by Jay Chladek
Progress 11, 227
Progress 12, 228
Progress 17, 234
Progress 20, 235
Progress 21, 236
Progress 26, 274
Progress ferries: about, 166–67, 168; human waste and, 427–28; ISS and, 358, 444; Mir and, 277, 280, 281, 284, 308; M series of, 288; M1 series of, 353; Raduga and, 295; Salyut 6 and, 208, 209, 228; Salyut 7 and, 229–30, 231, 234, 235, 238; Salyut docks of, 215–16, 220, 221–22, 223, 224, 226–27, 228; TORU and, 329–30
Progress M-1, 288
Progress M1-5, 354
Progress M-5, 295
Progress M-7, 296
Progress M-33, 329–30
Progress M-34, 332–35, 335
Project Juno, 296–97
Project Vanguard, 11
propulsion module, 102–3, 162, 167
Proton rockets, 50–53, 54, 61, 62–63, 147–49, 173, 343
Proxmire, William, 198–99
Prunariu, Dumitru, 229
public perception of space station programs, 2–3, 8
pulse-jet technology, 41–43, 44
Quest airlock module, 362, 365, 382–83, 401, 402
R-7 carrier rockets, 11, 45–46, 72, 166, 187, 198, 234, 296
R-7 ICBMs, 11, 45–46, 51
R-9 ICBMs, 46
R-16 ICBMs, 46, 47
R-36 ICBMs, 47, 59–60
race to space, 1–2, 8–11, 176–77, 178
radiation, 98, 196, 288
“Radio Station K-ISS,” 416
radio telescope experiment, 224–25
Raduga return capsules, 295
Raffaello MPLM, 360, 392, 459
Ramon, Ilan, 370, 371, 372, 373
Rassvet Mini-Research Module, 454, 459
ratchet, handheld, 405
Raushenbakh, Boris, 72
Reagan, Ronald, 303, 304
reconnaissance, 1, 10; Almaz and, 55, 56–57; MOL and, 28–31, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37; by Salyut 5, 168; via airplanes, 14–15; via satellites, 16, 53–55, 173
red blood cells, 142, 145, 221
Red Star, 93
Redstone tactical missile, 10, 11
refueling: of ISS, 425; of Mir, 277; of Salyut 6, 208, 216; theories and ideas on, 5–6, 12–13, 459
reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) wing panels, 379–80, 391
Reisman, Garrett, 414, 415, 424, 425, 429, 430, 441
Reiter, Thomas, 394, 398
Remek, Vladimir, 217–18, 217
remote manipulator systems (RMSs), 265, 345, 359, 391, 393, 437
rendezvous: ASTP and, 189, 201, 201; pitch maneuver for, 391, 392, 394, 460; with Salyut, 85, 96, 156, 166, 170, 171, 215–16, 225, 274–75; with Skylab, 138, 142. See also Kurs rendezvous and docking system
research cosmonauts, 217, 278, 302
Richter, Burton, 457
Riding Rockets (Mullane), 356
RKA. See Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)
RMS. See remote manipulator systems (RMSs)
Robinson, Stephen, 392–93
Robonauts, 455–56
The Rocket into Planetary Space (Oberth), 6
rocketry clubs, 6–7
rocketry early development, 10–11
Romanenko, Roman, 436, 438
Romanenko, Yuri, 212–14, 218, 227, 276, 277, 279, 280
Roscosmos, 301, 303; ISS and, 341, 353, 465, 467; U.S.-Russian partnership and, 306, 308, 338. See also Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)
Ross, Jerry, 345, 366
Royer, Harvey J., 23
Rozhdestvensky, Valery, 169–71
