Theodore Roosevelt Abroad
Page 24
52. TR to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, July 27, 1909, bmsAm1540, TRC.
53. Unfortunately, Edith destroyed almost all of her correspondence with her husband.
54. Frederick S. Wood, Roosevelt As We Knew Him (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1927), 213. TR replied to Lodge that there was bound to be dissatisfaction with any tariff bill and hoped this would die down in a few months, provided the bill was “fundamentally sound” and there was a “return of prosperity when once the tariffs are out of the way.” TR to Lodge, May 15, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 9.
55. Thomas Gore of Oklahoma, on July 8, 1909, in Kenneth W. Heckler, Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era (New York: Russell & Russell Inc, 1964), 131.
56. Edith Roosevelt to Taft, June 25, 1909, Series 4A, Reel 322, Taft Papers.
57. TR to Root, May 17, 1909, Box 163, Elihu Root Papers, Library of Congress.
58. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 184–85.
59. TR to White, July 21 1909, White Papers, Box 28, Library of Congress.
60. Jusserand to TR, July 24, 1909, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP.
61. “Long Attacks Roosevelt,” New York Times, May 27, 1909.
62. TR to Bridges, July 17, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 20. Many safari books were published at the time in an attempt to take advantage of the TR frenzy at home. Most were generic and made no mention of Roosevelt, but several sensational titles interspersed accounts of TR with general information on Africa. These included John J. Mowbray, Roosevelt’s Marvelous Exploits in the Wilds of Africa (New York: George W. Bertron, 1909); Frederick Seymour, Roosevelt in Africa (New York: D. B. McCurdy, 1909); and Marshall Everett, Roosevelt’s Thrilling Experiences in the Wilds of Africa Hunting Big Game (New York: J. T. Moss, 1910). At least one book of satirical cartoons joined the parade, Fletcher C. Ransom’s My Policies in Jungleland (New York: Barse and Hopkins, 1910).
63. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 186–87.
64. Dawson, Opportunity and Theodore Roosevelt, 108–9.
65. TR to Foran, July 15, 1909, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP.
66. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, July 27, 1909, bmsAm 1834, TRC.
67. Lodge to TR, June 21, 1909, in Lodge, Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2: 337.
68. TR to Lodge, July 26, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 22.
69. TR to Spring Rice, October 6, 1909, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP.
3 A Lion Roars in East Africa
1. August 3, 1909, in Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 168; O’Toole, When Trumpets Call, 60.
2. bmsAm 1541.2, TRC.
3. TR to Ethel Roosevelt, September 26, 1909, bmsAm 1541.2, TRC.
4. Edith Roosevelt to Spring Rice, September 11, 1909, CASR 9/1, Spring Rice Papers, Churchill College Archive, Cambridge University.
5. Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 349–51; Edith Roosevelt to Spring Rice, December 17, 1909, CASR 9/1, Spring Rice Papers, Churchill College Archive, Cambridge University.
6. TR to Edith Roosevelt, bmsAm 1541.2, TRC.
7. The Leader of British East Africa, August 3, 1909.
8. September 10, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 31. The better known American novelist forced the Englishman, who badly needed the publishing cash, to add an S (for Spencer) to his name for literary purposes.
9. TR to Lodge, August 2, 1909, in Lodge, Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2: 345.
10. August 17, 1909, in Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 178–79.
11. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 203–4. Roosevelt’s friends in the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire had been instrumental in this preservation effort.
12. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 199.
13. Ibid., 197.
14. Ibid., 207–11.
15. Ibid., 212.
16. Ibid., 225.
17. Ibid., 266. For Burroughs’s recollection of the gallop among the elk, see “Camping with President Roosevelt,” Atlantic (May 1906). 18. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 228–30.
19. Ibid., 231.
20. Ibid., 213–16.
21. TR to Lodge, September 10, 1909, in Lodge, Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2: 347.
22. Theodore Roosevelt, “Introduction” to Robert E. Peary, The North Pole (London: John Murray, 1910); TR to Peary, November 7, 1908, Series 2, Reel 352, TRP.
23. TR to Foran, September 12, 1909, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP. 24. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 249–51.
25. Ibid., 254–63.
26. October 17, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 37–38. 27. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 283–87.
28. Mearns to Miller, November 5, 1909, RU 208, Box 52, National Museum of Natural History, Division of Mammals Records, Smithsonian Archive.
29. Carl Akeley, In Brightest Africa (New York: Garden City Publishing Company, 1920), 161.
30. Ibid., 162.
31. November 22, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 39. 32. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 291.
33. Akeley, In Brightest Africa, 163.
34. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 294–95.
35. Ibid., 296–97.
36. For this see James Penick, Jr., Progressive Politics and Conservation: The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968). 37. Thomas Ross, Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver: A Study in Political Integrity and Independence (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1958), 264.
38. Bacon to TR, September 3, 1909, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP. 39. TR to Pinchot, March 1, 1909, Series 2, Reel 354, TRP.
