Churchill, Hitler, and The Unnecessary War
Page 44
98. Payne, p. 190; Hughes, p. 120.
99. Payne, p. 208; Hughes, p. 122.
100. Villari, p. 43.
101. Payne, p. 208.
102. Ibid., p. 190.
103. Taylor, pp. 56–57.
104. Villari, p. 101.
105. Kissinger, p. 299.
106. Barnett, p. 381.
CHAPTER 6: 1936: THE RHINELAND
1. A.J.P. Taylor, A History of the First World War (New York: Berkley, 1963), p. 163; C. P. Vincent, The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany 1915–1919 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1985), p. 70.
2. David Carlton, Anthony Eden: A Biography (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1981), p. 82.
3. Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: William Morrow, 1972), p. 335.
4. Ibid., pp. 335–36.
5. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 587.
6. A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, Second Edition with a Reply to Critics (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1969), p. 98.
7. Kershaw, p. 587.
8. Ibid.; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 292.
9. Kershaw, p. 587.
10. Shirer, p. 291; William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), p. 261.
11. Kershaw, p. 585.
12. Ibid.
13. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 292; Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France 1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), p. 37; Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century (London: Indigo, 1997), p. 83.
14. Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), p. 38.
15. Wayne Cole, Roosevelt & The Isolationists: 1932–45 (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), p. 201; Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1999), p. 254.
16. William Henry Chamberlin, America’s Second Crusade (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1962), p. 7.
17. William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), p. 188; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 277.
18. Taylor, Origins, p. 99.
19. John Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory: A Political Biography (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993), p. 309.
20. Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 6.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 12.
23. Ibid.
24. Barnett, pp. 382–83.
25. Peter Rowland, David Lloyd George: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1975), p. 728.
26. Ibid., p. 733.
27. Ibid.; Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: A Life of Lord Halifax (London: Orion, 1997), p. 69.
28. Rowland, p. 735.
29. Ibid., p. 736.
30. Lynne Olson, Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 87.
31. Manchester, p. 83; Olson, p. 68.
32. Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 265.
33. Ibid., p. 268.
34. Ibid., p. 265.
35. Ibid., p. 261; Charmley, p. 271.
36. Churchill, p. 268.
37. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 (London: Odhams Press, 1947), p. 158; Robert Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill: A Study in Character (New York: Basic, 2005), p. 187; Emrys Hughes, Winston Churchill: British Bulldog (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), p. 144.
38. Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2002), pp. 490–91.
39. Churchill, Step by Step, p. 2.
40. Ibid., p. 3.
41. Horne, p. 37; Manchester, p. 181; Alfred Leroy Burt, The British Empire and Its Commonwealth (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1956), p. 821; Shirer, Third Reich, p. 293.
42. Barnett, p. 384; Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 349.
43. Manchester, p. 182; Shirer, Third Reich, p. 294; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 275.
44. Roberts, Holy Fox, p. 59.
45. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 263.
46. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 345; Shirer, Third Reich, p. 293; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 281; Denman, p. 83; Manchester, p. 177.
47. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 293; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 281; Denman, p. 83; Manchester, p. 177.
48. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 293.
49. Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), p. 194; May, p. 37.
50. May, Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 38.
52. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 281.
53. Horne, p. 38.
54. Ibid.; Manchester, p. 191.
55. Horne, p. 38; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 280.
56. Manchester, p. 189.
57. Horne, p. 39; Manchester, p. 191.
58. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 295.
59. Ibid.; Manchester, p. 192.
60. Barnett, p. 336.
61. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 282.
62. Horne, p. 39.
63. Manchester, p. 189.
64. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 4.
CHAPTER 7: 1938: ANSCHLUSS
1. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Complete and Unabridged, Fully Annotated (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939), p. 3.
2. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 353.
3. Francis Neilson, The Makers of War (Appleton, Wisc.: C. C. Nelson, 1950), p. 171.
4. Richard Lamb, Mussolini as Diplomat: Il Duce’s Italy on the World Stage (New York: Fromm International, 1999), p. 91.
5. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 178.
6. Ralph Raico, “Rethinking Churchill,” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, Second Expanded Edition, John Denson, ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1999), p. 246.
7. Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century (London: Indigo, 1997), p. 59.
8. Ibid., pp. 3, 59.
9. Edmund Burke, “Second Speech on Conciliation with America: The Thirteen Resolutions,” John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, Thirteenth and Centennial Edition (Boston: Little Brown, 1955), p. 360.
10. Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940), p. 204.
11. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 91.
12. Ibid.
13. Gene Smith, The Dark Summer: An Intimate History of the Events That Led to World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1987), p. 69.
14. Ibid., pp. 69–70; Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: William Morrow, 1972), p. 467; Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: A Life of Lord Halifax (London: Orion, 1997), p. 7.
15. Roberts, p. 72.
16. Ibid.; Smith, p. 70.
17. Roberts, p. 72.
18. Ibid.
19. A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, Second Edition with a Reply to Critics (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Premier, 1969), p. 134; Roberts, p. 71.
20. Taylor, p. 134.
21. Henderson, p. 96; Barnett, p. 467.
22. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1970), p. 8.
23. Roberts, p. 73.
24. Ibid.
25. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), p. 338.
26. John Toland, Adolf Hitler (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976), p. 433.
27. William Manchester, The Last Lion, Winston
Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), p. 249.
28. Ibid.
29. Taylor, p. 137.
30. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power 1933–1939 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 643.
31. Kershaw, p. 53.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Evans, p. 649.
35. Toland, pp. 434–35.
36. Taylor, p. 140.
37. Toland, p. 436.
38. Taylor, p. 134.
39. Manchester, p. 250.
40. Taylor, pp. 137, 140.
41. Shirer, p. 334; Manchester, p. 276.
42. Toland, p. 442.
43. Kershaw, p. 74.
44. Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Austria—First Target and Adversary of National Socialism 1933–1939 (Vienna: Austrian Cultural Association, 2002), p. 32.
45. Toland, p. 442; Kindermann, pp. 32–33.
46. Shirer, p. 337; Taylor, p. 143; Bullock, p. 428.
47. Taylor, p. 144.
48. Toland, p. 446.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 449.
52. Shirer, p. 343; Toland, p. 449; Taylor, p. 145; Manchester, p. 276; Denman, p. 97.
53. Toland, p. 451.
54. Ibid., p. 455.
55. Shirer, p. 348; Denman, p. 97.
56. Toland, p. 452.
57. Ibid., p. 453.
58. Ibid.
59. Bullock, p. 437.
60. Kershaw, p. 81.
61. Ibid., p. 13; Manchester, pp. 282–83.
62. Taylor, p. 146.
63. Lynne Olson, Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 100.
64. Taylor, p. 128.
65. Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar: The Churchill-Chamberlain Rivalry (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2001), p. 290.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Robert Payne, The Great Man: A Portrait of Winston Churchill (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1974), p. 218.
CHAPTER 8: MUNICH
1. William Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), p. 340; John Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1993), p. 331; John Toland, Adolf Hitler (Garden City: N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976), p. 462; Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar: The Churchill-Chamberlain Rivalry (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2001), p. 293.
2. Hanson Baldwin, The Crucial Years 1939–1941: The World at War (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 58; Gene Smith, The Dark Summer: An Intimate History of the Events That Led to World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 103–4.
3. Toland, p. 493.
4. Smith, p. 105.
5. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 419; A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, Second Edition, With a Preface for the American Reader and a New Introduction, “Second Thoughts” (New York: Atheneum, 1961), p. 186; Stewart, pp. 308–9.
6. Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century (London: Indigo, 1997), p. 118; Toland, p. 493.
7. David Dutton, Neville Chamberlain (London: Arnold, 2001), p. 52.
8. Stewart, p. 309.
9. Dutton, p. 53.
10. Lynne Olson, Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 144.
11. Dutton, p. 53.
12. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 420; Taylor, p. 186; Smith, p. 106; Toland, p. 493; Stewart, p. 310.
13. Stewart, p. 310.
14. Dutton, p. 52; Denman, p. 118; Smith, p. 93.
15. William Henry Chamberlin, America’s Second Crusade (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1950), p. 99.
16. Ibid.
17. Charles Callan Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933–41 (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952), p. 428.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 429.
20. Ibid., p. 430.
21. Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: William Morrow, 1972), p. 547; Toland, p. 493; Shirer, Third Reich, p. 420.
22. Dutton, p. 52.
23. Ibid., p. 55.
24. Smith, p. 107.
25. A. N. Wilson, After the Victorians: The Decline of Britain in the World (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), p. 366.