Rukavishnikov, Nikolai, 83, 87, 88, 191–92, 197, 222–23
Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), 301, 305–6
Russian Service Module (RSM), 341–43, 348–51, 351, 425, 433
Russian Space Corporation (RSC) Energia, 301. See also Energia
Russian-U.S. partnership, 304–6, 307–8. See also Shuttle-Mir Program
Ryumin, Valery, 210–12, 221–22, 225–26, 227, 305–6, 314
S-75 Dvinas, 14
Sabca, 250
Sagan, Carl, 1
Salyut: anatomy of, 77–80, 79; birth of, 71–77; end of, 107; and Soyuz 1, 82–83; and Soyuz 10, 84–88; and Soyuz 11, 88–102, 95; work compartment of, 77, 78
Salyut 2, 147–49, 154
Salyut 3, 154–57, 155
Salyut 4: anatomy of, 157–59, 159; anomaly of, 161–63; launch and first mission of, 159–61; and Soyuz 18, 163–65; and Soyuz 20, 166–67
Salyut 5, 155, 167–70, 171–73, 207–8
Salyut 6: about, 208–10, 209, 211; antenna removal on, 224–25; last mission at, 229; and Progress docking, 215–16, 220, 221–22, 223, 224, 226–27, 228; and Soyuz 25, 210–12; and Soyuz 26, 212–15; and Soyuz 27, 214, 218; and Soyuz 28, 216–18; and Soyuz 29–31, 219–21; and Soyuz 32–34, 221–25; and Soyuz 35–38, 225–27; and Soyuz 39–40, 227–29; and Soyuz T-1 and T-2, 225–27; and Soyuz T-3 and T-4, 227–29
Salyut 7: about, 229–31, 230, 272, 276; Cosmos 1443 at, 232, 233–34; and Progress docking, 235–36, 238; and Soyuz T-5–T-7, 231–32; and Soyuz T-8 and T-9, 233–35; and Soyuz T-10–T-12, 235–37; and Soyuz T-13 and T-14, 237–39; and Soyuz T-15, 274–75
Salyut design bureau, 343
Salyut program, 173, 187–88
Sarafanov, Gennadi, 156–57
SARJ. See Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ)
satellites, 113, 307, 393; communication, 53, 80, 177, 200, 245, 257, 303; early, 8, 11, 13, 45, 176; Europe and, 243–44, 245; research, 53, 110, 245; surveillance, 28–30, 33, 37, 55, 56, 173. See also specific satellites
Saturday Morning Science (Pettit), 385, 387
Saturn IB boosters: Apollo-Soyuz and, 186, 200; Skylab and, 113, 116, 118, 120, 132–33, 137, 142, 143
Saturn I boosters, 113
Saturn V boosters, 110, 113, 118, 120–21, 123, 132–34, 186
Savinykh, Viktor, 228–29, 237–38, 281
Savitskaya, Svetlana, 232, 236
Savitzky, Yevgeniy, 232
Schlegel, Hans, 423
Schmitt, Harrison, 112
Schweickart, Rusty, 135, 139, 166
scientific instrument module (SIM), 115, 186
Scott, Dave, 24
Seamans, Robert, 115
Sellers, Piers, 367, 394, 395
Semenov, Yuri, 287, 306
Semyonov, Yuri, 76–77
September 11 attacks, 362–64, 364
Serebrov, Aleksandr, 232, 233, 288, 291–92, 332
service modules, 102, 125, 202. See also Russian Service Module (RSM)
Sevastyanov, Vitali, 81–82, 83, 103, 163–66
SFOG. See solid-fuel oxygen generation (SFOG)
Shargin, Yuri, 390
Sharipov, Salizhan, 390, 391
Sharma, Rakesh, 235
Sharman, Helen, 296–97
Shatalov, Vladimir, 69, 70, 83, 85, 86, 87–88, 103, 181
Shaw, Brewster, 258, 259, 260
Shenzhou 5, 388
Shenzhou 8, 461
Shenzhou 9, 461–62
Shepard, Alan, 12, 346
