Tudor Queens of England

by David Loades

  The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn, (Cambridge, 1989) described it as ‘of three and a half months’. 25 Abuse in common usage. See TNA SP1/88, f. 21, cited in G.R. Elton, Policy and Police, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 11. 26 G. Ascoli,

  La Grande Bretagne devant l’opinon Francais, (Paris, 1927), lns 209–13. 27 Henry Clifford, The Life of Jane Dormer, (London, 1887), p. 79. 28 Cal. Span., 1536–8, pp. 84–5. 29 George Wyatt, ‘The Life of Queen Anne Boleigne’ in Singer,

  The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, p. 443. 30 T. Amyot (ed.), ‘A Memorial from George Constantine’, in

  Archaelogia, (1831), 23, pp. 23, 64. 31 Mark Smeaton (a musician) was one of those accused of having ‘had a do’ with Anne Boleyn. Smeaton confessed (falsely) under torture.

  32 Singer (ed.),

  Wolsey, pp. 458–9. A letter from Sir Edward Baynton to Sir William FitzWilliam; both were commissioners investigating the charges against Anne and Norris. 33 Wolsey, ed. Singer, pp. 451, 457. 34 Charles Wriothesley,

  A Chronicle of England, 1485–1559, ed. W.D. Hamilton (Camden Society), (London, 1875), vol. I, 189–91. 35 Strype,

  Ecclesiastical Memorials, I, ii, p. 304. 36 Mary to Cromwell, 24 August 1538, Letters and Papers, XIII, no.174. This is a late example, but she had made her position clear the previous autumn. 37 Historical Manuscripts Commission,

  Bath Papers, II, f.8. N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 3 4 – 1 5 2 243

  38

  Letters and Papers, XX, i. no. 266. 39 John Foxe,

  Acts and Monuments, (London, 1583), pp. 1242–4. 40 Letters and Papers, XIX, I, nos. 864, 1035 (78). 41 Statute 35 Henry VIII, c.1. Statutes of the Realm, III, pp. 955–8. Notes to Chapter 7: The Queen as Whore: Catherine Howard 1 Lacey Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, (London, 1961), p. 9. 2 Letters and Papers, XVI, no. 1339. TNA, SP1/168, f.155. 3 It was the usual practice for aristocratic children of both sexes to be sent to live in friendly households, or other parts of the family, at about that age. Only later did it become normal to send sons to school. 4 Mannox swore that ‘he never knew her carnally’, but the truth was probably otherwise. TNA, SP1/167, f.138.

  5

  Letters and Papers, XV, no. 902. A week before they were married, there was a rumour that Catherine was pregnant. 6 J.G. Nichols (ed.),

  Narratives of the Days of the Reformation (London, (1860), p. 260. 7 G.R. Elton, ‘Thomas Cromwell’s Decline and Fall’, in G.R. Elton, Studies in Tudor and Stuart Government and Politics, (Cambridge, 1974), vol. I, 189–230. Susan Brigden ‘Popular Disturbance and the Fall of Thomas Cromwell’,

  Historical Journal, (1981), 34, pp. 257–78. 8

  Letters and Papers, XVI, no. 1426. H. Nicholas (ed.) Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, (London, 1837), VII, p. 355. 9

  Letters and Papers, IX, no. 612. 10 For example, TNA, SP1/167, f.14.

  11

  Letters and Papers, XV, no. 875. TNA, SP1/161, ff. 101–2. 12 John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, (1583), pp. 1177–91. 13 Letters and Papers, XVI, no. 1320. TNA, SP1/167, f.131. 14 Nicholas, Proceedings and Ordinances, VII, p. 353. 15 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Bath Papers, II, pp. 8–9. 16 Bath Papers, II, pp. 8–9. 17

  Letters and Papers, XVI, no. 1339. TNA, SP1/167, f.160. Jane Rochford’s confession. 18 TNA, SP1/167, f.159. Thomas Culpepper’s confession. 19 Statute 26 Henry VIII, c.13.

