Spies and Commissars

by Robert Service

  Goode, W. T., ref 1, ref 2

  Gorki, Maxim, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Government Code and Cypher School, ref 1, ref 2

  Gramsci, Antonio, ref 1

  Graves, William S., ref 1

  Great Britain, see Britain

  Great War: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the Americans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the Americans: aid for Russia, ref 1; Archangel, ref 1; blockade of German fleet, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik view of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; German involvement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; prisoners of war, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Russian involvement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; Western Allies: Allied Supreme War Council, ref 1

  Gregory, Captain T. T. C.: ref 1; article in World’s Wealth, ref 1

  Grenard, Fernand: and finance for Savinkov, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2; and monarchists in Moscow, ref 1; sanctuary in American consulate, ref 1; tried in Lockhart case, ref 1

  Guchkov, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2

  Gumberg, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2

  Haase, Hugo, ref 1, ref 2

  Haden Guest, Dr Leslie, ref 1, ref 2

  Halifax, Nova Scotia, ref 1, ref 2

  Hammer, Dr Armand, ref 1

  Hammer, Julius, ref 1

  Hands Off Russia movement: and Clare Sheridan, ref 1; in opinion of Milyukov, ref 1; and the political left, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Haparanda, Sweden, ref 1, ref 2

  Harden, Maximilien, ref 1

  Harding, Warren G., ref 1, ref 2

  Hardinge, Lord Charles, ref 1, ref 2

  Harper, Professor Samuel, ref 1

  Harrison, Marguerite E., ref 1, ref 2

  Hauschild, Herbert, ref 1

  Helfferich, Karl, ref 1

  Helig Olaf, ref 1

  Helsinki: fighting in streets of, ref 1; Lenin in, ref 1; naval bases, ref 1

  Hicks, William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Higgs, William Camber, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Hilferding, Rudolph, ref 1

  Hill, George: at ‘Bolo Liquidation Lunches’, ref 1; and Bullitt in Paris, ref 1; and Colonel Joe Boyle, ref 1; Cumming sets up enquiry on Reilly, ref 1; and Denikin, ref 1; establishes covert network, ref 1, ref 2; help for Orthodox Church, ref 1; instructs Trotsky in aeronautics, ref 1; and Latvians, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Ransome, ref 1; and Reilly, ref 1, ref 2; and Reilly: in southern Russia, ref 1; return to Britain for funding, ref 1, ref 2; Trotsky orders his arrest, ref 1; and uprisings in Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; works undercover, ref 1; and Yakov Peters, ref 1; and Zalkind, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Hindenburg, Paul von, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Hintze, Paul von, ref 1, ref 2

  HMS Jupiter, ref 1, ref 2

  Hoffmann, General, ref 1

  Höglund, Zeth, ref 1

  Hohenzollerns, the, ref 1, ref 2

  Hoover, Herbert: director of American Relief Administration, ref 1; and food relief to Central Europe, ref 1; and food relief to Central Europe: and Yudenich, ref 1; and Gorki’s appeal for relief, ref 1; and Gregory, ref 1; and Keynes, ref 1; opposition to trade treaty with Soviets, ref 1; and Paris Peace Conference, ref 1, ref 2; on Russian economic recovery, ref 1; Trotsky’s view of, ref 1; postscript, ref 1, ref 2

  Hoover, J. Edgar, ref 1

  Horne, Robert, ref 1

  House, Edward ‘Colonel’: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Bullitt, ref 1; and Sir William Wiseman, ref 1

  Hughes apparatus, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Hughes, Charles Evans, ref 1

  Hungary, revolution in, ref 1

  Hunt, Major, ref 1

  Imperial government in Russia: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and looting of German embassy, ref 1; military supplies bought by, ref 1; the Romanov family, ref 1, ref 2

  Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany, ref 1, ref 2

  Information Service (United States): and Edgar Sisson, ref 1; setting up of, ref 1, ref 2