Shepherd, Bill, 355–57, 356, 360, 440
Shep’s Bar, 357
Shkaplerov, Anton, 463
Shonin, Georgi, 70
showers, onboard, 78, 126, 154, 290
Shuko, Sheikh Muszaphar, 414
Shuttle-Mir Program, 308–40; background of, 308–9; crew of, 309–10; final missions of, 338–40; Jerry Linenger mission of, 324–31; John Blaha mission of, 322–24; language and culture issues of, 310–13; Michael Foale mission of, 331–38; Norm Thagard mission of, 315–17; shuttle dockings of, 317–20; shuttle preparations of, 313–14; STS-60 and, 313
Shuttleworth, Mark, 366
SIM. See scientific instrument module (SIM)
Simonyi, Charles, 437–38
Simplified Air for EVA Rescue (SAFER) unit, 403, 404
S-IVB rocket stages, 71, 113, 114, 118–20, 119, 123, 126–27
S-IV rocket stages, 113
Skvortsov, Ale
ksandr, 452
Skylab 2, 137–40, 137, 141
Skylab 3, 141, 142
Skylab 4, 143–46, 144, 151
Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT), 131
Skylab program, 158, 180, 186, 195; anatomy of station of, 123–27, 124; background of, 122–23; crews of, 132, 137, 141, 144; parasol for, 136–37, 138–39, 140, 141; SMEAT and, 131; and station deorbit, 146, 242; sunshade for, 136–37, 140, 142; transition from AAP to, 35, 37, 71, 118, 119, 121–23
Skylab unmanned launch, 127–37, 139
Slayton, Donald “Deke,” 34–35, 132, 190–91, 192, 200, 201–4, 426
SLC-6. See Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6)
Smith, Steve, 366
Sofora girders, 297
Sokol pressure suits, 107, 172, 226, 386–87, 446, 461
Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ), 417, 422, 424, 431–32
solar arrays: Almaz and, 56, 58, 62; ATM and, 115–16; ISS construction and, 358, 365, 367, 389, 397–98; ISS Expeditions and, 411–12, 415, 417–20, 420, 431–32, 437; Mir and, 272, 278, 289, 293, 316, 337, 350; MOL and, 19–20; Salyut and, 77, 78–79, 157, 228, 233, 234–35, 236, 238; Skylab and, 118–19, 119, 123, 124, 134–35, 138–40, 139; Soyuz and, 64, 147, 151, 208, 225
solar eclipses, 130, 195, 202
solar flares, 145, 146, 164, 288
solar observations, 115, 116, 261
solid-fuel oxygen generation (SFOG), 325–26
solid-fuel technology, 47
solid rocket boosters (SRBs), 241, 268, 344, 391
solid-rocket motors (SRMs), 17–18, 47, 442
Solovyov, Anatoly, 281, 292, 293–95, 317, 318, 319, 337–38, 339
Solovyov, Vladimir, 235–36, 237, 273
Sonny Carter Training Facility, Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL), 405–6
Sortie Lab, 242–43, 243, 246, 247. See also Spacelab program
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 178
Soviet Union, 8–9, 15, 298–99
Soyuz 1, 64–65
Soyuz 2, 64–65, 69
Soyuz 3, 69
Soyuz 4, 69
Soyuz 5, 69
Soyuz 6, 70–71
Soyuz 7, 70, 85, 93
Soyuz 8, 70, 83, 85
Soyuz 9, 81–82, 83, 101, 187
Soyuz 10, 83, 84–87, 88, 96
Soyuz 11: crews of, 83, 88–91, 95; disaster aftermath of, 104–7, 185; disaster of, 102–4; launch and docking of, 95–96; at Salyut, 96–102
Soyuz 12, 151