  Statutes of the Realm, III, p. 508. 20 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, pp. 1236–7. 21

  Letters and Papers, XVI, no. 1426. 22

  State Papers of Henry VIII (1810–28), I, ii, 167, p. 700. 23 Journals of the House of Lords, I, p. 171. 24 Henry Ellis,

  Original Letters Illustrative of English History (1824–46) 1st series, II, pp. 128–9. 25

  Letters and Papers, XVII, no. 63. 244

  N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 5 5 – 1 6 8

  Notes to Chapter 8: The Queens who Never Were: Jane Grey and Mary Stuart 1 When Henry was excommunicated, the realm was placed under an interdict, which meant that no lawful marriages could be celebrated and that included the King’s marriage to Jane Seymour. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, consequently, Edward was illegitimate. 2 The only realistic candidate was Catherine Grey, Jane’s younger sister. However, she married the Earl of Hertford (who had been recognized in January 1559) without royal approval and was consequently imprisoned. She died in 1568. 3 Edward’s Letters Patent were drawn up in due form, but there is no evidence that they ever passed the Great Seal.

  4 There is no fi rm evidence for this shared education, but it is plausible in view of the similarity of their accomplishments, and the proximity of their upbringing. 5 Alison Plowden in

  The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 6 Journals of the House of Commons (1803–52), I, p. 9. Acts of the Privy Council, II, p. 262. 7 John ab Ulmis to Henry Bullinger, 31 December 1550. Hastings Robinson (ed.) (1847), Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation, Parker Society, pp. 425–7. 8 S. Brigden (ed.), The Letters of Richard Scudamore, (London, 1990), vol. XXX, p. 96. 9 W.K. Jordan (ed.), The Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI, (London, 1966), pp. 68–9. 10 The Duke of Northumberland was Warden General of the Marches. BL MS Royal 18C 24, ff.235–6.

  11 Jehan Scheyfve to the Emperor, 11 June 1553.

  Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, XI, p. 50. 12 J.G. Nichols (ed.), Literary Remains of King Edward VI, (London, 1857) II, pp. 571–2. 13 Historical Manuscripts Comission, 16th Report, MSS of Lord Montague of Beaulieu, (1900), p. 5. 14 J.G. Nichols (ed.),

  The Chronicle of Queen Jane, (London, 1850), p. 3. 15 Ibid, Appendix III. 16 Ibid, p. 12.

  17 The two who were executed with him were Sir John Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer. BL

  Harley MS 2194, f.23.

  18

  Chronicle of Queen Jane, pp. 24–5. 19 Ibid., p. 32.

  20 Ibid, pp. 55–9.

  21 This appears to have been on the initiative of the Cardinal, although Mary of Guise also visited her daughter in September 1550 to make sure that this duty was being discharged. Antonia Fraser,

  Mary Queen of Scots, (1969), p. 51. 22 Letter of Nicholas Throgmorton to Elizabeth, January 1561. Cited by Antonia Fraser,

  Mary Queen of Scots, p. 110 23 B.L. Cotton and M.S. Caligula B.IX, ff. 34, 38.

  Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, 1559–60, pp. 413–5. 24 Although Mary was only 19 at the time of her return, she had already been declared of age in 1553, as part of the manoeuvrings that conferred the regency on her mother. 25 T. Thompson (ed.),

  Diurnal of Occurents, (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 74. The battle was at Corrichie. N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 6 8 – 1 9 1

  245

  26 J.E.A. Dawson, ‘William Cecil and the British Dimension of Early Elizabethan Foreign Policy’,

  History, (1989), 74, pp. 196–216. 27 J.E.A. Dawson, ‘Mary Queen of Scots, Lord Darnley and Anglo-Scottish Relations in 1565’,

  International History Review, (1986), 8, pp. 1–24. 28 Randolf to Cecil, 19 February 1565. J Bain, (ed.),

  Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland, 1563–69, (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 126–7. 29 Ibid, p. 188.

