We Believe the Children
Page 41
15. Don Hardy Jr. and Dana Nachman, directors, Witch Hunt, film (KTF Films, 2008).
16. Dorothy Rabinowitz, “Martha Coakley’s Convictions,” Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704281204575003341640657862.
17. Radley Balko, “Kern County’s Monstrous D.A.,” Reason.com, December 21, 2009, http://reason.com/archives/2009/12/21/kern-countys-monstrous-da.
18. Peter J. Boyer, “Children of Waco,” New Yorker, May 15, 1995, 42.
19. Richard Beck, “The Friedmans,” n+1, iss. 18, Winter 2013.
20. Jordan Smith, “Believing the Children,” Austin Chronicle, March 27, 2009, www.austinchronicle.com/news/2009-03-27/believing-the-children.
21. Chuck Lindell, “Fran Keller to Be Freed in Satanic Abuse Case,” Austin American-Statesman, November 26, 2013, www.statesman.com/news/news/local/fran-keller-to-be-freed-in-satanic-abuse-case/nb5S2.
22. Stephen J. Ceci and Maggie Bruck, Jeopardy in the Courtroom: A Scientific Analysis of Children’s Testimony (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1999), 108.
23. Ibid., 90.
24. Elizabeth Loftus and Katherine Ketcham, The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994).
25. Elizabeth Loftus and Jacqueline Pickrell, “The Formation of False Memories,” Psychiatric Annals 25 (1994): 720–725.
26. Retro Report, producer, “McMartin Preschool: Anatomy of a Panic,” New York Times, March 9, 2014, www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000002755079/mcmartin-preschool-anatomy-of-a-panic.html.
27. Ross Cheit, The Witch-Hunt Narrative: Politics, Psychology, and the Sexual Abuse of Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 14.
28. Ibid., 14, 195.
29. Ibid., 285.
30. Ibid., 328.
31. W. L. Whittington et al., “Incorrect Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Infants and Children,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 7, no. 1 (1988): 3–10.
32. Sarah Alexander and Catherine Ison, “Evaluation of Commercial Kits for the Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae,” Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 9 (September 2005): 827–831.
33. “Gonorrhea Laboratory Information Characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae and Related Species of Human Origin,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 10, 2013, www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/lab/ngon.htm.
34. Cheit, The Witch Hunt Narrative, 145.
35. Ibid., 89.
36. Ibid., 360.
37. Kyle Zirpolo, as told to Debbie Nathan. “I’m Sorry,” Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2005, http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/30/magazine/tm-mcmartin44.
38. Jennifer (pseud.), interview with author, April 17, 2014. All subsequent quotations are also from this interview.
39. Kenneth Pope, “Recovered Memory or Just a Giant Con Trick?” New Zealand Herald, September 9, 1998, A13.
40. Diana E. H. Russell, “The Great Incest War: Moving Beyond Polarization,” 1999, www.dianarussell.com/the_great_incest_war.html.
41. Emily Bazelon, “Abuse Cases, and a Legacy of Skepticism—‘The Witch-Hunt Narrative’: Are We Dismissing Real Victims?” New York Times, June 9, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/science/the-witch-hunt-narrative-are-we-dismissing-real-victims.html.
42. Eliana Gil and Toni Cavanagh Johnson, Sexualized Children: Assessment and Treatment of Sexualized Children and Children Who Molest (Rockville, MD: Launch Press, 1993), xiii.
43. David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod, and Mark Chaffin, “Juveniles Who Commit Sex Offenses Against Minors,” Juvenile Justice Bulletin, US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. December 2009, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf.
44. Emily DePrang, “Life on the List,” Texas Observer, May 31, 2012, www.texasobserver.org/life-on-the-list.
45. Bruce Rind, Philip Tromovitch, and Robert Bauserman, “A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples,” Psychological Bulletin 124, no. 1 (1998): 22–53.
46. Ibid., 36.
47. Ibid., 46.
48. Ibid., 47.
49. Scott O. Lilienfeld, “When Worlds Collide: Social Science, Politics, and the Rind et al. (1998) Child Sexual Abuse Meta-Analysis,” American Psychologist 57, no. 3 (March 2002): 178.
50. Bruce Rind, Philip Tromovitch, and Robert Bauserman, “Condemnation of a Scientific Article: A Chronology and Refutation of the Attacks and a Discussion of Threats to the Integrity of Science,” Sexuality and Culture 4 (2000): 14.
