Churchill, Hitler, and The Unnecessary War

by Patrick J. Buchanan

  142. Gilbert, p. 274; Jenkins, p. 240; Ralph Raico, “Rethinking Churchill,” The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, Second Expanded Edition, John Denson, ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1999), p. 330.

  143. Charmley, p. 99.

  144. Gilbert, p. 281.

  145. Ibid., p. 285.

  146. Ibid., pp. 294–95.

  147. Richard Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill: A Study in Character (New York: Basic, 2005), p. 72.

  148. Gilbert, pp. 277–78.

  149. Walter Millis, Road to War: America 1914–1917 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935), p. 48; Raico, “Turning Point,” p. 220.

  CHAPTER 3: “A POISONOUS SPIRIT OF REVENGE”

  1. Peter Rowland, David Lloyd George: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1975), p. 476.

  2. Richard A. Odorfer, The Soul of Germany: A Unique History of the Germans from the Earliest Times to Present (New Braunfels, Tex.: Richard A. Odorfer, 1995), p. 290.

  3. John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage, 2000), p. 405; G. J. Meyer, World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914–1918 (New York: Delacorte Press, 2006), pp. 563–64.

  4. Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933–1941 (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952), p. 10.

  5. Ibid., p. 11.

  6. Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century (London: Indigo, 1997), p. 32.

  7. Jim Powell, Wilson’s War: How Woodrow Wilson’s Great Blunder Led to Hitler, Lenin, Stalin and World War II (New York: Crown Forum, 2005), pp. 2–3; C. Paul Vincent, The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1985), p. 70.

  8. Roy Hattersley, The Edwardians (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004), p. 95.

  9. Rowland, p. 463.

  10. Ibid., p. 470.

  11. Denman, p. 38; Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1996), p. 102; Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2002), p. 189.

  12. Francis Neilson, The Churchill Legend (Brooklyn, N.Y.: 29 Books, 2004), pp. 254, 256.

  13. George Kennan, American Diplomacy 1900–1950 (New York: A Mentor Book, 1951), pp. 55–56.

  14. Thomas A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1944), p. 153.

  15. Vincent, p. 85; Thomas Fleming, The Illusion of Victory: America in World War I (New York: Basic, 2003), p. 324.

  16. Richard Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill (New York; Basic, 2005), p. 72; Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1991), p. 143.

  17. A.J.P. Taylor, A History of the First World War (New York: Berkley, 1966), p. 171.

  18. Bailey, p. 34.

  19. Ibid., p. 37.

  20. Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Volume II: 1795 to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), p. 393.

  21. Tansill, p. 21.

  22. Denman, p. 43.

  23. Taylor, p. 169.

  24. Bailey, p. 242; MacMillan, p. 187; Fleming, p. 366.

  25. Fleming, p. 382.

  26. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Leftism Revisited: From De Sade and Marx to Hitler and Pol Pot (Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1990), p. 218.

  27. Captain Russell Grenfell, R.N., Unconditional Hatred: German War Guilt and the Future of Europe (New York: Devin-Adair, 1953), p. 241.

  28. Denman, p. 49.

  29. Taylor, p. 158.

  30. Bailey, p. 309; William Henry Chamberlin, America’s Second Crusade (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1950), p. 5.

  31. Ralph Raico, “World War I: The Turning Point,” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, Second Expanded Edition, John Denson, ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1999), p. 222.

  32. Neilson, p. 250.

  33. Ibid., p. 251.

  34. Fleming, p. 323.

  35. Odorfer, p. 289.

  36. Bailey, p. 305.

  37. Charles L. Mee, Jr., The End of Order: Versailles 1919 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1980), p. 129; Vincent, p. 112; Odorfer, p. 289.

  38. Raico, p. 240; Fleming, p. 355.

  39. Denman, p. 34.

  40. Ibid., p. 35.

  41. Herbert Hoover and Hugh Gibson, The Problems of Lasting Peace (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1943), reprinted in Prefaces to Peace: A Symposium (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1943), pp. 227–28.