Soyuz 13, 151–52
Soyuz 14, 154–56
Soyuz 15, 156–57
Soyuz 16, 159–60, 197
Soyuz 17, 160–61
Soyuz 18, 161–65, 198–99
Soyuz 19, 164, 199–202
Soyuz 20, 166–67
Soyuz 21, 167, 168–69
Soyuz 22, 169, 207–8
Soyuz 23, 169–71
Soyuz 24, 171–72
Soyuz 25, 210–12, 213
Soyuz 26, 212–15
Soyuz 27, 214, 218
Soyuz 28, 216–18
Soyuz 29, 219, 220
Soyuz 30, 219
Soyuz 31, 220
Soyuz 32, 220, 221–22, 223–24
Soyuz 33, 222–23
Soyuz 34, 223–25
Soyuz 35, 225–26
Soyuz 36, 226–27
Soyuz 37, 226–27
Soyuz 38, 227
Soyuz 39, 228
Soyuz 40, 229
Soyuz program: air pressure and, 183–84; ASTP and, 187–89; beginnings of, 61–65, 63, 69–71; ISS and, 443, 467; launch routine of, 446–49; Salyut and, 72, 75, 78–79, 79, 80, 84–87; Salyut 2 and, 147; Shenzhou and, 461; space shuttles and, 386–87; TMA series of, 387, 414; TM series of, 275, 286, 321
Soyuz T-1, 225
Soyuz T-2, 226
Soyuz T-3, 227–28, 230
Soyuz T-4, 228–29
Soyuz T-5, 231–32
Soyuz T-6, 231
Soyuz T-7, 232
Soyuz T-8, 233, 234
Soyuz T-9, 233–35
Soyuz T-10, 234, 235–37
Soyuz T-11, 235
Soyuz T-12, 236
Soyuz T-13, 237–38
Soyuz T-14, 238–39
Soyuz T-15, 273–75
Soyuz TM-1, 275
Soyuz TM-2, 276–77, 278
Soyuz TM-3, 278, 279
Soyuz TM-4, 279, 281
Soyuz TM-5, 281, 282–83
Soyuz TM-6, 282, 283, 285
Soyuz TM-7, 284, 287–88
Soyuz TM-8, 288, 292
Soyuz TM-9, 292, 293, 295
Soyuz TM-10, 294–95
Soyuz TM-11, 295, 296, 297
Soyuz TM-12, 296
Soyuz TM-13, 302
Soyuz TM-16, 308
Soyuz TM-17, 308, 332–33
Soyuz TM-20, 314
Soyuz TM-21, 315, 319
Soyuz TM-23, 320, 322
Soyuz TM-24, 322, 328
Soyuz TM-25, 325, 338
Soyuz TM-28, 353
Soyuz TM-29, 353
Soyuz TM-30, 353–54
Soyuz TM-31, 355, 357
Soyuz TM-32, 361, 365, 366
Soyuz TM-33, 365, 366
Soyuz TMA-03M, 462–64
Soyuz TMA-1, 386, 387–88
Soyuz TMA-2, 386, 390
Soyuz TMA-3, 389, 390
Soyuz TMA-5, 391
Soyuz TMA-6, 391
Soyuz TMA-8, 398
Soyuz TMA-9, 399
Soyuz TMA-10, 414, 437
Soyuz TMA-11, 413–14, 425–26
Soyuz TMA-12, 425–26, 430, 431
Soyuz TMA-13, 430, 438
Soyuz TMA-14, 437, 442
Soyuz TMA-15, 438–39
Soyuz TMA-16, 441
Soyuz TMA-17, 445, 448–49, 454–55
Soyuz TMA-18, 452
Soyuz TMA-20, 459
space adaptation syndrome, 128, 260, 295
Space Adventures, 361
Spacehab (company), 370
Spacehab modules, 313, 349, 370–72, 371, 412
Spacelab 1, 257–61, 259, 262
Spacelab 2, 255, 262, 264–66
Spacelab 3, 255, 262–64
Spacelab D-1, 267–68
Spacelab D-2, 269
Spacelab J, 269
Spacelab program, 37, 243; background and overview of, 242–43, 246–48, 371–72; communications development for, 256–57; cost of, 248–49; development of, 249–52; engineering model for, 248, 256; final flights of, 267–69; first astronauts of, 252–53; hardware anatomy of, 254–56, 256; mission simulations for, 253–54; and module for Shuttle-Mir Program, 317–18; NASA and ESA agreement on, 248–49
Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6), 32, 37
space race, 1–2, 8–11, 176–77, 178
