Spies and Commissars

by Robert Service

  Bulak-Balakhovich, Stanislav, ref 1, ref 2

  Bulgaria, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Bullitt, William C.: background, ref 1; as emissary to Moscow, ref 1, ref 2; encouraged by Felix Frankfurter, ref 1; and gaining information, ref 1; letter to Lansing, ref 1; letter to Wilson, ref 1; and Lloyd George, ref 1; marriage to Louise Bryant, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1, ref 2; outcome of Moscow visit, ref 1; in the State Department, ref 1, ref 2; resignation from State Department, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1

  Buxton, Charles Roden, ref 1, ref 2

  Cachin, Marcel, ref 1

  Callaghan, Margaret Reilly, ref 1

  Call (magazine), ref 1

  Camber Higgs, William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Canada, ref 1, ref 2

  Cantacuzène, Princess, ref 1

  capitalism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; American view of, ref 1; Bolshevik view of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Bolshevik view of, in America, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik view of, in Europe, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik view of Provisional Government, ref 1; ‘finance capitalism’, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and higher standard of living, ref 1, ref 2; and Italy, ref 1; and Marxist theory, ref 1, ref 2; in report of Labour delegation, ref 1; and Russian economy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Russian economy: American view of, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Carson, Sir Edward, ref 1

  Castro, Fidel, ref 1

  Cecil, Lord Robert, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Central Committee of Bolsheviks: and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Brest-Litovsk treaty: Germany’s continued advances, ref 1; and conditional support for Provisional Government, ref 1; and demonstration against government policy, ref 1; and discussions for socialist coalition, ref 1; establishment of the Politburo, ref 1; and Georgia, ref 1; and intelligence activity, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; Lenin puts case for an uprising, ref 1; majority of supporters of Lenin in, ref 1, ref 2; and oil concessions in Baku, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and trade with Britain, ref 1; and transfer of power to the soviets, ref 1

  Central Powers: ref 1; advances of, ref 1; the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1; and France, ref 1; German and Austrian diplomats in Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2; and the June military offensive, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2

  Central Rada, Ukraine: delegation at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and French initiative, ref 1; Germans install client ruler, ref 1; and Russian Provisional Government, ref 1; separate peace with Central Powers, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1

  Chaikovski, Nikolai, ref 1, ref 2

  Cheka (Extraordinary Commission): and the Bolshevik party, ref 1; and code-breaking and encryption, ref 1; and counter-revolutionary activity in Bolshevist areas, ref 1; and covert operations, ref 1, ref 2; damage to Western intelligence networks, ref 1, ref 2; and dictatorship, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1, ref 2; established, ref 1; in Europe, ref 1; execution of Reilly, ref 1; exploitation of Boris Savinkov, ref 1; and foreign military campaigns, ref 1; freed from legal restraints by Sovnarkom, ref 1; learns to organize intelligence, ref 1; and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; liquidation of anticommunist groups, ref 1, ref 2; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the National Centre, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; under pressure, ref 1; and Ransome, ref 1; and Raymond Robins, ref 1; recruiting for, ref 1; and the Red Terror, ref 1, ref 2; release of prisoners with English names, ref 1; and subversion in former Russian Empire, ref 1; and the Tactical Centre, ref 1; targets named in Constitution, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and violence, ref 1; and Western politics, ref 1

  Chelyabinsk Soviet, ref 1

  Chesham House, London, ref 1, ref 2

  Chicherin, Georgi: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1; and Anglo-Soviet trade talks, ref 1; appointed People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs, ref 1; in Brixton prison, ref 1, ref 2; and Bullitt, ref 1; and courier work, ref 1, ref 2; deputizing for Trotsky, ref 1; and exchange of prisoners with Britain, ref 1, ref 2; and German involvement in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; at meeting in Genoa, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; and peace with Latvia and Lithuania, ref 1; at the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Raymond Robins, ref 1; repatriation issues of, ref 1, ref 2; retirement and death of, ref 1; and subversive activity, ref 1; and Turkey, ref 1; and visit of British Labour delegation, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Chkheidze, Nikolai, ref 1

