The Imperial Cruise

by James Bradley

  4 Manila Times, August 12, 2005, and August 13, 2005.

  5 Ibid., August 12, 2005.

  6 Stuart Creighton Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 254. Miller writes: “Chaffee was opening a full scale offensive against the Moros on Mindanao and Jolo.”

  7 Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, File Microcopies, NO 134 Roll 13, Despatches Korea.

  8 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 28, 1900, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 2:1394.

  9 Herbert Croly, Willard Straight (New York: Macmillan Company, 1924), 188.

  CHAPTER 2: CIVILIZATION FOLLOWS THE SUN

  Captions:

  Edith Roosevelt: Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 450.

  Alice Roosevelt: Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 273.

  TR chopping wood: Mark Sullivan, Our Times: America at the Birth of the Twentieth Century, ed. Dan Rather (New York: Scribner’s, 1996), 282.

  TR, age eleven: TR, Winning of the West, 4 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons), 4:200.

  Burgess: Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1958), 163.

  1 TR: The Winning of the West, 1:24.

  2 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 69, 70, 73.

  3 Ibid., 70.

  4 Ibid., 74.

  5 San Francisco Examiner, May 19, 1905.

  6 Nicholas Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt: The Man as I Knew Him (New York: Dodd Mead & Company, 1967), 25.

  7 Carol Felsenthal, The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 39.

  8 Nicholas Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, 25.

  9 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 4, 5.

  10 Morris, Theodore Rex, 450.

  11 Teague, Mrs. L., 36–37.

  12 Felsenthal, Life and Times, 97.

  13 From Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s White House Diaries, quoted in Sylvia Jukes ­Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 273; Teague, Mrs. L., 109.

  14 Washington Star, October 22, 1967.

  15 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 62.

  16 Ibid., 64.

  17 Quoted in Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 273.

  18 Howard Teichmann, Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979), 6.

  19 Natalie A. Naylor, Douglas Brinkley, John Allen Gable, Theodore Roosevelt, Many-Sided American (Interlaken, NY: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, 1992), 354.

  20 From Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s White House Diaries, quoted in Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 274.

  21 Naylor, Theodore Roosevelt, 354.

  22 Ibid.

  23 Alice Roosevelt Longworth Diary, June 26, 1905.

  24 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), 100.

  25 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 72.

  26 “San Francisco Welcomes President’s Daughter,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1905.

  27 Ibid.

  28 Naylor, Theodore Roosevelt, 355.

  29 San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 1905.

  30 San Francisco Bulletin, July 5, 1905.

  31 San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1905.

  32 Stanley Karnow, In Our Image (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), 231.

  33 San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1905.

  34 San Francisco Call, July 8, 1905.

  35 Ibid.

  36 San Francisco Call, July 7, 1905.

  37 Manila Times, May 1, 1905.

  38 San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 1905.

  39 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of ­American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard ­University Press, 1981), 12.

  40 Ibid.

  41 Ibid., 18.

  42 Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 85–86.

  43 John Nicholas Norton, The Life of Bishop Berkeley (Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), 133.

  44 Donald S. Lutz, “The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought,” American Political Science Review 78, 1 (March 1984), 189–197.

  45 Gossett, Race, 86.

  46 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 84.

  47 A Summary View of the Rights of British America by Thomas Jefferson. http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Jefferson/Summaryview.html. Accessed August 21, 2009.

  48 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 22.

  49 Charles Francis Adams, ed., Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams during the Revolution (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1875), 211.

  50 Alan Stoskopf, Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement (Brookline, MA: Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, 2002), 40.

  51 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 90.

  52 Ibid., 86.

  53 Actual wording of poem (“Facing West from California’s Shores” by Walt Whitman):

  Facing west, from California’s shores, Inquiring, tireless, seeking what is yet unfound,

  I, a child, very old, over waves, towards the house of maternity, the land of migrations, look afar,

  Look off the shores of my Western sea, the circle almost circled;

  For, starting westward from Hindustan, from the vales of Kashmere,

  From Asia—from the north—from the God, the sage, and the hero,

  From the south, from the flowery peninsulas, and the spice islands;

  Long having wander’d since—round the earth having wander’d,

  Now I face home again—very pleas’d and joyous;

  (But where is what I started for, so long ago? And why is it yet unfound?)