  42. Tansill, p. 24.

  43. Odorfer, p. 292; Fleming, p. 376.

  44. Denman, p. 48; Mee, pp. 215–16.

  45. Fleming, p. 377.

  46. Bailey, p. 290; Fleming, p. 377.

  47. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 26.

  48. Fleming, p. 377; Mee, p. 218.

  49. Odorfer, p. 292.

  50. Otto Friedrich, Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin in the 1920s (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 49–50; Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1999), p. 214.

  51. A. David Andelman, A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today (Hoboken, N.J.: John T. Wiley & Sons, 2007), p. 290.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 218.

  54. William Manchester, The Last Lion, Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory 1874–1932 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983), p. 660.

  55. Odorfer, p. 294; Mee, p. 249.

  56. Bailey, p. 303.

  57. Ibid., p. 292.

  58. Francis Neilson, The Makers of War (Appleton, Wisc.: C. C. Nelson, 1950), p. 151.

  59. Fleming, p. 387.

  60. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France 1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), p. 19.

  61. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 233.

  62. Ibid., p. 234.

  63. Andrew Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 147.

  64. Kissinger, p. 240; Luigi Villari, Italian Foreign Policy Under Mussolini (New York: Devin-Adair, 1956), p. 205.

  65. Wenzel Jaksch, Europe’s Road to Potsdam (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 210.

  66. Ibid., pp. 210–11.

  67. Ibid., pp. 276–77.

  68. Stephen Sisa, The Spirit of Hungary: A Panorama of Hungarian History and Culture, 2nd Edition (USA: A Wintario Project, 1990), p. 235.

  69. Ibid., p. 233.

  70. Andelman, p. 155.

  71. Ibid., p. 161.

  72. Ibid., pp. 164–65.

  73. Ibid., p. 162.

  74. Ibid., p. 191.

  75. Ibid.

  76. Raico, p. 240; Denman, p. 30.

  77. Jozsef Cardinal Mindszenty, Memoirs (New York: Macmillan, 1974), pp. 305–6.

  78. George Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), p. 94.

  79. Davies, p. 404.

  80. Andelman, p. 215.

  81. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis: 1911–1918, With a New Introduction by Martin Gilbert (New York: Free Press, 2005), p. 692.

  82. Denman, p. 41; Kissinger, p. 241; MacMillan, p. 197.

  83. Rowland, p. 485; Raico, p. 245.

  84. John Laughland, The Tainted Source: The Undemocratic Origins of the European Idea (London: Warner, 1998), p. 119.

  85. Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 206.

  86. Denman, p. 49; Horne, p. 20.

  87. Villari, p. 5.

  88. Ibid.

  89. Kissinger, p. 272.

  90. Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1997), p. 366.

  91. Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (Great Britain: Sutton, 1997), p. 71.

  92. Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), p. 208.

  93. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (New York: Basic, 1999), p. 436.

  94. Mee, p. xviii.

  95. Ibid., p. 259.

  96. Bailey
, p. 134.

  97. MacMillan, p. 12.

  98. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic, 2003), p. 310.

  99. Jaksch, p. 218.

  100. Ibid.

  101. Ibid.; Emrys Hughes, Winston Churchill: British Bulldog (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), p. 94.

  102. Hughes, p. 94.

  103. Mee, p. 75.

  104. Richard Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness (London: Macmillan, 2007), p. 200.

  105. Ibid., p. 223.

  106. Odorfer, p. 290.

  107. Kissinger, p. 241.

  108. Barnett, p. 392; Meyer, p. 536.

  109. Andreas Hillgruber, Germany and the Two World Wars (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 47.

  110. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Pandaemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 78–79.

  111. Ibid., p. 102.

  112. Rowland, pp. 494–95.

  113. Ibid., p. 495.

  114. Bailey, p. 323.

  115. Villari, p. 92.

  116. Mee, p. 267.

  117. Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 221.