  International News Service, ref 1, ref 2

  In the Claws of the German Eagle, ref 1

  Ioffe, Adolf: background, ref 1; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1, ref 2; and Chicherin, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1, ref 2; exchanged for Hauschild, ref 1; and governance, ref 1; and Gustav Stresemann, ref 1; and international etiquette, ref 1; and J. Keynes’ book, ref 1; lack of administrative skills, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; and oil in Baku, ref 1; and ‘peaceful cohabitation’ with capitalist countries, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; private life of, ref 1; relays news that Germany to sue for peace, ref 1; report on German offer of backing in northern Russia, ref 1; and revolution, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and servants, ref 1; signs affidavits for Hill and Boyle, ref 1; and Soviet military difficulties, ref 1; Soviet mission expelled from Germany, ref 1; Soviet mission in Berlin, ref 1; Soviet mission in Berlin: base for propaganda for Allies, ref 1; Soviet mission in Berlin: covert tasks of, ref 1; and the Spartakusbund, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Ioffe, Nadya, ref 1

  Ipatev, Nikolai, ref 1

  Iraq, ref 1

  ‘iron curtain’, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Irwin, William, ref 1

  Ishimoto, Keikichi, ref 1

  Italy: and the Allies, ref 1; and Austria-Hungary, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and capitalist instability, ref 1; and communism, ref 1, ref 2; and revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Soviet links in, ref 1; territorial benefits for, ref 1; and Wilson’s advocacy of national self-determination, ref 1; see also della Torretta, Marchese; Western Allies

  Japan: ref 1; joins the Allies, ref 1; and post-war settlements, ref 1; and Russian policy, ref 1; and Siberia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Jewish refugees: in America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in London, ref 1

  Jogiches, Leo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Johnston, William H., ref 1

  Jordan, ref 1

  Journal of Revolutionary Communism, ref 1

  Judson, William V., ref 1

  Julier, Ferenc, ref 1

  Kadets (Constitutional-Democrats): and Buchanan, ref 1; and Kornilov, ref 1; and socialist reforms, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1

  Kalamatiano, Xenophon Dmitrievich de Blumenthal: background, ref 1; and Information Service, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2; and the Lockhart Plot: show trial, ref 1, ref 2; in prison, ref 1; released from prison, ref 1

  Kalinin, Mikhail, ref 1

  Kamchatka project, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Kamenev, Lev: and Anglo-Soviet trade, ref 1, ref 2; and Bolshevik uprising, ref 1, ref 2; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Central Committee, ref 1, ref 2; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1; description of, ref 1; detained by White Finns, ref 1; greets returning refugees, ref 1; and international communist congress, ref 1; and Kronstadt, ref 1; and oil concessions, ref 1; prevented from travelling to France, ref 1; and repressive measures, ref 1; Soviet delegation in London, ref 1, ref 2

  Kamkov, Boris, ref 1

  Kanegisser, Leonid, ref 1

  Kaplan, Dora, ref 1

  Kapp, Wolfgang, ref 1

  Karakhan, Lev: and Czech Volunteers, ref 1; in delegation to Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; disappearance of, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Radek, ref 1

  Karozus, Dagmara, ref 1

  Karsavina, Tamara, ref 1

  Kaiserling, Rear-Admiral Count, ref 1

  Kautsky, Karl, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Kedrov, Mikhail, ref 1

  Keeling, H. V., ref 1

  Kelley, William J., ref 1

  Kellock, Harold, ref 1

  Kelly, Sherwood, ref 1

  Kemal, Mustafa, ref 1

  Kemp, Admiral, ref 1

  Kenworthy, Commander J. M., ref 1

  Kerenski, Alexander: and the advance on Petrograd, ref 1; and agricultural troubles, ref 1; and coalition plans, ref 1; Mi
lyukov’s view of, ref 1; Minister for Military Affairs, ref 1, ref 2; overthrown by Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and the Romanovs, ref 1; takes over from Lvov, ref 1; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and W. Somerset Maugham, ref 1

  Kerr, Philip, ref 1

  Keynes, John Maynard: on Clemenceau, ref 1, ref 2; Economic Consequences of the Peace, The, ref 1; on Herbert Hoover, ref 1, ref 2; on Lloyd George, ref 1; on Spartacism in Berlin, ref 1; Treasury consultant in London, ref 1; on Versailles treaty, ref 1; on Wilson, ref 1

  Kiel, Germany, ref 1, ref 2

  Kiev, ref 1, ref 2

  Kii, ref 1

  King, Joseph, ref 1, ref 2

  Kinmochi, Saionji, ref 1

  Klyshko, Nikolai, ref 1, ref 2

  ‘Knit a Straitjacket for your Soldier Boy’ (Reed), ref 1

  Knox, Alfred, ref 1, ref 2

  Kolchak, Admiral Alexander: and the Allies, ref 1; and American finance, ref 1; and the Americans, ref 1; declares himself Supreme Ruler in Ufa, ref 1; and the National Centre, ref 1; retreat eastwards, ref 1, ref 2; and White force advance, ref 1; and Wilson, ref 1; see also White forces

