusocial insects, 25. See also social insects
evolution
beehives and, 71
and complexity of the world, 307–308
disgust as evolutionary response, xx–xxi
of entomophagy, 21
entomophagy through, 301–302
of insects, 21–25, 51–58
as self-conscious, 305
exoskeletons, 8
chitin and, 36
first appearances of, 51–52
extinction events, 54–56, 77–78
eyes
apposition, 98–99
compound, 98
superposition, 98–99
F
Fabre, Jean-Henri, 92
fairyflies/fairy wasps, 12, 21, 80–81. See also wasps
farming. See agri-food; insect farming
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
defined, 40–41
for mealworm feed, 219
for silkworms, 183
fermented wasp shochu, 27
Festa del Grillo (Cricket Festival), 234
fig wasps, 89
figs
Smyrna figs, 89
symbolic importance of, 88
and wasps, 88–89
fire ants, 106
fireflies, 98
fish farming, xii, 211–212, 254
fishflies, 22
fishmeal
exemption clause for, 236, 271
insect-based replacement for, 219, 229, 293
production of, 210, 214
Flannery, Tim
on cooperation, 75, 310
on loss of brain mass, 173–174
flea circuses, 146
fleas
John Donne on, 145
Jonathan Swift on, 20–21
flies. See also specific flies, e.g. fruit flies, black flies
black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens), 20, 32, 213–214
in Cretaceous period, 57
farming of, 25
maggots, 107–108
Pieza kake, 12
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security (FAO 2013), x–xi, xvii, 176–177, 204
>
Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back (FAO 2010), 26–27, 176–177, 195
Six-Legged Livestock (FAO 2013), 160
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
and insect parts in food, 270
and lead levels in food, 259
food chain
contaminants in, 258
insects as important to, 140
place of insects in, xvii
food safety
Department of Food Safety (WHO), 269
insect-eating and, 257–258
food security
entomophagy as response to, 175
goal of, 41–42, 135
for indigenous peoples, 140
insects and, xix, 173
need for diversity, 219
threatened by locust plagues, 154–155
food-demand management, 41–42
foraging
as ancient practice, 63
by-catch and, 212, 247
collateral damage from, 46, 82, 99, 247, 277–278
as difficult in temperate zones, 65–66
eusocial insects and, 25
vs farming of insects, 40, 46, 48, 246–247, 275–280
greenhouse gases and, 41–43
human tool use and, 63
overforaging, 101, 179, 254–255, 275
role in pest management, 58, 179
sale of foraged insects, 195–196
storage and preservation of insects after, 274
trade-offs with, 254–255
of wasp, bee and hornet larvae, 58
Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back (FAO 2010), 26–27, 176–177, 195
Formicidae, 140–141
foulbrood, 134, 268
frass
defined, 86
as fertilizer, 179, 198, 206–207, 214
insect-repellent properties of, 214
fried wasps, 183
Frisch, Karl von, 142
fruit flies
melon flies (Bactrocera cucurbitae), 164
vinegar and pomace flies (Drosophila melanogaster), 72
fungi
in caterpillars, 169
detection of by beetles, 261
in literature, 80
relationship with insects, 79–80
termites and, 181
G
galls, 82–83
Gbaya people, 181
gender equity
insect foraging and, 276–277
and sustainable food system, 272
gene sequencing, 72
gene sharing between humans and insects, 72
Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), 270
genetic modifications to insects, 163–164
geoentomarian, 14
giant water bugs, 109–110, 195. See also true bugs
Global Malaria Eradication Programme, 125–126
a-glucosidase inhibitor (DNJ), 32
Goldin family, 203–204
Gould, Stephen Jay
on Cambrian period, 51
on wasps and moral conundrums, 305
Grandin, Temple, 246
grape phylloxera, 23. See also aphids
as Black Death to wine industry, 116–117
grasshoppers
ancestors of, 55
chapulines, 30, 258–259
cone-headed grasshoppers (Ruspolia nitidula), 181–182
consumption of, 154, 156, 184
Cro-Magnon cave drawings of, 63
flavor of, xv
harvesting of, 156
in literature, 140, 148–149
vs locusts, 84–85, 113
mechanical control of, 157
as nutrient recyclers, 84–85
as pests, 156–157
rice grasshoppers (Oxya spp), 31–32
sexual cannibalism in, 122
as source of income, 156
survival of Permian extinction by, 58–59
greater honeyguide bird (Indicator indicator), 67
Green Brain Project, 242
greenhouse gases (GHG), 39–45
griffenflies, 54
Grub Kitchen (restaurant), 42
grubs. See also beetle larvae; moth larvae
naming of, 5–6
witjuti grubs (Endoxyla leucomochla), 5, 63
“gut loading,” 34
H
habitat conservation
insect foraging and, 46, 275–276
for midges, 87–88
habitat loss
for locusts, 115–116
for monarch butterflies, 115
for termites, 44
through foraging, 46
Haldane, J.B.S.