  CHAPTER 4: “A LOT OF SILLY LITTLE CRUISERS”

  1. Rudyard Kipling, “Recessional,” The Oxford Book of English Verse: 1250–1918, Chosen and Edited by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), p. 1076.

  2. Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: William Morrow, 1977), p. 252; Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 173.

  3. Barnett, pp. 250–51; Johnson, p. 173.

  4. Barnett, p. 251; Johnson, p. 173.

  5. Barnett, p. 254.

  6. Ibid., p. 262.

  7. Alfred Leroy Burt, The Evolution of the British Empire and Commonwealth from the American Revolution (Boston: D.C. Heath, 1956), p. 745.

  8. Barnett, p. 253.

  9. Barnett, p. 265.

  10. A.J.P. Taylor, A History of the First World War (New York: Berkley, 1966), p. 169.

  11. Barnett, p. 264.

  12. Ibid., p. 265.

  13. Ibid., p. 263.

  14. Ibid., p. 267; Johnson, p. 174.

  15. Burt, p. 747.

  16. Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People, Seventh Edition (New York: Meredith, 1964), p. 644.

  17. Johnson, p. 188.

  18. Arthur Herman, To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 522.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Barnett, p. 249.

  22. John T. Flynn, Country Squire in the White House (New York: Doubleday, Duran, 1940), pp. 20–23.

  23. James Morris, Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1978), pp. 216–17.

  24. Ibid., p. 217.

  25. Robert H. Ferrell, American Diplomacy: A History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1959), p. 335; Johnson, p. 174.

  26. Ferrell, p. 335.

  27. Herman, p. 520.

  28. Barnett, p. 272.

  29. Ibid., p. 273.

  30. Bradford Perkins, The Great Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1895–1914 (New York: Atheneum, 1968), p. 4.

  31. Barnett, p. 262.

  32. Robert Debs Heinl, Jr., Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations (Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute, 1967), pp. 8–9.

  33. Barnett, p. 275; Johnson, p. 175; Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices: The Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), p. 15.

  34. Johnson, p. 174.

  35. Ibid.; Herman, p. 520.

  36. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Power Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic, 2003), p. 322.

  37. Johnson, p. 175.

  38. Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001), p. 395.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Ibid., p. 396.

  41. Ibid., p. 415.

  42. Ibid., p. 397.

  43. Barnett, p. 276.

  44. Johnson, p. 175.

  45. Barnett, p. 278.

  46. Herman, p. 520.

  47. Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933–1941 (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952), p. 100.

  48. Ibid.

  49. Ibid., p. 101.

  50. Barnett, p. 349.

  51. Tansill, p. 521.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Ibid., p. 522.

  54. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 (London: Odhams Press, 1939), pp. 19–20.

  55. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), p. 13.

  56. Ibid., p. 14.

  CHAPTER 5: 1935: COLLAPSE OF THE STRESA FRONT

  1. Ivone Kirkpatrick, Mussolini: A Study in Power (London: Discus, 1964), p. 285.

  2. Richard Collier, Duce!: A Biography of Benito Mussolini (New York: Viking Press, 1971), p. 134.

  3. Charles L. Mee, Jr., The End of Order: Versailles 1919 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1980), pp. 58–59.

  4. Ibid., p. 59.

  5. Peter Rowland, David Lloyd George: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1975), p. 491.

  6. Luigi Villari, Italian Foreign Policy Under Mussolini (New York: Devin-Adair, 1956), p. vi.

  7. Collier, p. 94.

  8. Villari, p. vii.

  9. Emrys Hughes, Winston Churchill: British Bulldog (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), p. 143.

  10. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), p. 246.

  11. R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini (London: Arnold, 2002), p. 267.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Kirkpatrick, p. 282.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid., p. 283.

  16. Bosworth, p. 281.

  17. Kirkpatrick, p. 284.

  18. Richard Lamb, Mussolini as Diplomat: Il Duce’s Italy on the World Stage (New York: Fromm International, 1999), p. 105.