  Kollontai, Alexandra, ref 1

  Komuch (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly): and Czech troops, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; govern the Volga region, ref 1; setting up of, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1, ref 2

  Kopp, Viktor, ref 1

  Kornilov, Lavr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Kosciuszko Squadron, ref 1

  Krasin, Leonid: background, ref 1; Bolshevik expert on foreign trade, ref 1; British businessmen unhappy with, ref 1; and British terms for trade, ref 1; enters Britain, ref 1; interview with Louise Bryant, ref 1; and judgement of Mr Justice Roche, ref 1; and privilege, ref 1; and Senator France, ref 1; and signing of contracts, ref 1; and trade talks in Britain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and trade talks in Britain: agreement signed, ref 1; and trade talks in Sweden, ref 1, ref 2; urges America to trade with Russia, ref 1; and Urquhart, ref 1, ref 2

  Krasnov, General, ref 1, ref 2

  Krestinski, Nikolai, ref 1

  Kronstadt: naval garrison, ref 1; naval garrison mutiny, ref 1; official Soviet account of, ref 1, ref 2; Red Army in, ref 1

  Kropotkina, Sasha, ref 1

  Kropotkin, Pëtr, ref 1

  Krupp (company), ref 1, ref 2

  Krupskaya, Nadezhda, ref 1, ref 2

  Krylenko, Nikolai, ref 1, ref 2

  Kühlmann, Richard von, ref 1, ref 2

  Kun, Béla: background, ref 1; at Baku, ref 1; Churchill on, ref 1; and communist regime in Budapest, ref 1; denied help of Red Army, ref 1; and fight for Hungarian soil, ref 1; and Herbert Hoover, ref 1; liberated from prison, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2; as plenipotentiary in Berlin, ref 1; popularity of, ref 1; and print job for Radek, ref 1

  Kursk, Russia, ref 1, ref 2

  Kutuzov, I. I., ref 1

  Labour Party, the: British Labour delegation to Russia, ref 1; candidates at general election, ref 1; celebration of revolutionary events, ref 1; Council of Action, ref 1; and Litvinov, ref 1; and Lloyd George, ref 1

  Lafont, Ernest, ref 1

  Lansing, Robert: and action against Soviet Russia, ref 1; and Bullitt, ref 1, ref 2; and German questions, ref 1; and joint Anglo-American intelligence, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1; the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1, ref 2

  Larin, Yuri, ref 1

  Latsis, Martyn, ref 1

  Latvian Riflemen: core of Red Army, ref 1; the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Sovnarkom, ref 1, ref 2

  Lavergne, Jean, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  League of Nations: Bullitt’s view of, ref 1; and territorial disputes, ref 1; and Wilson, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Le Bulletin de la Presse (publication), ref 1

  Leeper, Rex, ref 1, ref 2

  Left Centre, ref 1

  Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: coalition with Bolsheviks and Cheka, ref 1; concordat with Bolsheviks, ref 1; denounce Sovnarkom, ref 1; dislike of agrarian policy of Sovnarkom, ref 1; included in Bolshevik plans, ref 1; main opposition party to Bolsheviks, ref 1; and overthrow of Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2; protest at Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2; sanction terror attacks in Russia, ref 1; shooting of Mirbach, ref 1; split from rest of party, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1

  ‘Lenin Boys’, ref 1

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (Ulyanov): ref 1, ref 2; advice to Rhys Williams, on learning Russian, ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; assassination attempts on, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; background and description, ref 1, ref 2; and Bertrand Russell, ref 1; at the Bolshevik Central Committee, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Bolshevik revolution, ref 1, ref 2; and the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the British, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Cheka (Extraordinary Commission), ref 1, ref 2; and Comintern, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; on communism and socialism, ref 1, ref 2; and the Constituent Assembly, ref 1; death of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Decree on Peace, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and European revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and German appeasement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Germany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; independence granted to Finland by, ref 1; interview with H. G. Wells, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1; and John Maynard Keynes, ref 1; and the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1; the New Economic Policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the ‘proletarian state’, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; return to Russia (1917), ref 1; and revolution in Germany, ref 1; and Romania, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and Russian armed forces, ref 1, ref 2; as seen by others, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Senator France, ref 1; State and Revolution, The (1917), ref 1, ref 2; and the Tambov rebellion, ref 1; and treachery, ref 1, ref 2; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Leopold of Bavaria, Prince, ref 1

