Tudor Queens of England

by David Loades

  Camden Miscellany, (1984), 28. This was written in Latin but there were similar encomiums in Italian, Spanish and German. 11 For a draft version of the treaty (very close to the fi nal version) see C.S. Knighton, (ed), Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Mary I, (1998), no. 24. The original manuscript is TNA SP11/1, no. 20. 12 House of Lords Record Offi ce, Original Acts. 1 Mary. Sess. 3, cap 1. 13 For a full, and sympathetic, discussion of her relations with Robert Dudley and their consequences, see Derek Wilson,

  Sweet Robin: a Biography of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1533–1588 (London, 1981). 236

  N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 3 – 2 7

  Notes to Chapter 1: The Queen as Trophy: Catherine de Valois 1 Agnes Strickland,

  Lives of the Queens of England (London, 1902), vol. III, p. 110. Strickland’s account of Isabella’s misdemeanours is highly coloured. 2 A.R. Myers, (ed.)

  English, Historical Documents, 1327–1485, (1969/96), no. 113. Taken from T. Rymer (1704–35), Foedera, conventiones, literae et cuiuscunque generis carta publica (London), Vol. IV, iii, p. 179. 3

  Calendar of the Close Rolls, 1419–22, (London), pp. 118–20. 4 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford, 2004) ‘Catherine de Valois’ says that they did meet, but does not cite evidence. 5 For an account of the Southampton plot, see E.F. Jacob,

  The Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1961), pp. 146–7. Henry had also had to deal with the rebellion of Sir John Oldcastle before setting out for France. 6 Fabyan describes (among many other things) ‘a subtlety called a pelican sitting on his nest, with her birds, and an image of the said [St] Katherine holding a book and disputing with the doctors, holding a reason in her right hand saying “madame le royne” …’ Henry Ellis, (ed.)

  New Chronicles of England and France by Robert Fabyan (London, 1811), pp. 586–7. 7 Ibid., p. 141. Calendar of the Close Rolls (p. 26) on the other hand, makes it appear that lands were assigned to the Queen from the Duchy and the Earldom. 8 There was a contemporary story to the effect that Henry had warned her (prophetically) not to go to Windsor for her lying in, lest their child should turn out unfortunate. She ignored the warning and is alleged to have repented bitterly at her death. 9 Rymer,

  Foedera, vol. X, p. 204. 10 J.A. Giles (ed.)

  Incerti Sriptoris Chronicon Angliae de regnis trium regum Lancastrensium (London, 1848), Vol. IV, p. 17. 11 N.H. Nicolas, (ed.)

  The Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council (London, 1834–7), vol. V. p. 61. 12 BL Cotton MS Tiberius E.VIII, f.221.

  13 G.E. Cokayne,

  The Complete Peerage, (1910–49), sub Richmond. 14 Ibid.

  Notes to Chapter 2: The Queen as Dominatrix: Margaret of Anjou 1 Jaquetta, sister of the Count of St Pol, had married Sir Richard Woodville shortly after being widowed in 1435. 2 J. Stevenson, (ed.),

  Narratives of the Expulsion of the English from Normandy, (London, 1863). vol. I, pp. 448–80. 3 A.B.

  Hinds,

  Calendar of the State Papers, Milan (London, 1912), vol. I, pp. 18–19. 4 Calendar of the Charter Rolls, (London, 1927), vol. VI, p. 81 5 C. Brown, ‘Lydgate’s Verses on Queen Margaret’s Entry into London’,

  Modern Language Review, (1912), vol. VII, pp. 225–34. 6 J. Stacey, et al.,

  Rotuli Parliamentorum, (London, 1767–77), Vol. V, pp. 73–4. 7 Stevenson,

  Narratives, I, pp. 164–7. N O T E S T O PA G E S 2 7 – 4 6

  237

  8 Thomas

  Gascoigne,

  Loci e libro veritatem, ed. J.E.T. Rogers (1881), pp. 204–5. 9 Agnes Strickland,

  Lives of the Queens of England, (London, 1902), Vol. III, p. 109. 10 J.S. Davies, (ed.), An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI, (London, 1856), pp. 116–18. 11 Stevenson,

  Narratives, I, pp. 198–201. 12 Ibid, pp. 243–64.