  Christian Science Monitor, ref 1

  Church, see religion

  Churchill, Winston: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; accused of deceit, ref 1; asked for paper costing of military options, ref 1; on Bolshevism, ref 1; British-Russian Club talk, ref 1; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1, ref 2; and the Independent Labour Party, ref 1; ‘iron curtain’ reference, ref 1; opposition to trade with Soviet Russia, ref 1; the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; political militant against the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and supplies for White forces, ref 1; postscript, ref 1, ref 2

  Cisneros, Garrido, ref 1

  City of Marseilles (ship), ref 1

  civil war: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; in Finland, ref 1; in Hungary, ref 1; in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Clarke, John, ref 1, ref 2

  Clemenceau, Georges: becomes premier, ref 1; description of, ref 1; and finance for White forces, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1; objection to Wilson’s proposal for Russian peace, ref 1; and Polish off to attack Soviet Russia, ref 1; retirement of, ref 1; and Russian policy of Allies, ref 1; on sending French troops to Russia, ref 1; and terms of German treaty at Versailles, ref 1; views on Russia, ref 1; and Wilson, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and withdrawal of French troops from Ukraine, ref 1

  Clerk, Sir George, ref 1

  Cleveland, Grover, ref 1

  Coates, Albert, ref 1

  Code and Cypher School, British, ref 1, ref 2

  codes: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; British Code and Cypher School, ref 1, ref 2

  Cold War, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Comintern (Communist International): ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2; communist federations and, ref 1; foundation of, ref 1, ref 2; and France, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; and Italy, ref 1, ref 2; and John Reed, ref 1; in Moscow, ref 1; Radek’s report on, ref 1; recruiting for, ref 1; spreading of, ref 1

  Communist International, see Comintern

  Communist Labor Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Communist Manifesto, The, ref 1

  Communist Party of America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Communist Party of Great Britain, ref 1

  Congress of Peoples of the East, ref 1

  Congress of Soviets: and Bolshevik demonstration against government policy, ref 1; and Bolshevik policies, ref 1; Constitution and citizenship, ref 1; and oil concessions in Baku, ref 1; and overthrow of Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2; and peace treaty with Germany, ref 1; Trotsky’s plans for, ref 1

  Constantinople, ref 1

  Constituent Assembly: and Kolchak, ref 1; Litvinov and, ref 1, ref 2; Radek and anti-Bolshevik majority, ref 1; and separate peace with Germany, ref 1; and Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1

  Constitutional-Democrats, see Kadets (Constitutional-Democrats)

  convoy system protecting commercial shipping, ref 1, ref 2

  Cooper, Merian (‘Coop’), ref 1, ref 2

  Cossacks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Council for Propaganda and Action, ref 1

  Council for Propaganda and Action, Baku, ref 1

  Council of Ten, ref 1, ref 2

  Creel, George, ref 1

  Crispien, Arthur, ref 1

  Cromie, Francis, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Crowley, Aleister, ref 1

  Cumming, Mansfield: choosing recruits, ref 1; and Maugham, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1, ref 2; and Reilly, ref 1

  Curzon, Earl: against the
Bolsheviks, ref 1; and the Curzon Line, ref 1; Government Code and Cypher School, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and scheme of Savinkov, ref 1

  Curzon Line, the, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Czech Corps: advance to Yekaterinburg, ref 1; and General Poole, ref 1; and Kolchak, ref 1; and Komuch, ref 1, ref 2; proposed by Savinkov, ref 1; in Samara, ref 1; and Savinkov, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Yaroslavl uprising, ref 1

  Czernin, Count Otto von, ref 1

  Daily Express, ref 1, ref 2

  Daily Herald: ref 1, ref 2; and finance from Soviets, ref 1, ref 2

  Daily Mail, ref 1

  Daily News, ref 1, ref 2

  Daily Telegraph, ref 1

  d’Anselme, Philippe Henri, ref 1

  Dardanelles Straits, ref 1

  Death of Ivan the Terrible, The, ref 1

  Debs, Eugene, ref 1

  decrees of Bolshevik government: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Decree on Land, ref 1, ref 2; Decree on Peace, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Decree on Press, ref 1; recognizing new Soviet republics, ref 1; requisition of grain abolished, ref 1

