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Spies and Commissars

Page 51

by Robert Service


  R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vols 1–3 (Macmillan: London, 1985–95)

  R. Service, The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927 (4th revised edn; Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2009)

  R. Service, Trotsky: A Biography (Macmillan: London, 2009)

  G. N. Sevast’yanov, J. Haslam and others (eds), Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926 (Mezhdunarodnyi fond Demokratiya: Moscow, 2002)

  C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House: Into the World War (Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1928)

  C. Sheridan, From Mayfair to Moscow: Clare Sheridan’s Diary (Boni & Liveright: New York, 1921)

  C. Sheridan, Naked Truth (Harper & Brothers: New York, 1928)

  H. Shukman, War or Revolution: Russian Jews and Conscription in Britain, 1917 (Vallentine Mitchell: London, 2006)

  E. Sisson, One Hundred Red Days: A Personal Chronicle of the Bolshevik Revolution (Yale University Press: New Haven, 1931)

  M. Smith, Six: A History of Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service, part 1: Murder and Mayhem, 1909–1939 (Dialogue: London, 2010)

  Mrs P. Snowden, A Pilgrim in Europe (George H. Doran: New York, 1921)

  Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia (Cassell: London, 1920)

  ‘Sovershenno lichno i doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska, vol. 1, ed. O. V. Budnitskii (Rosspen: Moscow, and Hoover Institution: Stanford, 2001)

  J. Spargo, Bolshevism: The Enemy of Political and Industrial Democracy (Harper & Brothers: New York, 1919)

  J. Spargo, The Greatest Failure in History: A Critical Examination of the Actual Workings of Bolshevism in Russia (Harper & Brothers: New York, 1920)

  J. Spargo, Russia as an American Problem (Harper & Brothers: New York, 1920)

  R. B. Spence, Secret Agent 666: Aleister Crowley, British Intelligence and the Occult (Feral House: Port Townsend, WA, 2008)

  R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano: America’s Man in Moscow’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, no. 3 (1999)

  R. B. Spence, Trust No One: The Secret Life of Sidney Reilly (Feral House: Port Townsend, WA, 2002)

  P. Spriano, L’occupazione delle fabbriche. Settembre 1920 (Einaudi: Turin, 1964)

  Z. Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005)

  H. Strachan, The First World War: A New Illustrated History (Simon & Schuster: London, 2003)

  A. L. Strong, The First Time in History: Two Years of Russia’s New Life (Boni & Liveright: New York, 1924)

  N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revolyutsii. V 3-kh tomakh, books 1–7 (Politizdat: Moscow, 1991)

  G. Swain, ‘Before the Fighting Started: A Discussion on the Theme of the “Third Way” ’, Revolutionary Russia, no. 2 (1991)

  G. Swain, ‘The Disillusioning of the Revolution’s Praetorian Guard: The Latvian Riflemen, Summer–Autumn 1918’, Europe-Asia Studies, no. 4 (1999)

  G. Swain, ‘ “An Interesting and Plausible Proposal”: Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly and the Latvian Riflemen, Russia 1918’, Intelligence and National Security, no. 3 (1999)

  G. Swain, ‘Maugham, Masaryk and the “Mensheviks” ’, Revolutionary Russia, no. 1 (1994)

  G. Swain, The Origins of the Russian Civil War (Longman: London, 1996)

  G. Swain, ‘Russia’s Garibaldi: The Revolutionary Life of Mikhail Artemevich Muraviev’, Revolutionary Russia, no. 2 (1998)

  G. Swain, ‘Vacietis: The Enigma of the Red Army’s First Commander’, Revolutionary Russia, no. 1 (2003)

  A. Tardieu, La Paix (Payot: London, 1921)

  B. Thomson, Queer People (Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1922)

  L. Trotskii, Chto zhe dal’she? (Itogi i perspektivy) (Priboi: Petersburg [sic], 1917)

  L. Trotskii, Dnevniki i pis’ma, ed. Yu. Fel’shtinskii (Ermitazh: Tenafly, NJ, 1986)

  L. Trotskii, Moya zhizn’: opyt avtobiografii, vols 1–2 (Granit: Berlin, 1930)

  L. Trotskii, Petlya vmesto khleba (Penza Gubkom RKP: Penza, 1921)

  L. Trotskii, Rech’ t. Trotskogo na massovom mitinge v gor. Gomele, 10 maya 1920 g. (Gomel’skii gubernskii komitet: Gomel, 1920)