  13 A.L. Brown, ‘The King’s Councillors in Fifteenth Century England’,

  Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, (1969), pp. 95–118. 14 This complaint was directed at the alleged factional use of legal process as a means of pursuing personal quarrels.

  15 A.R. Myers, ‘The Household of Margaret of Anjou, 1452–3’,

  Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, (1957–8), vol. XL, pp. 70–113, 391–431. 16 Strickland,

  Queens of England, vol. III, p. 212. 17 Davies, An English Chronicle, p. 78. 18

  English Historical Documents, Vol. IV, p. 272 19 N. Davis (ed.),

  Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, (Oxford, 1971–6), vol. II, p. 108. 20 C.A.J. Armstrong, ‘Politics and the Battle of St Albans, 1455’,

  Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Reasearch, (1960), vol. XXXIII, pp. 1–72. 21 Ibid. 22 E.B. Fryde, et al., (eds),

  Handbook of British Chronology, 3rd edn, (London, 1986), pp. 87, 95, 107. 23 Strickland,

  Queens of England, vol. III, p. 225. 24 Rotuli Parliamentorum, vol. V, p. 375. Davies, English Chronicle, pp. 99–100. 25 Rotuli Parliamentorum, vol. V, pp. 375–83. The judges and law lords had pro nounced themselves incompetent to mediate in ‘so high a matter of state’. 26 R.A. Griffi ths, The Reign of KingHenry VI, (London, 1981), pp. 870–1. While the battle of Wakefi eld was being fought, Margaret was at Lincluden in Scotland, seeking the help of Mary of Geldres. Helen Mauer, Margaret of Anjou, (London, 2005), op. cit. 27 Davies, English Chronicle, p. 110. 28 Rawdon Brown, et al.,

  Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, (London, 1864–98), vol. I, p. 119. 29 Philippe de Commynes, Memoires, ed. J. Calmette and G. Durville, (1924–5), vol. I, p. 205. 30 J. Warkworth,

  A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, ed. J. Halliwell, (London, 1839), p. 19.

  Notes to Chapter 3: The Queen as Lover: Elizabeth Woodville 1 Rotuli Parliamentorum, (London, 1767–77), vol. IV, p. 498. Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1436–41, (London, 1911), p. 53. The Duchess had recently been granted dower provided that she did not remarry without royal permission. 2 R.

  Fabyan,

  The New Chronicles of England and of France, ed. H. Ellis, (London, 1811), p. 654. 238

  N O T E S T O PA G E S 4 6 – 6 2

  3 ‘Gregory’s Chronicle’, in J. Gairdner (ed.),

  The Historical Collections of a Citizen of London, (London, 1876), p. 226. 4 Jean

  de

  Waurin,

  Anchiennes Cronicques d’Engleterre, ed. E. Dupont, (1858–63), 3 vols, vol. II, pp. 327–8. 5 J.R. Lander, ‘Marriage and Politics in the Fifteenth Century: The Nevills and the Wydevilles’,

  Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, (1963), 26, pp. 135–43. 6 G. Smith,

  The Coronation of Elizabeth Woodville, (London, 1935), Excerpta Historica, ed. S. Bentley (London, 1831), pp. 176–212. 7 ‘Annales rerum anglicarum’, in J. Stevenson (ed.),

  Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, (1864), vol. II, ii, p. 783. 8 Ibid., pp. 783–5. 9 Lander, ‘Marriage and Politics’, p. 140.