  Defence of the Realm Act (British), ref 1, ref 2

  de Gaulle, Charles, ref 1

  della Torretta, Marchese, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Denikin, Anton: and Azbuka, ref 1; on Finnish independence, ref 1; and Hill, ref 1; and information network, ref 1; and the National Centre, ref 1, ref 2; and the National Centre: Azbuka informant, ref 1; northward attack defeated, ref 1; and opinion of Herbert Hoover, ref 1; and supplies, ref 1, ref 2; and the Volunteer Army, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1; see also White forces

  De Potere, Austrian ambassador, ref 1, ref 2

  Désirée, Belgian minister, ref 1

  Diamandy, Constantin, ref 1, ref 2

  dictatorship: American communists’ view of, ref 1; and Bolshevik leadership, ref 1, ref 2; and Comintern, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Lenin: fondness for, ref 1; in Moscow, Polish view of, ref 1; of the proletariat, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; of the proletariat: in Germany, ref 1; and Russian anti-Bolshevism, ref 1; and Theodore Rothstein, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Die Fackel (later Der Völkfried), ref 1

  Die Rote Fahne (newspaper), ref 1

  Die Zukunft (publication), ref 1

  Diplomatic History of the War, The, ref 1

  diplomatic roles, ref 1; American embassy in Archangel, ref 1; and Bolshevik attempt to ease Soviet diplomacy, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries and world revolution, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries: loss of diplomatic bag, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries: severance of link with Germany, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries: use of Western press, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; see also Finnish Information Bureau, New York and Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1; British diplomatic initiative for Russian-Polish peace, ref 1; Central Powers: in Petrograd, ref 1; detention of Diamandy, ref 1; German diplomats and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; in Germany: rejection of Soviet aid for revolution, ref 1; Lenin and priority of Soviet Diplomacy, ref 1; Lockhart on Allied embassies in Vologda, ref 1; Mirbach in Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2; the Politburo and diplomatic duplicity, ref 1; and proprieties, ref 1, ref 2; and proprieties: Britain and Litvinov, ref 1; of Provisional Government, ref 1; Soviet treaty with Germany: diplomacy and trade, ref 1; in Switzerland and rail travel, ref 1; and trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and trade talks: America, ref 1, ref 2; and trade talks: Estonia, ref 1; use of unofficial and informal methods, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; of Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; of Western Allies and anti-Bolshevik activities, ref 1; of Western Allies: gathering information, ref 1, ref 2; of Western Allies: safety, ref 1

  Dobruja, ref 1

  Don Carlos (Verdi), ref 1

  Douglas, Alfred Lord, ref 1

  Drinker, Aimee Ernesta: marriage to Bullitt, ref 1

  Dukes, Paul, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; notes to pages, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Dukhonin, General, ref 1

  Duranty, Walter, ref 1

  Dvinsk, Latvia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Dzerzhinski, Felix: background, ref 1; as head of Cheka, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; illness and death, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin, ref 1; and Liberman, ref 1; and liquidation of enemies, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; moral scruples of, ref 1; resignation, ref 1; sculpted by Clare Sheridan, ref 1, ref 2; and subversive activity, ref 1; taken captive by Left-Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1

  Dzerzhinski, Zofia (née Muszkat), ref 1, ref 2

  Eastman, Max: ref 1; memo for Trotsky and Lenin, ref 1; produces booklet with John Reed, ref 1

  Eberlein, Hugo, ref 1, ref 2

  Ebert, Friedrich, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Economic Consequences of the Peace, The (Keynes), ref 1

  Eisner, Kurt, ref 1

  embourgeoisement of Soviet leaders, ref 1

  Estonia: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Soviet Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and White armies, ref 1

  Europe: ref 1, ref 2; and the Allied Treaties, ref 1; anti-communism in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and Bolshevik plans for revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Bolshevik subversion in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Bolshevik view of agriculture in, ref 1; and grain shipments from America, ref 1; labour movements in, ref 1; Marxism-Leninism in, ref 1; political emigrants in, ref 1; revolutionary outbreaks in, ref 1; Russian accounts held in, ref 1; see also Great War; particular European countries; France; Germany