  30 Ibid., p. 216.

  31 Bedford to Cecil, 30 December 1566.

  Cal. Scot., 1563–69, p. 308. 32 Sir James Melville, Memoirs of his Own Life, ed. T. Thompson, (Edinburgh, 1827), p. 177. 33 Elizabeth’s instructions to Throgmorton, 30 June 1567. Cal. Scot., 1563–69, pp. 339–40. 34 Cal. Scot. , 1563–69, pp. 438–40. 35

  Calendar of State Papers, Rome, 1558–71, pp. 338, 349. Loades D., Elizabeth I, (London, 2006), pp. 175–7. 36

  Calendar of State Paper, Spanish, 1558–1603, III, pp. 33–4. 37 Raphael Holinshed (ed.) Chronicle, (London, 1807–8), IV, p. 536. 38 Statute 27 Elizabeth I, c.1. Statutes of the Realm, IV, pp. 704–5. 39 The method involved the concealment of letters within the bungs of beer barrels. 40 B.L. Cotton and M.S. Caligula C.IX, f.459. 41 P.L. Hughes and J.F. Larkin,

  Tudor Royal Proclamations, (London, 1969), vol. II, pp. 528–32.

  Notes to Chapter 9: The Married Sovereign:
Queen Mary I 1 The nearest in blood was Henry, Lord Darnley, aged about 8 years at this time. Darnley was the grandson of Margeret Tudors’s second marriage to Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus. Edward Courtenay had a claim derived from his grandmother, Catherine, a daughter of Edward IV. Francis Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, had a more remote claim still, going back to a niece of Richard, Duke of York, Edward IV’s father. It is not surprising that none of these was pressed. 2 Foster

  Watson,

  Vives and the Renascence [Education of Women, (London, 1912). 3 B.L. Cotton and M.S. Vespasian, C XIV, f.246. Count Cifuentes to the Emperor, 8 October 1536. Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, V, p. 106. 4 Marillac to Francis I, 3 June 1542. Letters and Papers, XVII, no. 371. 5 Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Edward VI, II, p. 20. The actual grant is dated 17 May 1548, with issues backdated to the previous Michaelmas, but there is good evidence that the arrangements were in place by the previous July. 6 Henry

  Clifford,

  The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, ed. J. Stevenson, (London, 1887), p. 63. 7 Emperor to Van der Delft (ambassador in England), 10 May 1549.

  Cal. Span., IX, p. 350. 8 D. MacCulloch (ed.) ‘Vita Mariae Angliae Reginae of Robert Wingfi eld of Brantham’, Camden Miscellany, (1984), 28, p. 255. 9 ‘Vita Mariae Angliae Reginae’,

  passim. 246

  N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 9 1 – 2 0 3

  10 Ibid., pp. 272–3.

  11 P.L. Hughes and J.F. Larkin,

  Tudor Royal Proclamations, (London, 1969), vol. II, p. 4. 18 August 1553.

  12 Statute 1 Mary, st.2, c.2.

  Statutes of the Realm, IV, p. 202. See also Henry Machyn, The Diary of Henry Machyn, ed. J.G. Nichols, (London, 1969), pp. 38–41. 13 Emperor to Philip, 30 July 1553. Cal. Span., XI, p. 126. 14 In 1549 Charles had reorganized the 17 provinces of the Low Countries, which were all in theory part of the empire, into the Burgundian Circle, which he exempted from Imperial Law. He then arranged for the succession of each province to fall to Philip after his death or retirement, thus effectively detaching them from the empire altogether. This was much resented by his brother Ferdinand, who was due to succeed him in the Imperial title. 15 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Philip and Mary, no. 24. C.S. Knighton, Mary, (London, 1998) TNA SP11/1, no. 20. 16 Archivo General de Simancas, Estado Inglaterra, E807, f.36 (i).

  Cal. Span., XII, pp. 4–6. 17 Statute 1 Mary, st.3, c.1 House of Lords Record Offi ce, Original Acts. 18 Cal. Span., XII, p. 283. 19 ‘The copie of a letter sent into Scotlande …’ by John Elder.