on beetles, 19, 105, 301
on insect-eating, xvii
Hanboonsong, Yupa, 46–47
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan (HACCP), 260
Hemiptera, 9, 23, 111. See also aphids; bedbugs; cicadas; scale insects; true bugs
hemoparasites, 111–113
hemorrhagic dengue fever, 110
heptachlor, 131
Hexapoda, 7
higher termites, 79
Holarctic black flies, 138
Holcroft, Andrew, 42
Hölldobler, Bert, on honey bees, 142
holons (definition), 307
Holt, Vincent M., 118–119
Homer
on bees, 68
on blows of flies, 108
hominids, eating termites, 62–63
honey
as big business, 268
health properties of, 68
manuka honey, 268, 282
process of creating, 69
as wound dressing, 68
honey bees. See bees
honey mead, 69–70, 156
honeypot ants, 63
hornet hunting, 189–192
hornet pickles, 156
hornets. See also wasps
Asian giant hornets, 27, 196
larvae of, 188, 196
and pheromones, 92–93
relationship to bees, 57–58
Vespa bicolor, 92–93
Houle, Karen
on morality and ethics, 235–236
on overconsumption, 253–254
on pacts with animals, 249–252
on suffering in insects, 242–245
house crickets
classification of, 7
farming of, 31
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) for, 40–41
nutrient levels in, 31–33
Hubert, Antoine
on disruptive technology, xii
on insects-as-food regulations, 271
on multiple-use insects, 71
on post-BSE food bans, 264
Ynsect and, 215–219
Huis, Arnold van, on insects as food, xi, xvii
human tool use and insect foraging, 63
humane killing
of animals, 246–247
of insects, 245–246
Hungry for Bugs (film), 46
Hymenoptera, 9, 190. See also ants; bees; hornets; sawflies; wasps
in Cretaceous period, 57
ecological niches occupied by, 21
in human diet, 10
I
ice ages, 50
Ichneumonidae, 22, 56, 161, 304–305
immigrant predators, 163
indigenous peoples. See also specific peoples, e.g.Tucanoan people
anecdotal evidence from, 27
food security for, 140
identification of insects by, 6, 12–13, 15
; insects eaten by, 154, 169
knowledge and practices, 172–173, 175
indigeneity, 294
insect bio-refinery, 216
insect classification/naming
complexities of, 9
cultural influences on, 141–143
history of, 8
importance of, 12–13
by indigenous peoples, 4–6
problems with language used in, 14–15
by scientific community, 6–7, 11–12
whimsical names, 12, 55
The Insect Cookbook: Food for a Sustainable Planet, xiii, 220, 249
Insect Cuisine Research Association (Konchu Ryori Kenkyukai), 184
insect digestive enzymes, 200
insect farming
animal welfare and, 234
ecological footprint of, 252–253
economies of scale and, 233
Enterra Feed, 211–215
food safety and, 259–260
and greenhouse gases, 39
industrial-scale, 215
vs insect foraging, 40, 46, 48, 246–247
learning from livestock agriculture, 281
of social insects, 25
species being farmed, 31–32
sustainability of, 272
unintended consequences of innovations in, 285–286
Ynsect, 215–219
insect hunting, 185–187
insect parts in food, allowable levels, 222, 270
insect pests. See also specific pests, e.g. grape phylloxera
agricultural pests, 97
effect on attitudes toward insects, 104–105, 118, 123–124, 140
as moral problems, 127–128
nonchemical control of, 82, 153, 158–164
war on, 104–105, 130
insect populations
characteristics of, 19–20
control of, 158–160
ecological niches occupied by, 20–21
terms for, 6
insect pornography, 145
insect sanctuaries, 115, 159–160, 173, 280, 312–313
insect sounds, 94–95, 97, 143–144
insect tea, 169
insect traps, 198–199, 212
insect-eaters. See also entomophagy; insectivory
diversity of populations, 177
knowledge and practices of, 172–173, 177–178, 182
naming of insects by, 5–6, 11
vs non-insect-eaters, 4–6
insect-eating. See also entomophagy
allergic reactions from, 258
chemical and metals in food, 258–259
as cultural, 66
as disgusting, xx–xxi, 104–105, 119
food safety and, 257–260
future of, 292–294
history of, 298
implications for human welfare, 242, 245
knowledge and practices around, 172–173, 175, 177–178, 182