9 Horton-Smith, op. cit., note 2,192.
10 Ibid., 81–5.
11 Andrew Boorde, Dyetary of Health, ed. F. J. Furnivall (1870).
12 Cartwright, 44.
13 Ibid., 23–5.
14 Ibid., 22–3.
15 Coulton, op. cit., 445–6; Cartwright, 26–9.
16 Coulton, op. cit., 449.
17 Cartwright, 27.
18 Ibid., 28.
19 Coulton, op. cit., 456.
20 Cartwright, 29.
21 R. M. Clay, The Mediaeval Hospitals of England (1909), 42.
22 Quot. Cartwright, 33.
23 Clay, op. cit., note 21, 49.
24 Ibid., 78.
25 Ibid., 82.
26 Ibid., 94.
27 Creighton, vol. 1, 241.
28 Ibid., 200.
29 Ibid., 202.
30 Stow, 142.
31 Creighton, vol. 1, 267, 314–16.
32 Ibid., 314.
33 Stow, 149.
34 Braudel (The Structures of Everyday Life), 88.
35 Creighton, vol. 1, 419.
36 Ibid., 421.
37 Ibid., 426.
38 Ibid., 423–5.
PART TWO
14 Villagers, Vagrants and Vagabonds
1 Toulmin Smith (ed.), The Itinerary of John Leland; Rowse (The England of Elizabeth), 33.
2 William Camden, Britannia (1586); Rowse, op. cit., 71.
3 Rowse, op. cit., 71; Trevelyan, 149–55.
4 John Norden, Speculum Britanniae (1625).
5 Tusser, 135.
6 Rowse, op. cit., 74.
7 Burton (The Early Tudors), 136.
8 Emmison, 56.
9 Rowse, op. cit., 69.
10 A. Briggs (A Social History), 126.
11 Trevelyan, 137.
12 W. G. Collingwood, Elizabethan Kesvaick; Rowse, 127.
13 A. Briggs op. cit., 126.
14 Trevelyan, 189.
15 Dodd, 135; Trevelyan, 190–91.
16 Dickens; Scarisbrick, passim.
17 H. S. Darby, Hugh Latimer (1953).
18 Harrison, vol. 2, 87.
19 Hall, Society in the Elizabethan Age, quot. Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 115.
20 Byrne, op. cit., 116.
21 Dodd, 137.
22 W. K. Jordan, Philanthropy in England, 1480–1660 (1959); Dodd, 127, 138.
23 Aydelotte, 15.
24 Harrison, vol. 1, 59.
25 King Lear, Act 2, sc. iii.
26 Aydelotte, 26.
27 Ibid.
28 Thomas Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-light, quot. Aydelotte, 39.
29 Mitchell and Leys (A History of the English People), 475.
30 Quot. Byrne, op. cit., 152.
31 Quot. Aydelotte, 29–30.
32 Aydelotte, 68–9.
33 Lansdowne MSS., quot. Aydelotte, 168.
34 Quot. Aydelotte, 81.
35 Thomas Wright, Elizabeth and her Times (1838), vol. 2, 251.
36 Aydelotte, 83–4.
37 Ibid., 104.
15 Priests, Parishioners and Recusants
1 Simon Fish, The Supplication of the Beggars, quot. Trevelyan, 102.
2 Scarisbrick, 1.
3 Trevelyan, 102.
4 Mackie, 370–401.
5 Mathew, 107.
6 Ibid., 112.
7 Trevelyan, 180.
8 Rowse (The England of Elizabeth), 370.
9 J. E. Neale, 220.
10 Dodd, 76.
11 A. T. Hart, (Man in the Pulpit), 84.
12 Caraman (The Other Face), 172.
13 The State Civil and Ecclesiastical of the County of Lancaster, quot. Caraman, op. cit., 174.
14 The Life and Death of Edward Jennings, quot. Caraman, op. cit., 108.
15 Mathew, 47.
16 John Mush, The Life of Margaret Clitherow, ed. William Nicholson (1849), 222.
17 Mathew, 46; Mackie, 552; Caraman, op. cit., 189.
18 Trevelyan, 178–81.
19 Rowse, op. cit., 423.
20 Dodd, 79.
21 W. Harrison, vol. 1, 227.
16 Country Houses and Country People
1 Cook, 40, 67; Rowse (The England of Elizabeth), 3–5; W. Harrison, vol. 2, 229–34.
2 Cook, 40; Platt (The English Medieval Town), 42.
3 Cook, 43.
4 Ibid., 43.
5 Girouard (Robert Smythson), passim.
6 Girouard (Life in the English Country House), 87–104.
7 Emmison, 25.
8 Buxton, 66.
9 G. S. Thomson, 280.
10 Buxton; Rowse, op. cit.; Cook; Girouard, op. cit.
11 Burton (The Early Tudors), 261–2.
12 Ibid., 227.
13 Hentzner, 147.
14 Burton, op. cit., 256.
15 Hentzner, 153.
16 Quot. Cook, 80.
17 Ibid., 104.
18 Tusser, 187–8.
19 Burton (The Elizabethans), 26.
20 Ibid., 109.
21 Braudel (The Structures of Everyday Life), 205–6.
22 Levine Lemnie, The Touchstone of Complexions.
23 Braudel, op. cit., 167–72.
24 Fynes Moryson, Itinerary (1907), 223–4.
25 Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 33–4.