  19. Collier, p. 117.

  20. Kershaw, p. 522.

  21. Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 620.

  22. Bosworth, p. 275.

  23. Kirkpatrick, p. 284.

  24. Ibid., p. 285.

  25. John Toland, Adolf Hitler (Garden City: N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976), pp. 353–54.

  26. Toland, p. 354; Kershaw, p. 524.

  27. Kirkpatrick, p. 287.

  28. Toland, p. 354.

  29. J. Kenneth Brody, The Avoidable War: Lord Cecil & The Politics of Principle, vol. I (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1999), p. 122; Toland, pp. 354–55.

  30. Brody, p. 123; Toland, p. 355.

  31. Toland, p. 355.

  32. Ibid.; Brody, p. 123; Kirkpatrick, p. 288; Collier, p. 124.

  33. Kirkpatrick, p. 287.

  34. Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), p. 35.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens, translators, Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944: His Private Conversations (New York: Enigma, 2000), p. 417.

  37. A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York: Atheneum, 1961), p. 86.

  38. Evans, p. 626.

  39. Lamb, p. 112.

  40. Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (Great Britain: Sutton, 1997), p. 331.

  41. A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, Second Edition with a Reply to Critics (New York: Fawcett, 1969), p. 57.

  42. Barnett, p. 331.

  43. William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), p. 240.

  44. Ibid., p. 241.

  45. Jasper Ridley, Mussolini (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), p. 250.

  46. Brody, pp. 269–70.

  47. Ibid., p. 276.

  48.
Ibid., pp. 278–79.

  49. Lamb, p. 111.

  50. Kershaw, p. 555.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century (London: Indigo, 1997), p. 78.

  53. Ibid., p. 79.

  54. Toland, p. 371.

  55. Evans, p. 629.

  56. Lamb, p. 114.

  57. Barnett, p. 407.

  58. Ibid.

  59. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 338.

  60. Kershaw, p. 558.

  61. Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (London: Plume, 2001), p. 482.

  62. William Manchester, The Last Lion, Winston Spencer Churchill: Alone: 1932–1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), p. 412; Brody, p. 207.

  63. Villari, pp. 127–28.

  64. Collier, p. 124.

  65. Brody, p. 285.

  66. Kirkpatrick, p. 292; Brody, p. 280; Ridley, p. 250; Collier, p. 124.

  67. Kirkpatrick, pp. 292–93; Ridley, p. 250.

  68. Kirkpatrick, p. 310.

  69. Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933–41 (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952), p. 116.

  70. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (London: Pimlico, 2000), p. 545; Manchester, pp. 163–64.

  71. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 320.

  72. Bosworth, p. 302.

  73. Ibid., p. 303.

  74. Ibid.

  75. Collier, p. 130.

  76. Toland, p. 379.

  77. Barnett, p. 353.

  78. Ibid., p. 356.

  79. Denman, p. 91.

  80. Lamb, p. 149.

  81. Johnson, p. 321.

  82. A.J.P. Taylor, From Sarajevo to Potsdam (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), p. 140.

  83. Bullock, p. 340.

  84. Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 300.

  85. Barnett, p. 380; Johnson, p. 321; Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1996), p. 185.

  86. Villari, p. 195.

  87. Lynne Olson, Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 87.

  88. Denman, p. 91.

  89. Taylor, pp. 95–96.

  90. Lamb, p. 126.

  91. Manchester, p. 160; Gilbert, p. 546.

  92. Jenkins, p. 484.

  93. Manchester, p. 161.

  94. Ibid., p. 160.

  95. Ibid.

  96. Jenkins, p. 485.

  97. Robert Payne, The Great Man: A Portrait of Winston Churchill (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1974), p. 190; Collier, p. 93; Gilbert, p. 480; Emrys Hughes, Winston Churchill: British Bulldog (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), p. 120.