40. Ross, Dolliver, 267.
41. Taft to Helen Taft, October 18, 1909, Series 2, Reel 26, Taft Papers. 42. Ross, Dolliver, 266.
43. One read simply: “Taft is burning your soup. You had better come home.” J. E. Forbes to TR, October 28, 1909, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP. 44. Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 269–70.
45. December 17, 1909, bmsAm 1834, TRC.
46. November 28, 1909, in Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 352. Some complained that the “Back from Elba” slogan was illogical as Napoleon had been almost immediately defeated and at least one newspaper letter writer asserted that “Back From Eg ypt” would therefore be more accurate. However, as it turned out, “Back from Elba” was quite appropriate. 47. Worthington Ford, ed., Letters of Henry Adams, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1938), 2: 531.
48. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 299–300.
49. For this see Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya (New York: Praeger, 1967) and more recently Kathryn Tidrick, Empire and the English Character (London: I. B. Tauris, 1990).
50. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 300.
51. TR to Walcott, December 15, 1909, Box 52, RU 208, National Museum of Natural History Division of Mammals Records, Smithsonian Archive.
52. Excerpt from Girouad Papers, courtesy of Michael Smith, TRC subject files.
53. TR to Girouad, July 21, 1910, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP. For Girouard, see Errol Trzebinski, The Kenya Pioneers (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985). For a glowing appraisal of TR by Girouard, see Lawrence F. Abbott, Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1919), 263.
54. October 6, 1909, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 32. 55. Delamere to TR, April 11, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
56. Huxley, White Man’s Country, 251.
4 White Rhino and Giant Eland
1. Mearns to Mrs. Mearns, December 20, 1910, Box 1, RU7083, Mearns Papers, Smithsonian Archive; Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 309–10.
2. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 315.
3. TR to Ethel Roosevelt, December 23, 1909, in Joan Paterson Kerr, A Bully Father: Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Random House, 1995), 244–45.
4. Roosevelt, African
Game Trails, 313–14.
5. Ibid., 311–12.
6. Ibid.
7. TR to Lodge, January 1, 1910, in Lodge, Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2: 355–56.
8. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 335. The white rhino was also sometimes called the “square lipped” rhino.
9. Ibid., 336–37.
10. Ibid., 337–38.
11. Mark Sullivan. Our Times, 6 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1939), 4: 394.
12. Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 356.
13. TR to Pinchot, January 17, 1910, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 45–46.
14. TR to Lodge, January 17, 1910, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 46.
15. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 342–52.
16. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, January 21, 1910, bmsAm 1834, TRC. 17. TR to Lodge, February 5, 1910, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 47.
18. Box 1, RU 7083, Mearns Papers, Smithsonian Archive.
19. Pinchot to TR, December 31, 1909, Series 1, Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress.
20. TR to Pinchot, March 1, 1910, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 50–51.
21. Swift to TR, March 4, 1910, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP.
22. TR to Lodge, January 8, 1910, in Lodge, Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2: 356.
23. Root to TR, February 11, 1910, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP.
24. The scientific value of the specimens was first revealed in papers written by Mearns, Heller and others published between 1910 and 1914 in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 54, 56, 60, and 61. For further initial analysis, see also Ned Hollister, East African Mammals in the United States National Museum (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1918–24).
25. For a list of the game shot by rifle, see Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 389–90. Also see TR’s preliminary report to Walcott dated March 15, 1910
listing all the specimens, published in the 1910 Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC, 1911), 10. 26. Selous to TR, March 6, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
27. TR to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, January 21, 1910, bmsAm 1540, TRC.
28. TR to Wingate, July 29, November 27, 1908, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP. For Wingate’s regime, see Gabriel Warburg, The Sudan under Wingate: Administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1916 (London: Frank Cass, 1971).
29. TR to Sir George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
30. “British Rule in Africa,” Address Delivered at the Guildhall, London, May 31, 1910, in Theodore Roosevelt, African and European Addresses (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), 163–66.
31. “Peace and Justice in the Sudan,” in Roosevelt, African and European Addresses, 3–4.
32. TR to Lodge, January 15, 1910, in Lodge, Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 2: 357.
5 Down the Nile: Khartoum to Cairo
1. John Callan O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt (Boston: Chapple Publishing Company, 1910), 29–31.
2. Jusserand to TR, March 22, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
3. The book’s publication in 1895 helped swing British public opinion behind reoccupying the Sudan and a measured campaign for the purpose began the year after it appeared. Fire and Sword also gained Slatin the favor of Queen Victoria, who bestowed a rare knighthood on the foreigner, while the Khedive, the titular ruler of Egypt by leave of the Ottoman Sultan, made him a Pasha. For Slatin see Gordon BrookShepherd, Between Two Flags: the Life of Baron Sir Rudolph von Slatin Pasha (London, 1978) and for Wingate, see M. W. Daly, The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East (Philadelphia: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1997).
4. Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 353.
5. TR to Walcott, March 15, 1910, Box 49, RU 45, Records of the Office of the Secretary, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Archive. Heller was appointed to undertake the final report.