51. Laura Schlessinger, “Analysis of Pedophilia Junk Science at Its Worst,” in The Dr. Laura Program (radio broadcast), March 15, 2000, Sherman Oaks, CA: Premiere Radio Networks; Simon A. Cole, “Unpopular Psychology,” Lingua Franca, no. 10, February 2000, 12.
52. Carol Tavris, “The Uproar over Sexual Abuse Research and Its Findings,” Society 37, no. 4 (2000): 15–17.
53. R. McCarty, “A Brief Comment by APA Executive Director for Science,” Psychological Science Agenda 12, no. 6 (1999): 3.
54. Judith Levine, Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 3.
55. Ibid., 128.
56. Ibid., 89.
57. Deborah Roffman, “Harmful to Minors (book review),” Psychology Today, August 1, 2002, www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200208/harmful-minors-book-review.
58. Robert Stacy McCain, “Promoting Pedophilia: Attempts to Legitimize Adult-Child Sex on Rise,” Washington Times, April 19, 2002, A2.
59. “Statement by Robert Knight,” Concerned Women for America, April 25, 2002, press conference, www.cwfa.org/statement-by-robert-knight.
60. Soraya Nadia McDonald, “Shanesha Taylor, Arrested for Leaving Children in Car During Job Interview, Speaks,” Washington Post, June 23, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/23/shanesha-taylor-arrested-for-leaving-children-in-car-during-job-interview-speaks.
61. Deon Guillory, “North Augusta Mother Charged With Unlawful Conduct Towards a Child,” News Channel 6 WJBF.com, July 1, 2014 (updated 12 August 2014), www.wjbf.com/story/25915218/north-augusta-mother-charged-with-unlawful-conduct-towards-a-child.
62. CNN Wire Service, “‘Didn’t Think I Was Doing Anything Wrong’: Mom Arrested for Allowing 7-Year-Old Son to Go to Park Alone,” Fox6Now.com, July 29, 2014, http://fox6now.com/2014/07/29/mother-arrested-after-allowing-7-year-old-son-to-go-to-park-alone.
63. Emily Ekins, “UPDATED/Poll: 68 Percent of Americans Don’t Think 9-Year-Olds Should Play at the Park Unsupervised,” Reason-Rupe Poll, August 19, 2014, http://reason.com/poll/2014/08/19/august-2014-reason-rupe-national-survey.
64. “The Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families,” Pew Research Center, November 18, 2010, www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/11/pew-social-trends-2010-families.pdf.
65. Ellen Willis, “Marriage on the Rocks,” in No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan, 1992), 68.
66. Sigmund Freud, Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis (New York: Norton, 1961), 22.
Index
abortion, 162, 192, 230, 232
addiction, 21, 27, 132
adolescent sexuality, 261–262
Affirming Children’s Truth (ACT), 152
Against Our Will (Brownmiller), 131
age of consent laws, 262
Alaska, 259
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 261
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 58
American Medical Association, 3, 5
American Pediatric Association, 4
American Psychiatric Association, 27, 126
American Psychological Association (APA), 124–125, 248, 259, 260–261
Amirault, Violet and Gerald, xxi, 243–244, 246, 247
animals, xii, xiii, xvi, x
x, 42, 47, 56, 81, 94, 106, 137, 153, 162, 163–164, 166, 182, 203
APA. See American Psychological Association
Arendt, Hannah, 26
Arkansas, xxii
Arndt, Sherry, 133
arrests, xi, xii, xxii, 34, 65, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 93, 95, 150, 156, 163, 186, 243, 245, 263
Assault on Truth, The (Masson), 127
“Aetiology of Hysteria, The” (Freud), 15, 16, 128
authoritarianism, 182
babysitting, xiii, xiv, 74, 96, 116. See also Country Walk Babysitting Service
Backlash (Faludi), 233
bail, 101, 114, 167
Bakersfield, California, xii, xvi, 65, 66, 67, 77–79, 83
Bakersfield Californian, 72, 80
Baldwin, Ella, 42–44
Baran, Bernard, 115, 116, 200, 247