  54 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1871), 172–173.

  55 Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, & Company, 1857), 27.

  56 Ibid., 144.

  57 Robert E. Bieder, Science Encounters the Indian, 1820–1880 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 61.

  58 Ibid., 98.

  59 Gossett, Race, 74.

  60 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 130.

  61 Josiah Clark Nott, Two Lectures on the Natural History of the Caucasian and Negro Races (Mobile, AL: Dade and Thompson, 1844), 16, 28–35.

  62 Ibid., 137, 155.

  63 De Bows Review 10 (March 1851), 331.

  64 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 279.

  65 Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1877), 553.

  66 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 36.

  67 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 3.

  68 John B. Judis, The Folly of Empire: What George W. Bush Could Learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (New York: Lisa Drew/Scribner, 2004), 53.

  69 TR, New York (New York: Longmans, Green, 1891), 188.

  70 Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 37.

  71 Ibid., 52.

  72 Ibid., 45.

  73 Ibid., 64.

  74 Morris, Rise, 83.

  75 Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1960), 5.

  76 Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2
002), 36.

  77 Gossett, Race, 95.

  78 Zimmerman, First Great Triumph, 35, 458.

  79 John Milton Cooper Jr., The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1983), 6.

  80 Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years 1858–1886, vol. I (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 324.

  81 TR, The Naval War of 1812 (New York: Modern Library, 1999), xvii.

  82 Ibid., 21.

  83 Ibid., 19.

  84 “C250 Celebrates Columbians Ahead of Their Time,” http://c250.Columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_Columbians/john_burgess.html, accessed August 1, 2009.

  85 Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, 219.

  86 Gossett, Race, 114.

  87 I. A. Newby, Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 46.

  88 Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race, 47.

  89 Dalton, A Strenuous Life, 87.

  90 Ibid.

  91 Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 170.

  92 Louis S. Warren, Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show (New York: Knopf, 2005), ix.

  93 Ibid., 223, 241.

  94 Ibid., 223.

  95 New York Tribune, July 28, 1884.

  96 TR, The Winning of the West, 1:xiv.

  97 Ibid., 176.

  98 Cooper, Warrior, 30.

  99 Dalton, A Strenuous Life, 95.

  100 White, Eastern Establishment, 126–127.

  101 Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1921), 101–102.

  102 Cooper, Warrior, 31.

  103 White, Eastern Establishment, 84.

  104 Morris, Rise, 350.

  105 TR, The Winning of the West, 1:1.

  106 Ibid., 1:24.

  107 Ibid., 55.

  108 Ibid., 20.

  109 Ibid., 18.

  110 Ibid., 4:55.

  111 Ibid., 1:82.

  112 San Francisco Call, July 9, 1905.

  113 San Francisco Chronicle, July 9, 1905.

  114 San Francisco Call, July 9, 1905.

  115 Des Moines Chronicle, July 8, 1905.

  116 San Francisco Bulletin, July 9, 1905.

  CHAPTER 3: BENEVOLENT INTENTIONS

  Captions:

  General Emilio Aguinaldo: James H. Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912 (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1913), 58.

  The Philippine Islands (map): Stanley Karnow, In Our Image (New York: Random House, 1989), 100.

  1 The Teller Amendment, First and Fourth paragraphs. http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/teller/htm, accessed August 26, 2009.

  2 Sam W. Haynes, James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse (New York: Longman, 1997), 95.

  3 Norman A. Graebner, Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion (Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1983), 63.

  4 Ibid., 38.

  5 Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 155.

  6 Haynes, James K. Polk, 171.

  7 Miguel E. Soto, “The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War” in Essays on the Mexican War, ed. Wayne Cutler (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986), 66–67.

  8 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 241.

  9 Congressional Globe, 29th Congress, 2nd Sess., February 10, 1847, p. 191.

  10 Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1970), 168.

  11 John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 379.

  12 TR, Report of Hon. Theodore Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission, upon a visit to certain Indian Reservations and Indian Schools in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas (Philadelphia: Indian Rights Association, 1893), 18–19.

  13 Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Problem of the West,” The Atlantic Monthly, September 1896.