  The Chronicle of Queen Jane, ed. J.G. Nichols (London, 1850), Appendix X, p. 140. 20

  Cal. Span., XIII, p. 11. Charles had, however, created his son king of Naples and Sicily ahead of the wedding, so that the match would be between ‘equals’. 21 For example, La solenne et felice intrata delli serenissimi Re Philippo et Regina Maria d’Inghilterra (Rome, 1555). There were similar works in Spanish, German and Dutch. 22 Cal. Span., XIII, p. 33. 23 Giovanni Michieli’s ‘Narration of England’, 13 May 1557.

  Cal. Ven., VI, p. 1057. 24 Cardinal Pole to Mary, 2nd October 1553, Cal. Ven., V, p. 419. 25 Cal. Span., XIII, 63–4. 26

  Cal. Ven., VI, p. 10. Memorandum concerning church property. Lords Journals, I, p. 480. 27 For example, Il felicissimo ritorno del regno d’Inghilterra alla cattolica unione (Rome, 1555). 28 He prompted his confessor, Alonso de Castro, to preach against it. As de Castro had quite a record as a persecutor himself this did not carry much conviction. 29 Pole to Philip, 5 October 1555.

  Cal. Ven., VI, pp. 205–6. Mary gave him a generous leaving present. 30 Such rumours were circulating in London as early as March. See the pardon of Alice Perwicke of London.

  Cal. Pat., Mary, III, p. 184. 31 Badoer to the Doge and Senate.

  Cal. Ven., VI, p. 212. 32 Revised Short Title Catalogue 3480, ed. W.A. Jackson et al. (London, 1976–86). John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, (Oxford, 1820), vol. III, pt ii, no xlv. 33 Cal. Ven. , VI, pp. 299–300. 34 Glyn Redworth (1997), ‘“Matters Impertinent to Women”; Male and Female Monarchy under Philip and Mary’,

  English Historical Review, 112, pp. 597–613. 35 Cal. Ven., VI, pp. 401–2. Badoer had been told that she was ‘beyond measure exasperated’. 36 B.L. Sloane MS 1786, which is the Latin version prepared for Philip. N O T E S T O PA G E S 2 0 3 – 2 1 8

  247

  37 This was staged by an adventurer named Thomas Strafford, who pretended a remote claim to the throne. There is more than a suspicion that it was abetted by Lord Paget (who supported the war) with the aid of a French free-booter called Jean Ribaut. 38

  Cal. Span., XI, p. 393. 39 Surian to the Doge and Senate, 15 January 1558,

  Cal. Ven., VI, p. 1427. Philip to Pole, 21 January 1558,

  Cal. Span., XIII, p. 340. 40 F.J. Fisher, ‘Infl uenza and Infl ation in Tudor England’,

  Economic History Review, (1965), 2nd series, 18, pp. 12–30. 41 S. Adams and M. Rodriguez Salgado (eds), ‘The Count of Feria’s Despatch of 14th November 1558’,

  Camden Miscellany, (1984), 28 p. 328. 42 Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, pp. 536–50

  Notes to Chapter 10: The Unmarried Sovereign: Elizabeth I 1 Judith Richards (1999), ‘Love and a Female Monarch; the case of Elizabeth Tudor’, Journal of British Studies, 28, pp. 133–60. 2 Glyn Redworth, ‘Matters Impertinent to Women’, in English Historical Review, (1997), 112, pp. 597–613. Judith Richards ‘Mary Tudor as “Sole Queen”? Gendering Tudor Monarchy’,

  Historical Journal, (1997), 40, pp. 895–924. 3 The Queen’s answer to the Commons petition, 1559. L.S. Marcus, J. Mueller and M.B. Rose,

  Elizabeth I, Collected Works, (Chicago, 2000), p. 59. 4 Judith Richards (1997), ‘“To Promote a Woman to Bear Rule”; Talking of Queens in MidTudor England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 28, pp. 101–22. 5 Draft proclamation of December 1563. Tudor Royal Proclamations, II, pp. 240–412. It is not clear whether it was ever issued. 6 Anonymous,

  A Special Grace Appointed to Have been Said after a Banket in York (1558). 7 Revised Short Title Catalogue 23400. Elizabeth particularly resented being described as being ‘led blindfolded as a poor lamb to the slaughter’. 8 Princess Elizabeth to Edward Seymour, Lord Protector, 28 January 1549. Marcus, et al.,

  Collected Works, pp. 22–4. 9 William Camden (ed. 1625),

  Annales, III, p. 12. Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1580–86, p. 227. 10 Richards, ‘“To Promote a Woman to Bear rule”.’