barbiturates, 19, 21, 231
Barbour, Mary Ann, xii, 69–70, 71
Barkman, Richard, 243
Barr, Roseanne, 238–239
Barron, Paul, 211–212
Bass, Ellen, 215–218
“Battered-Child Syndrome, The” (Kempe), 3–5, 124
behavioral modification, 104–105. See also brainwashing
belief, 82
believing children, 53, 78–79, 88, 120, 153, 167, 244, 258
importance of, xxii–xxiii, 17, 152
in Multiple Personality Disorder, 128
See also under ritual abuse
Benedikt, Moritz, 220
Bentz, Robert and Lois, 77, 87–88, 90
Bergh, Harry, 1
Berliner, Lucy, 119
Bernard, Paul, 222
Bernays, Martha, 14
Blando, Shirley, 143
Bobb, Aviva, 100, 108, 112
Boston, 5
Braga, Laurie and Joseph, xviii, 140–141, 142, 145
brainwashing, 82, 104–105, 111, 145, 189
Branch Davidians, 247
Braun, Dr. Bennett, 127, 231
Breuer, Josef, 15, 228
Briere, John, 227, 256
Brouardel, Paul, 222
Brown, Christine, 73
Brownmiller, Susan, 131
Bruck, Maggie, 248
Bryant, Anita, 132
Buchan, Donald and Cindy, 88
Buckey, Charles, 31, 196
Buckey, Peggy Ann, 31, 61, 97, 100, 101, 109, 166, 171, 242–243
Buckey, Peggy McMartin, 31, 32, 47, 48, 56, 61, 97, 100–101, 109, 151, 153, 249
life after trial, 242
list written by, 197–198, 203–204, 205
testimony of, 196–197
Buckey, Ray, 31, 35–38, 42–49, 56, 61, 94, 97, 100, 109, 151, 158, 197, 203, 207, 213, 249
arrest of, 34
denied bail, 101, 114
doubts concerning guilt of, 148
as gay, 200–201
deadlocked jury on thirteen counts against, 205, 209 (see also trials: second McMartin trial)
penis of, 37, 46, 48
released on bail, 167
on 60 Minutes, 149
testimony in front of jury, 198–199
Burgess, Ann, 119
BSU. See FBI: Behavioral Science Unit
Bush, George W., 262
Busting the Kiddy Porn Underground (television special), 179
Butler, Dana, 66
Caffe, John, 2–3
California, 6, 10, 39, 60, 83, 120, 265
Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 166
Constitution of, 208
imprisonments in, 68
Kern County, xii, 66, 68, 71–72, 77–83, 89, 115, S208, 245–246, 267
Proposition 115 voted on, 208
See also McMartin Preschool
Canada, xxii, 189
cannibalism, 231
Capturing the Friedmans (documentary), 174, 177, 180
Ceci, Stephen J., 248
censorship, 134, 261
Centers for Disease Control, 141, 250
Cermak family, 66–67, 76
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 221–222
Cheit, Ross E., ix, 49, 249–251
child abuse, 160, 263
causes of, xxiv
discovery of, 1–29
infant injuries, 2–3
as medical problem, 4, 6, 11, 22, 124
See also child sexual abuse; ritual abuse
Child Abuse Industry, The: Outrageous Facts About Child Abuse & Everyday Rebellions Against a System That Threatens Every North American Family (Pride), 162
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (1974), 9, 11, 238
childhood amnesia, 225–226, 227
childhood sexuality, 257, 259
Child Pornography and Sex Rings (Burgess), 119
Child Protection Act (1984), xv
Children’s Institute International (CII), 38, 40–41, 48, 49, 54, 56, 58, 59, 96, 103, 127, 154, 165, 171, 204, 206, 243, 249, 251
billing California for interviews and medical examinations, 60
number of children interviewed, 93 (see also interviews with children: number of)
Children’s Path Preschool, 63
children unsupervised, 263–264
child sexual abuse, 136, 238
and antifeminism, 264
children as sexual predators, 256–257
as doubling every year, 103
as epidemic, xii–xiii, 7
and family members/close friends, 76, 96, 159, 209, 219, 223, 232, 233
and fundamentalism, 184
games as cover for, 36–37 (see also naked games)
genitalia of victims, 202
ignoring, xvi, 17, 127
meaning of terms “child” and “abuse,” 258
and mental illness, 124
and parental negligence, 95–96
physical/medical evidence of abuse, xv, xix, xxii, 37, 57–60, 72, 83, 94–95, 97, 110, 111, 123, 141, 150, 154, 155, 202–203, 204, 248