  14 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier of American History (New York: Dover Publications, 1996), 38.

  15 John B. Judis, The Folly of Empire: What George W. Bush Could Learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (New York: Lisa Drew/Scribner, 2004), 59–60.

  16 Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 11–12.

  17 Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 152.

  18 William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), 32.

  19 Henry H. Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection, Testimony of the Times: Selections from Congressional Hearings (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969), viii.

  20 H. W. Brands, The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 294.

  21 Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood, 49.

  22 Gerald F. Linderman, The Mirror of War: American Society and the Spanish-American War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974), 129.

  23 Marcus M. Wilkerson, Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1932), 71.

  24 Ibid., 121–122.

  25 TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, June 28, 1896, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 1:545.

  26 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 555.

  27 Ibid., 559.

  28 Henry F. Cabot Lodge and TR, Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1925), 253.

  29 New York World, April 9, 1897.

  30 Morris, Rise, 562.

  31 Brands, The Reckless Decade, 312.

  32 Morris, Rise, 571.

  33 Ibid., 577.

  34 Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931), 171.

  35 TR to Francis V. Greene, September 23, 1897, TR mss.

  36 Ambeth R. Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown (Philippines: Orogem International Publishing), 15.

  37 Ibid., 75.

  38 Wilkerson, Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War, 92.

  39 New York Journal, February 9, 1898.

  40 In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent the Spanish government a Navy Department statement absolving Spain of all suspicion.

  41 Linderman, The Mirror of War, 29.

  42 Morris, Rise, 610.

  43 The Teller Amendment. First, second, and fourth paragraphs.

  44 Morris, Rise, 632.

  45 Fitzhugh Lee, Joseph Wheeler, Theodore Roosevelt, and Richard Wainright, Cuba’s Struggle Against Spain with the Causes for American Intervention and a Full Account of the Spanish American War, Including Final Peace Negotiations (New York: American Historical Press, 1899), 645.

  46 Linderman, The Mirror of War, 138.

  47 Ibid., 137.

  48 Editorial Enterprise, June 30, 1898.

  49 Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 190.

  50 TR, American Ideals (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1920), 279.

  51 Louis A. Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), 349.

  52 Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother: America’s Forgotten Bid for Empire Which Cost 250,000 Lives (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1960), 35.

&nbs
p; 53 Karnow, In Our Image, 100.

  54 H. H. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding: Personal Recollections of Our Presidents (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 68.

  55 Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, True Version of the Philippine Revolution (Philippine Islands: Tarlak, 1899).

  56 Ibid.

  57 Ibid. Original quote reads: “… there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man’s word of honour. The Government of North America is a very honest, just and powerful government.”

  58 Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown, 97.

  59 William P. Leeman, “America’s Admiral: George Dewey and American Culture in the Gilded Age,” The Historian, March 22, 2003.

  60 Ibid.

  61 Winston Churchill, “Admiral Dewey: A Character Sketch,” American Monthly Review of Reviews 17 (June 1898), 682.

  62 TR, “Admiral Dewey,” McClure’s Magazine, October 1899.

  63 George Dewey, Autobiography of George Dewey: Admiral of the Navy (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 287.

  64 Leeman, “America’s Admiral.”

  65 Ibid., Pears’ Soap advertisement, circa 1899.

  66 Aguinaldo, True Version of the Philippines Revolution.

  67 Karnow, In Our Image, 110, 114.

  68 Transcript of PBS’s Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War, 21. http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_sitemap.html, accessed August 17, 2009.

  69 Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown, 109.

  70 Ibid.

  71 Blount, American Occupation, 31.

  72 Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 28.

  73 Quoted in Literary Digest 22 (April 20, 1901), 468.

  74 Blount, American Occupation, 58.

  75 Ibid., 4. Original quote reads: “The governor-general arranged with me that I was to go up and fire a few shots and then I was to make the signal, ‘Do you surrender?’ and he would hoist the white flag and then the troops would march in; but he was fearful that the Filipinos would get in.”

  76 Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown, 187.

  CHAPTER 4: PACIFIC NEGROES

  Captions:

  Filipino dead at Santa Ana: TR to William Bayard Cutting, April 18, 1899 in Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), V:254.