  Letter to America (Ransome), ref 1

  Leuenroth, Edgard, ref 1

  Levien, Max, ref 1

  Leviné, Eugen, ref 1

  Levi, Paul: belief in doom of capitalism, ref 1; against the March Action, ref 1; meeting with Radek, ref 1; as scapegoat for March Action, ref 1; survives Spartacist suppression, ref 1

  L’Humanité, ref 1

  Liberman, Simon, ref 1, ref 2

  Liebknecht, Karl: anti-war articles, ref 1; description and beliefs, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; released from prison, ref 1; revolutionary plans, ref 1, ref 2; and Soviet mission in Berlin, ref 1; violent death of, ref 1

  Liggett, Walter W., ref 1

  L’Illustration (magazine), ref 1

  ‘Litbel’ republic, ref 1

  Lithuania: and Allied governments, ref 1; gets reassurance from Kremlin, ref 1; joint Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Republic set up, ref 1; and Kolchak, ref 1; and the Politburo, ref 1, ref 2; proclaimed borders, ref 1; seizure of power in, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1

  Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Republic, ref 1

  Litvinov, Ivy: and Alexandra Kollontai, ref 1; birth of son Misha, ref 1; on Bolshevik ambivalent lifestyles, ref 1; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1; on fall of Romanovs, ref 1; on the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; on Maxim’s reaction to Lenin’s policy, ref 1; and Maxim’s return to Russia, ref 1; the New Year party for Russian colony, ref 1; and the revolutionary militants, ref 1; in Russia, ref 1; and social events in London, ref 1; on the Soviet regime, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Litvinov, Maxim: advocates revolution in Britain, ref 1; and the Americans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Arthur Ransome, ref 1; attends social events with Ivy, ref 1; The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning (pamphlet), ref 1; and British socialists, ref 1; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1, ref 2; and Comintern, ref 1; death of, ref 1; and false passports, ref 1; imprisoned, ref 1, ref 2; intelligence gathering for People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, ref 1; I
vy’s view of, ref 1, ref 2; and Kamenev, ref 1; and Konstantin Nabokov, ref 1; and Krasin, ref 1, ref 2; and lifting of Allies economic blockade, ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1; New Year party for Russian colony, ref 1; reaction to abdication of Nicholas II, ref 1; return to Russia, ref 1, ref 2; and Senator France, ref 1; spokesman for Sovnarkom, ref 1, ref 2

  Lloyd George, David: and the Allied Supreme War Council, ref 1; and the Anglo-Soviet trade treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and the Anglo-Soviet trade treaty: timing of, ref 1, ref 2; and assistance for White forces, ref 1; and Churchill, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Council of Ten, ref 1, ref 2; description and background of, ref 1; and diplomatic links with Russian Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and evacuation of Archangel and Murmansk, ref 1, ref 2; and General Sir Henry Wilson, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1, ref 2; and initiative for peace between Russia and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and internal peace for Russia, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1; and the Prinkipo project, ref 1, ref 2; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and Russian policy of Allies, ref 1; and shipment of potatoes to Archangel, ref 1; on total defeat of the Germans, ref 1; and travel for Russian political refugees, ref 1, ref 2; and troops to Russia, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and Wilson’s advocacy of national self-determination, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Lockhart, Jean (née Turner), ref 1

  Lockhart Plot, the, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Lockhart, Robert Bruce: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; on Allied ambassadors, ref 1; arrest and imprisonment of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Karakhan, ref 1; memoirs and films, ref 1; and Moura Benckendorff, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Reilly, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; on return from Russia, ref 1, ref 2; subversive activities, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; support for anti-Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, ref 1

  Lomonosov, Professor Yuri, ref 1

  Lomov, Georgi, ref 1

  London, ref 1

  London Morning Post, ref 1

  L’Ordine Nuovo (publication), ref 1

  Lovestone, Jay, ref 1

  Ludendorff, Erich: and armistice, ref 1; and Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; military offensive, ref 1; and territorial expansion, ref 1