26. Barnett, p. 551; Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), p. 192.
27. Stewart, p. 299.
28. Dutton, p. 54.
29. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1991), p. 596; Charmley, p. 346; Robert Payne, The Great Man: A Portrait of Winston Churchill (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1974), p. 220; Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (London: Plume, 2001), p. 526.
30. Smith, p. 108.
31. Jenkins, p. 527; Barnett, p. 550; Payne, p. 220; Shirer, Third Reich, p. 420.
32. Jenkins, p. 527.
33. Jenkins, pp. 527–28; Toland, p. 495; Payne, p. 220.
34. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 (London: Odhams Press, 1947), p. 275; Emrys Hughes, Winston Churchill: British Bulldog (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), p. 167.
35. Taylor, p. 186.
36. Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939 (New York: Pantheon, 1989), p. 30; Barnett, p. 550; Smith, p. 104; Denman, p. 102.
37. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 424; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 406.
38. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 355.
39. May, p. 215.
40. Tansill, p. 409.
41. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 407.
42. Taylor, p. 192.
43. A.J.P. Taylor, English History: 1914–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 430.
44. Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1999), p. 211; letter from historian Robert Ferrell to author, author’s Republic files.
45. Taylor, Origins, p. 189.
46. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Leftism Revisited: From de Sade and Marx to Hitler and Pol Pot (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990), p. 220.
47. Francis Neilson, “The Making of a Tyrant,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 1958, p. 397.
48. Ibid., p. 390.
49. Wenzel Jaksch, Europe’s Road to Potsdam (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 274.
50. David Carlton, Anthony Eden, A Biography (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1981), p. 137.
51. Tansill, p. 397.
52. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 343.
53. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 365.
54. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 347.
55. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 365.
56. Ibid., p. 366.
57. Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940), p. 142.
58. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 447.
59. Ibid.
60. Taylor, English History, p. 430; Stewart, p. 300; Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy 1933–1940 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 189–90.
61. Smith, pp. 91–92.
62. Stewart, p. 295.
63. Walter Lippmann, U.S. War Aims (Boston: Little, Brown, 1944), p. 173.
64. Smith, p. 207.
65. Shirer, p. 403; Toland, pp. 485–86; Smith, p. 100; Stewart, p. 306.
66. Taylor, Origins, p. 189.
67. Denman, p. 111.
68. Olson, p. 128.
69. Stewart, p. 311; Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), p. 366.
70. Olson, p. 127.
&
nbsp; 71. John Lukacs, Five Days in London: May 1940 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 10.
72. Churchill, p. 269; Francis Neilson, The Churchill Legend (Brooklyn, N.Y.: 29 Books, 2004), p. 311.
73. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 356.
74. Ibid., p. 344.
75. Charmley, p. 331.
76. Henderson, p. 227.
77. Taylor, Origins, p. xxvi.
78. Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: A Life of Lord Halifax (London: Orion, 1997), p. 49; Lukacs, p. 50.
79. Roberts, p. 49.
80. Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1996), p. 185.
81. Ibid.
82. Barnett, p. 328.
83. May, p. 175.
84. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France 1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), p. 21.
85. A.J.P. Taylor, English History, p. 422.
86. Charmley, p. 152.
87. Taylor, Origins, p. xxvii.
88. Henderson, p. 157.
89. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 398; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 377; Toland, p. 485; Taylor, Origins, p. 182.
90. Smith, p. 98.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid, p. 99.
93. Bullock, p. 461; Tansill, p. 422; Toland, p. 484.
94. Bullock, p. 461.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid., p. 463.
97. Charmley, p. 351.
98. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 401.
99. Henderson, pp. 165–66.
100. Toland, p. 485.
101. Wilson, p. 365.
102. Ibid.
103. Smith, p. 104.
104. Stewart, p. 300; Shirer, Third Republic, p. 362.
105. Barnett, p. 535; Toland, p. 482; Stewart, p. 303.
106. Smith, p. 110.
107. Ibid., p. 109.
108. Stewart, p. 350.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.; Smith, p. 123; Tansill, p. 445.
111. Henderson, p. 179.
CHAPTER 9: FATAL BLUNDER
1. Graham Stewart, Burying Caesar: The Churchill-Chamberlain Rivalry (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2001), p. 346; Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1991), p. 609.
2. Gene Smith, The Dark Summer: An Intimate History of the Events That Led to World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1987), p. 122.
3. David Dutton, Neville Chamberlain (London: Arnold, 2001), p. 57.
4. A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 420.
5. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 356.