  Fairchild, E. C., ref 1

  Fardon, Private A. J., ref 1

  Fauntleroy, Cedric, ref 1

  Faux-Pas Bidet, Charles Adolphe, ref 1

  Fëdorov, G. F., ref 1

  ‘fellow-travellers’, ref 1

  Fetterlein, Ernst, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Finance Capital (Hilferding), ref 1

  ‘finance capitalism’, ref 1

  Findlay, Sir Mansfeldt, ref 1

  Finland, ref 1, ref 2

  Finland Station, Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Finlayson, Brigadier General, ref 1

  Finnish Information Bureau, New York: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and the Bureau of Information on Soviet Russia, ref 1; and purchase requirements of Soviet Russia, ref 1; raided by police, ref 1; see also Nuorteva, Santeri

  Fischer, Ruth, ref 1

  Foch, Marshall, ref 1, ref 2

  Ford, Henry, ref 1

  Forward (Jewish newspaper), ref 1

  ‘Fourteen Points’ (Wilson), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  France: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and action against the Bolsheviks, ref 1; American help for, ref 1; army of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; army of: in Odessa, ref 1, ref 2; consulate of, in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the Czechs, ref 1; diplomats of, in Sweden, ref 1; German forces in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; national military and foreign policy, ref 1; official visitors to Russia from, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and post-war blockade of Germany, ref 1; post-war economy of, ref 1; and the post-war settlements, ref 1, ref 2; Russian political emigrants leave, ref 1, ref 2; secret service of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; threat of communism in, ref 1, ref 2; threat of communist revolution in, ref 1; and trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; Treaty of Versailles, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; visit of President Wilson to, ref 1; visit of Winston Churchill to, ref 1; see also Western Allies

  France, Joseph I., ref 1, ref 2

  Franchet d’Espèrey, French commander, ref 1

  Francis, David R.: and anarchists, ref 1; appointment to embassy, ref 1; appeal to ‘the People of Russia’, ref 1; background, ref 1; and Buchanan, ref 1; death of, ref 1; and diplomatic immunity, ref 1; health of, ref 1; and move of embassy to Archangel, ref 1; move of embassy to Vologda, ref 1; organizing an army, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; and R
aymond Robins, ref 1, ref 2; and the restoration of rail network, ref 1; return to America, ref 1

  Frankfurter, Felix: ref 1, ref 2; and Bullitt, ref 1

  Freikorps; and Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1; and projected agreement with Comintern, ref 1; in putsch led by Wolfgang Kapp, ref 1; suppress Spartacist revolt, ref 1, ref 2; unofficial armed squads, ref 1

  Fride, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Fride, Maria: Allied agent, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; operative of Reilly, ref 1; sentenced to forced labour, ref 1

  From the October Revolution to the Brest Peace Treaty (Trotsky), ref 1

  Gale, Linn A. E., ref 1, ref 2

  Gallacher, Willie, ref 1

  George V: ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1

  Georgia: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; rejects Sovnarkom, ref 1; Soviet republic proclaimed, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1

  German Communist Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  German Social-Democratic Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Germany: ref 1, ref 2; Allied intelligence in, ref 1; Allied peace settlement with, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; armistice with Allies, ref 1; the Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1; blockade of, ref 1, ref 2; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Communism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Foreign Office of, ref 1, ref 2; and the Freikorps, ref 1, ref 2; the Great War (1914–18), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; and the Romanovs, ref 1; Russian trade with, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; secret service of, ref 1, ref 2; and the Spartacists, ref 1, ref 2

  Gibbes, Sidney, ref 1

  Girshberg, Maria, ref 1

  Goebbels, Joseph, ref 1

  Goethe, ref 1

  Goldman, Emma: ref 1; deported to Soviet Russia, ref 1; detained by Department of Justice in America, ref 1; protest about imprisonment of, ref 1; and Soviet authorities, ref 1

  gold reserves, Russian: and Kolchak, ref 1, ref 2; in possible trade deals, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in possible trade deals: Sweden, ref 1; in possible trade deals: Vanderlip, ref 1; regarded as tainted, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in supplementary treaty with Germans, ref 1, ref 2; and Trotsky: import strategy, ref 1