searches concerning, 153–154
Seduction Theory concerning, 15, 16
sex offender status, xxii, xxiii–xiv
skepticism concerning, 152–153, 154 (see also McMartin Preschool: doubts about guilt concerning)
statute of limitations concerning, 232
stigma associated with, xvi–xvii
as not traumatic, 227–228
as underreported, 52
See also child abuse; interviews with children; ritual abuse
“Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome, The” (CSAAS) (Summit), 50–53, 145, 157
Christianity/Christians, xxiv, 23, 27, 122, 181, 184. See also evangelicals
Chrysalis journal, 15
Church of Living Water, 186, 189
CII. See Children’s Institute International
Cincinnati, 5
Cioffi, John, 95, 96
civil lawsuits, 97, 209, 233, 237, 242, 243, 254, 262
civil rights, 133, 162, 242
Clinton, Bill, 247
Coakley, Martha, 246
Cody, Kevin, 150–151, 152, 163
Coleman, Lee, 162
colposcopes, 58, 59, 123, 155
Comprehensive Child Development Act, 8
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 124
computers, 76, 173, 174, 175, 180
Concerned Women for America, 262
confessions, 29, 83, 86, 105, 144, 145, 151, 163, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192
false confessions, 190, 191
Congressional Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, 103
conservatives/conservatism, 122, 130, 131–132, 133, 138, 139, 162, 181, 200, 234, 266
neoconservatives, 172
conspiracies, xii, xx, xxiii, 81, 94, 98, 107, 122, 123, 131, 210, 242, 268
Constitution, 203
Conte, Jon, 119, 227
convictions, 65, 72, 83, 90, 113, 116, 145, 160, 161, 200, 256
overturned, xxi–xxii, 160, 208, 243, 245–246, 248–249
See also trials
Cortez, Manuel, 151
counterculture, 132
, 181
Country Walk Babysitting Service, 139–145, 152, 250
Courage to Heal, The: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (Bass and Davis), 216–218
crack babies, 132
Crime Victims Justice Reform Act (1990), 208
criminal background checks, 209
cross-examinations, 100. See also trials
Currie, Bob, 93–95, 114, 170, 171, 243
custody disputes, 77, 80
Daily Breeze, 102, 109, 147
Darling, Brad and Carol, 80–81, 82
Davis, Danny, 61–62, 99–100, 101, 105, 106–107, 114, 147, 148, 151, 155, 156, 158, 163–164, 202, 204, 211, 213
as owner of McMartin Preschool, 195, 210
portrayed in film Indictment, 244
Davis, Laura, 216
Day Care Center and Satanic Cult Sexual Exploitation of Children (seminar), 120–123
day care centers, xiv, xvi–xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 115, 119, 182, 254–255
dissipation of panic concerning, 166–167
as expensive, 167
federal, 8
percentage of child abuse in, 159
policy changes in, 167
reforms concerning, 209
as scapegoat, 160
death penalty, 98
Deep Throat (film), 136
defecation, 115, 141, 142, 157, 159
defense attorneys, 61, 62, 87, 89, 98, 100–101, 109, 143, 151, 153, 158, 177. See also individual attorneys
Devil Worship: Exposing Satan’s Underground (television special), 169–171, 186, 210
Diabolical Library, The (Charcot), 221
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 125–126, 129, 228
dissociation, 224–225
Dissociation journal, 127
divorce, 162, 265
Dobson, James, 136, 138
Doherty, Keith, 54–55
Dollinger, Stephen, 229
domestic violence, 260
Dorsett, Sybil, 17. See also Mason, Shirley
Dove, Gayle, xxi, 115, 156, 157, 160, 208, 246
Downs, Hugh, xiv–xv
Do You Know the Muffin Man? (docudrama), 244
drugs, 66, 130, 132, 142, 181, 242
DSM. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Duke, Margaret, 75–76
Durfee, Michael, 39–40
Dusky, Barbara, 199–200
Dworkin, Andrea, 133, 135, 136, 159
Easy Reader, 62, 101, 102–103, 107–108, 147, 150–151, 152, 163
Eberle, Paul and Shirley, 102, 155–156, 161, 162
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, 6