6. TR to Tarlton, July 12, 1910, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
7. TR to Walcott, March 15, 1910, Box 49, RU 45, Records of the Office of the Secretary, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Archive.
8. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, 118, 388.
9. Theodore confided to his sister Anna that he was “simply driven to death now and would literally be unable to do anything at all” if the two had not signed on. He continued that it would mean “such an infinity of trouble and labor to them that if I were not quite shameless I should refuse to let them act.” TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, March 19, 1910, bmsAm 1834, TRC.
10. Both men published records of their experiences. See O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt and Abbott, Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt. Abbot also wrote an introduction for and edited Roosevelt’s African and European Addresses.
11. Roosevelt, African Game Trails, xxiv–xxv.
12. Abbot, Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt, 154–55.
13. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
14. Cutwright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, 42–50.
15. O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt, 49–54.
16. The Times (London), March 24, 1910.
17. O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt, 58–60.
18. Ibid., 61–63.
19. “Mr. Roosevelt In Egypt,” Outlook 94 (April 30, 1910), 981.
20. Wingate to TR, March 30, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
21. For Gorst, see Peter Mellini, Sir Eldon Gorst: The Overshadowed Proconsul (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1977).
22. The Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1908), 1: 5.
23. TR to Wingate, July 29, 1908, Series 3, Reel 363, TRP.
24. Roosevelt to White, April 2, 1910, Box 28, White Papers, Library of Congress.
25. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
26. Ibid.
27. TR to Spring Rice, September 17, 1908, Series 4A, Reel 416, TRP.
28. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
29. “Law and Order in Egypt,” March 28, 1910, in Roosevelt, African and European Addresses, 15–16.
30. Ibid., 20–23.
31. Ibid., 24–26.
32. Ibid., 26–29.
33. New York Times, March 29, 1910.
34. Sheikh Ali Youssuf, “Egypt’s Reply to Colonel Roosevelt,” North American Review 191 (June 1910), 729–35.
35. Ibid., 735–37.
36. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
37. Gorst to TR, March 26, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
38. Roosevelt to White, April 2, 1910, Box 28, White Papers, Library of Congress.
39. Gorst to Arthur Hardinge, April 1, 1910, in Mellini, Gorst, 214.
40. Wingate to Gilbert Clayton, March 29, 1910, in Mellini, Gorst, 214.
41. Roosevelt to Reid, March 24, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
42. Taft to Carnegie, December 25, 1909, Volume 172, Carnegie Papers, Library of Congress.
43. TR to Carnegie, February 18, 1910, Volume 174, Carnegie Papers, Library of Congress.
44. TR to Carnegie, October 16, 1909, Volume 170, Carnegie Papers, Library of Congress.
45. TR to Carnegie, December 14, 1909, Volume 172, Carnegie Papers, Library of Congress.
46. Root to TR, February 11, 1910, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. TR to Carnegie, March 14, 1910, Volume 175, Carnegie Papers, Library of Congress.
50. Roosevelt to Lodge, April 6, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
6 European Whirl
1. Quoted in Arnaldo Testi, “The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity,” Th
e Journal of American History 81, 4 (March 1995), 1513.
2. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid. For O’Laughlin’s lengthy account of the affair, see From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt, 72–94.
5. For this see Abbott, Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt, 216–17.
6. TR to Lee, April 5, 1910, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP.
7. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
8. Leishman to TR, March 15, 1910, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP.
9. Quoted in Testi, “The Gender of Reform Politics,” 1513–14. 10. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
11. Ibid.
12. Washington Post, March 23, 1910.
13. Roosevelt to Lodge, April 6, 1910, in Morrison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 67–68.
14. O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt, 97–98. 15. New York Evening Post, March 22, 1910.
16. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York, 1947; Reprint 1972), 502.
17. Pinchot to Garfield, April 27, 1910, Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress.
18. For example, see Beveridge to Pinchot, March 24, 1910, Series 1, Reel 90, TRP.
19. Ross, Dolliver, 272–73.
20. New York Times, April 12, 1910.
21. Roosevelt to Lodge, April 11, 1910, in Morrison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 7: 73; Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 356.
22. Quoted in O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt, 101.
23. TR to David Gray, October 5, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP. 24. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. O’Laughlin, From the Jungle through Europe with Roosevelt, 110–15. In TR’s estimation, Apponyi was a “really fine fellow” who Roosevelt had met in Washington six years before when he had been one of the InterParliamentary Peace Conference delegates.
28. Roosevelt to Bacon, April 5, 1910, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP. 29. Jusserand to TR, May 10, 1910, Series 1, Reel 91, TRP.
30. TR to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Series 3A, Reel 369, TRP.
31. Jusserand to TR, December 25, 1909, Series 1, Reel 89, TRP. 32. Roosevelt to Bacon, April 5, 1910, Series 3A, Reel 363, TRP. 33. “Citizenship in a Republic,” An Address Delivered at the Sorbonne, Paris, April 23, 1910, in Theodore Roosevelt, African and European Addresses, 31–41.