  10

  Handbook of British Chronology, p. 271. 11 A.R. Myers, ‘The Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville, 1466–7’,

  Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, (1967–8), 1, pp. 207–35, 443–81. 12 A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley (eds),

  The Great Chronicle of London, (London, 1938), pp. 204–8. 13 Edward Hall,

  Chronicle, ed. H. Ellis, (London, 1809), pp. 273–4. 14 Polydore Vergil, Anglica Historia, ed. D. Hay (London, 1950), n.s. 74, p. 125. 15 J. Warkworth, A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, ed. J. Halliwell (London, 1839), p. 10. 16 Bruce, J. (ed.),

  Historie of the Arrivall of King Edward IV, (London, 1838), p. 2. 17 Ibid., pp. 18–21. 18 Ibid., pp. 32–3.

  19 D. Baldwin,

  Elizabeth Woodville, (Stroud, 2002), p. 77. 20 John Stacey and Thomas Burdett, ‘Croyland Chronicle’ in W. Fulham (ed.) Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores Veterum, (Oxford, 1654), p. 561. 21 Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1476–85, pp. 172–3. A petition to the parliament of 1478 by Ankarette’s grandson
and heir, Roger Twynho. 22 Dominic Mancini,

  The Usurpation of Richard III, ed. C.A.J. Armstrong, (London, 1969), pp. 63, 111. 23

  Calendar of State Papers, Milan, I, pp. 235–7. 24 W.H. Black,

  Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry (London, 1840), pp. 27–40. 25 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 107. Mancini believed that he had caught a cold while out fi shing. The modern diagnosis is a stroke. 26 Ibid., pp. 74–5.

  27 ‘Croyland Chronicle’, p. 566. Charles Ross,

  Richard III, (London, 1981), p. 74 and n. 28 With Lady Elizabeth Butler (née Talbot). Edward’s own legitimacy was also impugned, despite the fact that his mother, Cecily, was still alive. 29

  Great Chronicle, pp. 234, 236. The fact that Elizabeth supported the proposal to marry her daughter to the Earl of Richmond is also evidence that she believed her sons to be dead by the autumn of 1483. 30 W. Campbell (ed.)

  Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII, (London, 1873–7), vol. II, p. 273. N O T E S T O PA G E S 6 2 – 8 4

  239

  31

  Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1485–9, p. 302.

  Notes to Chapter 4: The Queen as Helpmate: Elizabeth of York 1 Henry’s claim came through his mother, who was the daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. John was the son of the Earl of Somerset of the same name, and grandson of John of Gaunt via Katherine Swynford, his third wife. Henry IV was Gaunt’s son by his fi rst marriage. The trouble with this pedigree was that Katherine’s marriage had only been recognized posthumously, with a bar on claims to the throne. Of course it was possible to argue that the marriage had been valid all along and that therefore no such condition had force. This was the line that Henry’s supporters took but it was not very convincing. There was, fortunately, no doubt about Henry’s own legitimacy, despite the unusual nature of his parents’ wedding. 2 Richard

  Grafton’s

  Chronicle (1568) described it as ‘a wrest to the harpe to set all the stringes in a monachorde and tune … by reason of which marriage peace was thoughte to descende out of heaven into Englande …’ (London, 1809), pp. 159–60). 3 Grafton,

  Chronicle, p. 95. 4 William Fulman, (ed.),

  Rerum Anglicorum Scriptores (London, 1684), pp. 567–8. 5 Ibid., p. 572. 6

  Rotuli Parliamentorum, VI, p. 278. 7

  Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1202–1509, p. 158. 8 Calendar of the Papal Registers, XIV (1960), pp. 1–2, 14–28. The Ricardian statute declaring (among other things) Elizabeth’s bastardy, had been quietly repealed. 9 Rotuli Parliamentorum, VI. Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1494–1509, p. 8. 10 Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1485–1494, p. 369. 11 Ibid. 12 N.H. Nicolas, (ed.),

  The Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York, (London, 1830). 13 Jasper was Chief Justice of North Wales at the time. 14 John Skelton,

  Works, ed. Alexander Dyce (1843), I, p. 129. 15 T. Rymer, Foedera, conventions, literae et cuiuscunque generis carta publica, (1704–35), XII, p. 303. 16 Ibid, pp. 420–8. G.A. Bergenroth,

  Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, (London, 1862) I, p. 21. 17 Ibid, pp. 714–9. 18 A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley,

  The Great Chronicle of London, (London, 1938), p. 306. 19 C.L. Kingsford (ed.), Chronicle of London, (1905), p. 255. 20 Polydore Vergil, Anglica Historia, ed. Hay, p. 133. 21 Ibid. 22 Rymer,

  Foedera, XII, pp. 635–6. S.B.Chrimes, Henry VII, (London, 1862), p. 284. 23 Ibid, p. 803. 24 Ibid, XIII, pp. 76–86.