  11 TNA, SP12/7, nos 169–71.

  12 J. Bain et al. (eds),

  Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland, 1547–1603, (1898–1952), vols II and III. 13 J.H. Pollen (1922), ‘Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington Plot’,

  Scottish Historical Society, 3rd series, 3. 14 Marcus, et al.,

  Collected Works, pp. 325–6. ‘Gathered by one that heard it.’ 15 Ibid., n. 1.

  16 W.P. Haugaard ‘Elizabeth Tudor’s Book of Devotions: A Neglected Clue to the Queen’s Life and Character’,

  Sixteenth Century Journal, (1981), 12, pp. 79–105. 17 Indictment of Lord John Bray (1556). Calendar of Patent Rolls, III, p. 396. 248 N O T E S T O PA G E S 2 2 1 – 2 2 5

  18 Christopher Haigh, ‘From Monopoly to Minority; Catholicism in Early Modern England’,

  Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, (1981), 5th series, 31, pp. 129–47. 19 Elizabeth’s willingness to appoint bishops with much more radical views than her own was evident in the vestiarian controversy of 1566. Ibid., pp. 102–4. 20 Richard Mulcaster, The Passage of Most Dread Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, through the City of London … (1558), in A.F. Pollard, Tudor Tracts, (1903), p. 387. 21 Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, ed. A.C. Hamilton, (London, 1984) Book 2, 2, xlii. 22 G. von Bulow, ‘Journey through England and Scotland, Made by Lupold von Wedel in the Years 1584 and 1585’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, n.s. 9 (1895), pp. 258–9. 23 Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 303–4. 24 William Camden (1688),

  The History of the Most Renowned Princess Elizabeth, pp. 623–4. 25 M. James, ‘
At A Crossroads of Political Culture, the Essex Revolt of 1601’, in Society, Politics and Culture; Studies in Early Modern England, (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 416–65. 26 Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 304.

  Additional Reading Suggestions (Place of publication London unless otherwise stated)

  Adams, Simon,

  Leicester and the Court. Essays in Elizabethan Politics, (2002). Allmand, Christopher, Henry V, (1992). Andrews, K.R.,

  Drake’s Voyages; A Reassessment of their Place in England’s Maritime Expansion, (1967). Anglo, S.,

  Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy, (Oxford, 1969). Ascoli, G., La Grande Bretagne devant l’Opinion Francaise, (Paris, 1927). Baldwin, David, Elizabeth Woodville, (Stroud, 2002). Bernard, G.W., The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church, (2005). Berry, Philippa,

  Of Chastity and Power; Elizabethan Literature and the Virgin Queen, (1989). Bradshaw, B., and E. Duffy,

  Humanism, Reform and Reformation; the career of Bishop John Fisher, (Cambridge, 1989). Bullough, Verna L.,

  The Subordinate Sex, (1973). Bush, M.L.,

  The Government Policy of Protector Somerset, (Manchester, 1975). Calmette, J. and G. Perinelle,

  Louis XI et l’Angleterre, (Paris, 1930). Chrimes, S.B., Henry VII, (1972). Collinson, Patrick,

  Archbishop Grindal, 1519–1583: The Struggle for a Reformed Church, (1979). Cowan, Ian B.,

  The Enigma of Mary Stewart, (1971). Davey, Richard,

  The Nine Days Queen, (1909). Davies, R. R.,

  The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr, (Oxford, 1995). Dawson, J.E.A., The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots, (2002). Doran, Susan,

  Monarchy and Matrimony: the Courtships of Elizabeth I, (1996). 250

  A D D I T I O N A L R E A D I N G S U G G E S T I O N S

  Dowling, Maria,

  Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII, (1987). Duffy, Eamon, The Stripping of the Altars, (1992). Duffy, Eamon, and D. Loades,