26 Emmison, 36, 61–2, 69.
27 Dodd, 71; Byrne, op. cit., 130.
28 Emmison, 47–54.
29 Burton (The Early Tudors), 150–51.
30 Emmison, 56–8.
31 Ibid., 38–9,44–5, 46, 64–9.
17 Animals and Sportsmen
1 Emmison, 62, 96–7; Dodd, 13; Girouard (Life in the English Country House), 110; Burton (The Elizabethans), 44.
2 Burton, op. cit., 42.
3 Girouard, op. cit., 112.
4 Byrne (Lisle Letters), 150.
5 Thomas (Man and the Natural World), 105.
6 Burton, op. cit., 153.
7 Thomas, op. cit., 106.
8 Ibid., 107.
9 Ibid., 109.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., 29.
14 D. Harris Willson, King James VI and I (1956), 180–2.
15 Elizabeth Jenkins, Elizabeth the Great (1958), 199.
16 Neale, 220.
17 Mitchell and Leys (A History of the English People), 209.
18 Walvin, 7, 9, 12–15.
19 Dodd, 114; Mitchell and Leys, op. cit., 403.
20 Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 210–11.
21 Walvin, 5.
22 Burton (The Early Tudors), 205.
18 Readers and Music Makers
1 Coulton (Social Life), 232; Trevelyan, 79.
2 Orme (English Schools), 24–5, 83–5; Bennett (The Postons), 84; E. Gordon Duff, English Fifteenth Century Books (1918); N. F. Blake, Caxton and His World (1969).
3 Rowse (The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Cultural Achievement); Buxton; Duff, see note 2.
4 ‘Bible (English Versions)’, Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church.
5 Dodd, 83, 86.
6 Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 257.
7 Burton (The Elizabethans), 203.
8 Rowse, op. cit., 101–2, 104–6, 116–19.
9 Buxton, 173.
10 Burton, op. cit. 198.
11 Byrne, op. cit., 223.
12 Emmison, 70–71, 74–5.
13 Dodd, 116.
14 Burton, op. cit., 197; Byrne, op. cit., 222.
15 Dodd, 116.
16 Wickham, vol. 1, 218–19.
17 Chambers (The Elizabethan Stage), vol. 1, 202–3.
18 John Summerson, Inigo Jones (1966), 21–3; Carola Ornan, Henrietta Maria (1936).
19 Clothes and Class
1 Doreen Yarwood, English Costume (1953); C. W. Cunnington, Handbook of English Costume in the 6th Century (1962); Lester and Kerr, Historic Costume (1967); Burton (The Elizabethans), 37–9; Rowse (The Elizabethan Renaissance), 189–90.
2 Gunn, 72.
3 Ibid., 7
6–7; William Vaughn, Naturall and Artificial Directions for Health (1600).
4 Sir Hugh Platt, Delightes for Ladies (1602), 27.
5 W. Harrison, vol. 2, 47; A. Briggs (A Social History), 113; Buxton, 24; Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, quot. Rowse (The England of Elizabeth), 244.
6 W. Harrison, vol. 2,48.
7 William Lambarde, Perambulation of Kent (1596), 14.
8 Hoskins, quot. Rowse, op. cit., 226.
9 Briggs, op. cit., 113.
10 Ibid., 118.
11 Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 120–1; Briggs, op. cit., 116.