  25 In 1506 Ferdinand came to the rescue by formally accrediting her as his ambassador in England, thus giving her both status and function. It is not clear that her fi nancial situation was much ameliorated.

  240

  N O T E S T O PA G E S 8 4 – 1 0 0

  26 J. Gairdner (ed.),

  Memorials of King Henry VII, (1858), pp. 223–39. 27 Rymer, Foedera, XIII, pp. 259–61. 28 Ibid, cited from the Venetian Ambassador.

  Notes to Chapter 5: The Queen as Foreign Ally: Catherine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves 1 The ceremony itself created only a bar of what was called ‘public honesty’, which the dispensation did not cover. Wolsey later tried to exploit this omission. 2

  Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, I, pp. 375–440. 3 De Puebla was intelligent and immensely experienced but he was now becoming elderly and infi rm. However, his real weakness was his lack of aristocratic status. Garrett Mattingly, ‘The Reputation of Dr De Puebla’,

  English Historical Review, (1940), 55, pp. 27–46. 4 Fuensalida eventually fell out with Catherine, much to his disadvantage. Duke of Alba (ed.), Correspondencia de Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida, (1907). 5 Henry was created Prince of Wales on 18 February 1504, but after Arthur’s death the Council in the Marches became moribund. 6 Edward

  Hall,

  Chronicle, p. 507. 7

  Correspondencia de Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida, pp. 518 et seq. 8 Ibid. 9 Hall,

  Chronicle, p. 507. 10 Hall,

  Chronicle, p. 52 11

  Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, II, p. 44. 12 Grafton,

  Chronicle, p. 238. 13

  Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, ed. Rawdon Brown, et al. (London, 1864–98), II, p. 26. 14 Polydore Vergil,

  Anglica Historia, p. 163. 15 Hall,

  Chronicle, p. 532. 16

  Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, Supplement, pp. 36–41. 17 Letters and Papers, I, no. 2391 (BL MS Cotton Cleopatra C.v, ff.64). J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, (London, 1968), p. 37. 18 Alfred Spont (1897),

  Letters and Papers relating to the War with France, 1512–1513, Navy Records Society, documents 53, 54, 55. 19 BL Harleian MS 3504, f.232.

  20 From an eyewitness account.

  Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, II, p. 385. 21 Letters and Papers, III, nos 2333, 2360. 22 The banking house of Fugger was extremely important in this election because they were prepared to supply Charles with almost unlimited funds, which he used for the purpose of bribing the electors. They were repaid with the grant of silver mines in Silesia. 23 The More was one of Wolsey’s residences, near Rickmansworth. 24 BL Cotton MS Vitellius C.i, f.23. D. Loades,

  Mary Tudor: A Life, (Oxford, 1989), p. 36. 25 MS Vitellius C.i, f.23. She was under the supervision of the Countess of Salisbury as Lady Governess. N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 0 0 – 1 1 6

  241

  26 BL Cotton MS C.x, f.185. J. Sturtz and V. Murphy (eds),

  The Divorce Tracts of Henry VIII, (Angers, 1988), p. xiii. 27 George Cavendish,

  The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. R.S. Sylvester, (London, 1959), p. 83, citing the King’s testimony to the Legatine Court in 1529. 28 Nicholas Pocock, Records of the Reformation, The Divorce 1527–1533, (London, 1870), 2 vols, Vol. I, p. 11.