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  M. Ustinov, ‘Svoevremennye mysli’, in S. Rudakov (ed.), Vokrug moskovskikh sobytii (Revolyutsionnyi sotsializm: Moscow, 1918)

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  A. Vatlin, Komintern: idei, resheniya, sud’by (Rosspen: Moscow, 2009)

  R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge (Perrin: Paris, 1919)

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  S. White, Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Study in the Politics of Diplomacy (Macmillan: London, 1979)

  S. White, ‘British Labour in Soviet Russia, 1920’, English Historical Review, vol. 109 (1994)

  G. Williams, The First Congress of the Red Trade Union International, 1921 (Industrial Workers of the World: Chicago, 1921)

  A. Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and his Work (Scott & Selzer: New York, 1919)

  Winston S. Churchill: Companion, ed. M. Gilbert, vol. 4 (Heinemann: London, 1977)

  P. Winterton, A Student in Russia (The Co-operative Union: Manchester, 1931)

  B. D. Wolfe, Strange Communists I Have Known (Stein & Day: New York, 1965)

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  Z. A. Zeman, Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1958)

  N. Zubov, F. E. Dzerzhinskii: biografiya (3rd edn; Politizdat: Moscow, 1971)

  INDEX

  Page references in bold type denote complete chapters.

  Aberdeen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Adler, Alfred, ref 1

  agriculture: and American help for, ref 1; Bolshevik policies for, ref 1, ref 2; in Germany, ref 1; Keynes’s economic view of, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; machinery for, imported by Russia, ref 1, ref 2; New Economic Policy, ref 1; peasant hostility to seizure of produce, ref 1; and peasant reluctance to sell produce, ref 1; and peasant village communes, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; Yuri Larin and ‘urbanization’ of, ref 1

  Albert Hall, London, ref 1, ref 2

  Alexandra, Empress, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Alexandrinski theatre, Petrograd, ref 1

  Alexandrovich, V. A., ref 1

  Alexeev, Mikhail, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Alexinski, Grigori, ref 1, ref 2

  Allen, Clifford, ref 1, ref 2

  Alley, Stephen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Allied Drug and Chemical Corporation, ref 1

  Allied Supreme Council, see Supreme Council (of Allies)

  All-Russia Congress of POW Internationalists, ref 1

  Altvater, Admiral, ref 1

  American Railway Mission to Russia, ref 1, ref
2

  American Red Cross, ref 1

  American Relief Administration, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Anatolia, ref 1

  Anet, Claude, ref 1

  Anglo-Soviet trade treaty: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; British terms for, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; negotiations, ref 1, ref 2; timing of, ref 1, ref 2

  Antaeus Export and Import Company, ref 1

  anti-Bolsheviks: anger at liaison between Reds and Allies, ref 1; in Britain, ref 1, ref 2; coalition of politicians in Russia, ref 1; Congress in Warsaw, ref 1; diplomatic roles, ref 1; majority in Constituent Assembly, ref 1; press reports, ref 1; Provisional Government and, ref 1; Socialist-Revolutionary government, ref 1; see also Volunteer Army; Western Allies; White forces

  Antonov, A. S., ref 1

  ‘April Theses’ (Lenin), ref 1, ref 2

  Archangel: Allied occupation of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Allied occupation of: and Lockhart, ref 1; Bolshevik plan for German attack on, ref 1, ref 2; British plan to overthrow Soviet in, ref 1; evacuation of Allied troops from, ref 1, ref 2; importance as international port, ref 1