12 Rowse, op. cit., 225.
13 Ibid., 23.
20 Citizens, Masters and Journeymen
1 The London Encyclopaedia, ‘Population’.
2 Stow, 296.
3 Philippa Glanville, London in Maps (1972).
4 Quot. Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 70.
5 Breton, A Flourish upon Fancy, quot. Byrne, op. cit., 72.
6 Dekker, The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London (1606).
7 Rowse (The England of Elizabeth), 158–9.
8 Byrne, op. cit., 148–9; Harbage, 56.
9 Thomas Dekker, Shoemaker’s Holiday, or the Gentle Craft (1600).
21 Women and Children
1 Tusser, 153–60.
2 Ibid., 168–74.
3 Anthony Fitzherbert, Book of Husbandry (1523), quot. Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 133–4.
4 D. M. Meads (ed.), The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1559–1605 (1930).
5 Byrne, op. cit., 177.
6 Dodd, 69.
7 Watson, 13, 53.
8 R. O’Day, 89.
9 Byrne, op. cit., 186.
22 Actors and Playgoers
1 Thomas Dekker, The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London, 1606.
2 Harbage, 57.
3 Ibid., 84; Chambers (The Elizabethan Stage), vol. 2, 532, 548.
4 Harbage, 61.
5 Brown, 51.
6 Gurr, 7.
7 Harbage, 41.
8 Quot. Bentley, vol. 6, 209–10.
9 Bradbrook, 97; Brown, 55; Chambers, op. cit., vol. 2, 552.
10 Harbage, 95, 111.
11 Bradbrook, 107.
12 J. P. Collier, The History of English Dramatic Poetry, vol. 1, 452–3; Bentley, vol. 1, 25.
13 Quot. Harbage, 97.
14 Ibid.
15 Bradbrook, 98; Wickham, vol. 2, 67–8; Ordish, 94–5; Roose-Evans, 20–21.
16 Hartnoll, 74–5.
17 Quot. Roose-Evans, 17.
18 Hamlet, Act 2, sc. ii.
19 Gurr, 85; Chambers, op. cit., vol. 2, 556.
20 Quot. Chambers, op. cit., vol. 2, 533.
21 Gurr, 39; Bentley, vol. 6, 36, 65; Brown, 12; Harbage, 61.
22 Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 230–33; Bentley, vol. 1,136; Hartnoll, 81; Chambers, op. cit., vol. 2,143,177; Bradbrook, 63.
23 Chambers, op. cit., vol. 4, 323.
24 Quot. Bentley, vol. 6, 54.
25 Harbage, 16–17; Chambers, op. cit., vol. 1, 287–93, 313; Brown, 42.
26 Wickham, vol. 2,116.
27 Quot. Bradbrook, 69–70.
28 Chambers, op. cit., vol. 4,198–9.
29 Ibid., 321.
30 Ibid., 322.
31 Wickham, vol. 2, 9,18; Chambers, op. cit., vol. 1, 202, 281; Gurr, 28; Bentley, vol. 2, 690.
32 Bentley, vol. 6, 113.
33 Ibid.
34 Bentley, vol. 6,114; W. C. Hazlitt, English Drama and Stage (1869), 67–9.
23 ‘Whole Counties Became Desperate’
1 Ivan Roots, The Great Rebellion (1966); C. V. Wedgwood, The Great Rebellion: The King’s War, 1641–1647 (1958); Austin Woolrych, Battles of the English Civil War (1961); Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1893).
2 Ashley (The People of England), 94, 96–7; A. Briggs (A Social History), 134.
3 Briggs, op. cit., 134.
4 Wallace Notestein, English Folk, quot. Trevelyan, 239.
5 Quot. Briggs, op. cit., 142.
6 Ashley, op. cit., 99.
7 Briggs, op. cit., 149.
8 Gregory King, Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions upon the State and Condition of England, 1696 (1801).