  29 Guy Bedouelle and Patrick Le Gal,

  Le ‘Divorce’ du Roi Henry VIII, (Geneva, 1987), pp. 35–41. 30 Bedouelle and Le Gall,

  Le ‘Divorce’, pp. 31–41. 31 Catherine directed a barrage of complaints over these delays to the Emperor, who became seriously irritated in consequence. 32

  Letters and Papers, VI, no. 1296. 33 Ibid

  . , VI, nos 89, 332, 311, 461, 495–6, 525, 529, 661. Cranmer’s decision had been anticipated by Convocation on 5 April. 34 P.L. Hughes and J.F. Larkin,

  Tudor Royal Proclamations, (London, 1964), vol. I, no. 140. 35 Letters and Papers, VII, no. 1208. 36 Ibid., VI, no. 807 and Appendix 3.

  37 Statute 25 Henry VIII, c.22.

  Statutes of the Realm, III, pp. 471–4. 38 Letters and Papers, XIV, I, no. 62. 39 Hughes and Larkin,

  Tudor Royal Proclamations, I, no.190. 40 Letters and Papers, XIV, ii, no. 400. Her words were reported by the informer George Constantine. 41 Ibid., no. 286.

  42 J. Strype (1822),

  Ecclesiatical Memorials, (London, 1822) vol. I, p. 459. 43 Ibid, II, p. 462. D. Loades, Henry VIII; Court. Church and Confl ict, (London, 2007) p. 96. 44 Her last appearance in a court document came when she exchanged new year’s gifts with the Queen on 1 January 1557. BL MS RP 294.

  Notes to Chapter 6: The Domestic Queens: Anne Boleyn,

 
Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr 1 For the Boleyn pedigree, see J.C. Wedgewood and A. Holt

  History of Parliament: Biographies, (London, 1936), pp. 90–1. S.T. Bindoff Hours of Commons, 1509–1558, (London, 1982), vol. I, p. 456. 2

  Letters and Papers, III, no. 1762. 3 Hall,

  Chronicle, p. 631. Letters and Papers, III, no. 1559. 4 Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1527–33, p. 824. 5 Eric Ives,

  The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, (Oxford, 2004). 6 S.W. Singer (ed.)

  The Life of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish, (London, 1827), pp. 424–5. 7 Ives,

  Life and Death, p. 85. 8 The matrimonial history of Anne of Brittany had been even more compli cated. She married Charles VIII of France in 1491, despite both of them having been betrothed before 242

  N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 1 6 – 1 3 1

  and in 1498 married his cousin and successor, Louis XII. The Pope dispensed all these impediments without diffi culty.

  9 When the King unburdened his conscience to the City Fathers of London in November 1528, ‘… some sighed and said nothing … others that favoured the Queen much sorrowed that this matter was now opened.’ Hall,

  Chronicle, p. 755. 10 Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, IV, pp. 97, 121. Hall, Chronicle, p. 758. 11 Handbook of British Chronology. Letters and Papers, IV, no. 5996. 12 Ives, Life and Death, p.128. 13 R. Scheurer (ed.),

  Correspondence du Cardinal Jean du Bellay, (1969), vol. I, 44 [p. 113]. 14 J.E. Cox (ed.), Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer (London, 1846), p. 246. 15

  Calendar of State Papers Venetian, 1527–33, p. 870. 16 ‘The Coronation of Anne Boleyn’ (1533) in A.F. Pollard, Tudor Tracts (Westminster, 1903), p. 19. 17 Ibid.

  18

  Letters and Papers, VI, no. 568. 19

  Cal. Span. IV, ii, p. 510. 20 Statutes, 25 Henry VIII, c.19; 20, 21; 26 Henry VIII, c.1. 21 D. Loades (ed.),

  The Papers of George Wyatt, (London, 1968), p. 185. 22 Letters and Papers, VIII, no.1013. Ives, Life and Death, p. 191. 23 Ibid., pp. 192–3. 24 Or even the autumn, depending on how premature the foetus of which she miscarried in February 1536 actually was. Rethan Warnicke (