  Armand, Inessa, ref 1

  Armstrong Whitworth, ref 1

  Association Financière, Industrielle et Commerciale Russe, ref 1

  Austria: and armistice, ref 1; Army of, ref 1; and blockade of river Danube, ref 1; and Bolshevik propaganda, ref 1; diplomats of, in Petrograd, ref 1; discontent in, ref 1; ex-prisoners of war of, ref 1, ref 2; military and diplomatic contribution to Central Powers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; revolutionary outbreaks in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Azbuka (White intelligence network), ref 1

  Azerbaijan: becomes Soviet republic, ref 1; Congress of the Peoples of the East, ref 1; nationalization of foreign companies, ref 1; oil industry, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Baden, Max von, ref 1, ref 2

  Bagge, John Picton, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Baker, George Barr, ref 1

  Bakhmetev, Boris: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; access to bank accounts of Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2

  Baku, Azerbaijan: and attracting oil companies back, ref 1; and British oil companies, ref 1; and Congress of Peoples of the East, ref 1; and Council for Propaganda and Action, ref 1; lease of oil fields to foreigners, ref 1; Lenin orders no acceptance of British help, ref 1; and Nobel Oil Company, ref 1; and oil companies and their assets, ref 1; oil output and Germans, ref 1

  Baku Consolidated Oilfields, ref 1

  Balabanova, Angelika, ref 1

  Balfour, A. J.: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and Chicherin and Petrov, ref 1; and Churchill, ref 1; and informal intermediaries, ref 1, ref 2; and Kamenev, ref 1; and Litvinov, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2; and Ukraine, ref 1; in Washington, ref 1

  Barbusse, Henri, ref 1

  Bashkirov, Vladimir, ref 1

  Bauer, Rudolf, ref 1, ref 2

  Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1

  Beatty, Bessie: background, ref 1; after fall of Provisional Government, ref 1; in Petrograd, ref 1; and Rhys Williams, ref 1; and Russian language, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

  Beaverbrook, Lord, ref 1, ref 2

  Beika, Kristap, ref 1

  Benckendorff, Moura (née Zakrevskaya): assistant to Gorki, ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Lockhart: correspondence, ref 1; on Ransome, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Berchtold, Count, ref 1

  Berkman, Alexander: deported to Soviet Russia, ref 1; detained by Department of Justice in America, ref 1; John Reed as witness for defence, ref 1; protest about imprisonment of, ref 1; and Soviet authorities, ref 1

  Bernstein, Herman, ref 1

  Berzin, Eduard, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Berzin, Yan, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Bessarabia, ref 1

  Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, ref 1

  Bevin, Ernest, ref 1

  Bialostok, ref 1

  Birse, Edward, ref 1

  Black, Dora, ref 1

  Bliss, Tasker, ref 1

  Blyumkin, Yakov, ref 1, ref 2

  Bohemia in London, ref 1

  ‘Bolo Liquidation Lunches’, ref 1

  Bolsheviks: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; for and against, ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and America: distrust, ref 1; and America: Finnish Information Bureau, ref 1, ref 2; American Relief Administration, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Britain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Britain: counter-revolutionaries, ref 1; and Britain: seizure of Archangel, ref 1; and Britain: the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; and Britain: trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Central Committee, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Central Committee: emergency session, ref 1; Central Committee: power transferred to soviets, ref 1; Comintern and expansionism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and diplomacy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; doctrine of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; doctrine of: grandiose ideas, ref 1; and Eastern peoples, ref 1; and European revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; ‘fellow-travellers’, ref 1; and Finnish independence, ref 1; and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 , ref 4 , ref 5, ref 6; and French agents, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1, ref2 , ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Germany: following Armistice with Allies, ref 1; and Germany: help from, ref 1; and Germany: revolution in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Marxism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Mensheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; military, see Red Army; and Murmansk landings, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; New Economic Policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; oil production in Baku, ref 1, ref 2; opposition to, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; see also Lockhart Plot, the; White forces and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; propaganda, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; propaganda: in Russia, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Provisional Government: demonstrations against, ref 1; and the Provisional Government: overthrown, ref 1; and rail network, ref 1; and Romania, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; Russian Bureau of, ref 1; and the Russian economy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; and the Socialist-Revolutionaries: concordat with, ref 1; spreading revolution, ref 1, ref 2; spreading revolution: POWs, ref 1; Stalin as leader, ref 1, ref 2; and subversive activity, ref 1, ref 2; the Tambov peasant revolt, ref 1; view of information, ref 1; and Western sympathisers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Western recruits: Sadoul, ref 1; see also Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (Ulyanov); Trotsky, Lev Davidovich

  Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning, The (Litvinov), ref 1

  Bolshoi Opera, Petrograd, ref 1

  Bonar Law, Andrew, ref 1, ref 2

  Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, ref 1

  Bondfied, Margaret, ref 1, ref 2

  Botosani, ref 1, ref 2

  Boyce, Commander Ernest, ref 1

  Boyle, Colonel Joe, ref 1

  Bratianu, Ionel, ref 1, ref 2

  Breshkovskaya, Yekaterina, ref 1

  Brest-Litovsk: peace negotiations, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Briand, Aristide, ref 1

  Bristow, Mrs, ref 1

  Britain: ref 1, ref 2; anti-war socialists in, ref 1; and Archangel, ref 1, ref 2; blockade of German ports, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolsheviks in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; communism, ref 1; diplomacy, ref 1, ref 2; diplomatic links with Russia, ref 1, ref 2; Empire, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and German U-boat activity, ref 1, ref 2; and ‘Hands off Russia’ movement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Labour Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; Labour Party: delegation trip to Volga region, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; the Lockhart plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and Murmansk, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and political prisoners, ref 1; press, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and the Romanovs, ref 1, ref 2; and Russian participation in WW1, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Ru
ssian political refugees, ref 1; Secret Service, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Secret Service: and Stalin, ref 1; Secret Service: Arthur Ransome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Secret Service: George Hill, ref 1, ref 2; Secret Service: Paul Dukes, ref 1; Secret Service: Sidney Reilly, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; support for anti-Bolsheviks, ref 1; trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; the Triple Entente, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; see also diplomatic roles; Western Allies

  British Empire, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  British Foreign Office: and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Litvinov, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; and Western Allies support for Russia, ref 1

  British-Russian Club, London, ref 1

  British Socialist Party, ref 1

  Brusilov, Alexei, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Bryant, Louise: and American sub-committee on Russian propaganda, ref 1; background, ref 1; and Bessie Beatty, ref 1; booklets on Russia published, ref 1; courier for Soviet government, ref 1; and death of John Reed, ref 1; and fall of Provisional Government, ref 1; interview with Krasin, ref 1; loss of job with Philadelphia Public Ledger, ref 1; marriage to John Reed, ref 1; and Senate Committee on Bolshevik propaganda, ref 1; and Soviet propaganda in America, ref 1; speech at Madison Square Gardens, ref 1; travel to Russia delay, ref 1; on Trotsky, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2; and Yakov Peters, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

  Buchanan, Sir George: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1; and detention of Trotsky in Halifax, ref 1; granted sick leave, ref 1, ref 2; and imprisonment of Chicherin and Petrov, ref 1, ref 2; language skills of, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and question of support for Russia, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

  Buchan, John, ref 1

  Buckler, W. H., ref 1

  Budberg, Moura, see Benckendorff, Moura

  Buford (ship), ref 1

  Buikis, Jan, ref 1

  Bukharin, Nikolai: ref 1; and changes in contemporary capitalism, ref 1; and collective farms, ref 1; and Comintern congress, ref 1; on communism, ref 1, ref 2; and French offer of military assistance, ref 1; ill health of, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1; and Liebknecht, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2; and peace treaty with Central Powers, ref 1, ref 2; and planning of international communist congress, ref 1; and Pravda, ref 1; and repressive measures, ref 1; and Spartakusbund congress, ref 1

 

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