9 Quot. Hart (The Man in the Pew), 107–8.
10 Ibid., 108.
11 Quot. Trevelyan, 278.
12 Ashley, op. cit., 102–3; Trevelyan, 224–6; G. S. Thomson, 191.
13 King, see note 8, quot. Trevelyan, 277.
14 Briggs, op. cit., 154.
15 Quot. Trevelyan, 254.
16 Notestein, 186.
17 Hart, op. cit., 246.
18 L. O. Pike, vol. 2,186,188–9.
19 Ibid., 180–81.
20 Thomas (Religion and the Decline of Magic), 540, 210, 253, 278–9.
21 Ibid., 547.
22 Ibid., 546.
23 Lewinsohn, 128–35; L. O. Pike, vol. 2, 236–7; The Discovery of Witches… fry Matthew Hopkins, Witchfinder (1647).
24 John Gaule, Select Cases of Conscience Touching Witches and Witchcraft (1646).
25 L. O. Pike, vol. 2, 236–7.
26 Sydney, vol. 1, 281; L. O. Pike, vol. 2, 289–90.
27 Radzinowicz, vol. 1, 217–18; Horn (The Rural World), 161.
24 Schoolboys and Schoolgirls
1 R. O’Day, 7.
2 B. Simon, 21.
3 Cressy, 33–4.
4 Ibid., 2.
5 R. O’Day, 41; Stone (‘The Educational Revolution in England’), 44.
6 B. Simon, 373; Cressy, 50, 104.
7 Raistrick, 11.
8 Adamson, 206.
9 Sylvester, 175.
10 Ibid., 171.
11 Ibid., 196.
12 Ibid., 171.
13 Cressy, 68.
14 R. O’Day, 168.
15 Quot. Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 195.
16 Cressy, 66.
17 Ibid., 65.
18 Ibid., 38.
19 Gathorne-Hardy (The Public School), 38.
20 Cressy, 92.
21 R. O’Day, 174.
22 B. Simon, 20.
23 R. O’Day, 17–19, 24.
24 Ibid., 9–20.
25 Stone (‘Literacy and Education in England’), 99.
26 Cressy, 27.
27 Sylvester, 191.
28 R. O’Day, 32; Gathorne-Hardy, op. cit., 44.
29 R. O’Day, 32.
30 Byrne, op. cit., 181.
31 Adamson, 23–4; Buxton, 192; Byrne, op. cit., 191.
32 Cressy, 82.
33 Ibid., 88.
34 Kamm, 76.
35 Fraser, 120.
36 Cressy, 107.
37 R. O’Day, 186.
38 Quot. Kamm, 38.
39 Ibid., 60.
40 Fraser, 121–2.
41 J. H. Jesse, Continuation of Memoirs of the Court of England (1901), vol. 1,196.
42 An Account of the Conduct of the Duchess of Marlborough (1742), 172.
43 Fraser, 122.
44 Ibid., 129; Cressy, 178.
45 Fraser, 138.
46 Ibid., 322; Kamm, 59.
47 Fraser, 320.
48 Cressy, 113; Fraser, 324.
49 Fraser, 327.
50 Cressy, 114.
51 Adamson, 210; Kamm, 65.
52 Adamson, 206–7.
53 R. O’Day, 187; Kamm, 59, 69, 76.
54 Frances Parthenope Verney, Memoirs of the Verney Family During the Civil War (1892).
25 Undergraduates and Tutors
1 R. O’Day, 90.
2 Ibid., 90–91.
3 Kearney, 23.
4 W. Harrison, vol. 2, 202.
5 Stone (‘The Educational Revolution in England’), 45.
6 Stone, op. cit., 56; R. O’Day, 104.
7 R. O’Day, 107–8.
8 Rowse (The England of Elizabeth),
9 Quot. Byrne (Elizabethan Life), 203; Sylvester, 150.
10 J. Simon, 18.
11 Stone, op. cit., 71.
12 Quot. M
orris, 69–70.
13 Cressy, 116, 128.
14 R. O’Day, 94.
15 V. H. H. Green, 80.
16 Ibid., 75–7.
17 Anthony Wood, History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford (1674), quot. Morris, 58.
18 Morris, 78–80.
19 John Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Richard Barber (1975), 187.
20 Quot. Morris, 96.
21 Cressy, 119.
26 ‘Roasted Chickens – Pease – Lobsters – Strawberries’
1 G. C. Moore-Smith (ed.), The Letters of Dorothy Osborne (1928), 89.
2 Ashley (Life in Stuart England), 107.
3 Ibid., 109.
4 Ibid., 14.
5 Ibid., 21.
6 Bryant (The England of Charles II), 163.
7 Ibid., 205.
8 Pepys, vol. 4, 95.
9 Bryant, op. cit., 104.
10 Pepys, vol. 4, 354; vol. 10,144.
11 Pepys, vol. 10, 145.
12 Bryant, op. cit., 105.
13 Ibid., 105; Pepys, vol. 10,145.
14 Pepys, vol. 3,190.
15 Jane Grigson, The Vegetable Book (1978), 505.
16 Braudel (The Structures of Everyday Life), 170.
17 Pepys, vol. 8, 516–17.
18 Ibid., vol. 9,477.
19 Ibid., vol. 10, 104.
20 Bryant, op. cit., 100.
21 Ibid., 101.
22 Pepys, vol. 10, 106.
23 Ashley, op. cit., 32.
24 G. S. Thomson, 108–10.
25 A. Wood, 172.
26 Quot. Bryant, op. cit., 152.
27 Pepys, vol. 10, 99.
28 G. S. Thomson, passim.
29 Ibid., 182.
30 Pepys, vol. 8, 442.
31 G. S. Thomson, 216–20, 222.
32 Defoe, 360.
33 Godfrey (Social Life under the Stuarts), 100.
34 Defoe, 142.
PART THREE
27 ‘A Tour thro’ the Whole Island’
1 Defoe, passim.
2 Thomas Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd (1874), ch. 6.
28 Countrymen, Clergymen and Farmers
1 Earle, 129.
2 Ashley (The People of England), 118; Porter, 69, 81; A. Briggs (A Social History), 170.
3 Porter, 75.
4 London Encyclopaedia, 818.
5 Porter, 60, 64, 80.
6 Horn (The Rural World), 149.
7 A. Bell, 85.
8 Ibid., 105–6.
9 Ibid., 118.
10 Trevelyan, 359.
11 Woodforde (Diary), passim; Porter, 189.
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