space shuttle program: background and overview of, 241–43; development of, 187; end of, 381, 397; experiment module for, 242; international involvement in, 245–46; MOL aftermath and, 35, 36, 37; NASA and, 2; Skylab and, 145; Spacelab and, 247–48; and tile damage, 379–81, 391, 392–95. See also specific shuttles
Space Station (film), 385
Space Station Freedom program, 303–5, 306–7
Space Station RMS (SSRMS), 360–61, 366, 397, 398, 407, 418, 437, 451
space suits, 27, 107; AMSU, 145; Atlet, 161; penguin, 82, 98, 161; Sokol, 107, 172, 226, 386–87, 446, 461. See also extravehicular mobility units (EMUs); Orlan space suits
“Space Superiority as a Means for Achieving World Peace” (von Braun), 10
Space Task Group, 178, 181
space tourists, 353, 354, 361–62, 366, 437–38, 442
spacewalks. See extravehicular activities (EVAs)
SpaceX, 439, 443, 445, 463, 466
Spain, 244
Special Purpose Dexerous Manipulator, 424, 451, 459
spectrographs, 130, 254
spectroheliographs, 130
spectrometers, 158, 291, 457–58, 463–64
Spektr module, 309, 315, 31
6, 321, 322, 334–37, 335, 339
Sputnik, 11, 45, 176
SR-71 Blackbirds, 14
SRBs. See solid rocket boosters (SRBs)
SRMs. See solid-rocket motors (SRMs)
SSRMS. See Space Station RMS (SSRMS)
Stafford, Thomas, 104, 189, 190–93, 192, 199, 200–201, 202–4
Stalin, Josef, 42, 44, 48, 59
Star City, 91, 179, 194, 210, 303, 311–12, 425
Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System, 399, 412–13
Steblyova, Lyudmila, 92
Steelman, Donald, 121
Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidi, 397–98, 431, 432
stilt pads, 132
Stoewer, Heinz, 251
Stott, Nicole, 441, 445
strap-on boosters, 53, 161, 286
Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, 36
Strekalov, Gennadi, 227–28, 233, 234, 235, 295, 315, 316, 317, 318
Strela cranes, 296, 331, 349
STS-1, 258, 461
STS-2, 255
STS-3, 255, 265
STS-6, 257
STS-7, 232
STS-8, 267
STS-9, 258
STS-27, 356
STS-35, 268–69
STS-41B, 291
STS-47, 269
STS-51B, 263–64
STS-51D, 421
STS-51F, 264–66
STS-51G, 284
STS-51I, 421
STS-51L, 268, 356, 373, 413
STS-55, 269
STS-57, 371
STS-60, 313
STS-61A, 267–68
STS-63, 314
STS-64, 404
STS-66, 314
STS-71, 317–18, 319
STS-76, 320
STS-79, 320, 322–24
STS-81, 320, 322–24
STS-84, 331–36
STS-86, 320, 338–39, 404
STS-87, 370
STS-88, 343–45
STS-89, 339, 370
STS-90, 372
STS-91, 340, 457
STS-92, 352, 404
STS-93, 349
STS-96, 349, 370
STS-97, 358–59
STS-98, 359
STS-100, 360–61, 407
STS-101, 349–50
STS-102, 359–60
STS-104, 362
STS-105, 362
STS-106, 351–52, 388
STS-107. See Columbia disaster
STS-108, 365, 422
STS-110, 365–66
STS-111, 366
STS-112, 367
STS-113, 367
STS-114, 367, 391–93
STS-115, 397
STS-116, 398–99
STS-117, 399, 407, 410, 411–12
STS-118, 407, 410, 412–13
STS-119, 432, 437
STS-120, 414, 415–20
STS-121, 394–95
STS-122, 414, 422–23
STS-123, 414
STS-124, 414, 423–24, 424, 430
STS-125, 424
STS-126, 428–29, 430, 431–33
STS-127, 439–40