The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only)
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crime, arson, 490
drunkenness and, 375
framebreaking, 484
increase in provinces, 665
leprosy, 158
London underworld, 185
in Middle Ages, 138–48 passim
punishable by death, 662
sexual offences, 399, 400
in 1613, 242
under Puritans, 260
criminals, children, 662
execution of, 661–2
highwaymen and robbers, 73–4
murderers, 663
poachers, 360
thieves, 184–5, 339, 414, 520, 661
vagabonds, 179–80, 184–5
Crown, authority of, 176
Civil War, 252
Declaration of Rights, 258
Dissolution of the Monasteries, 177, 186
guilds, 99
jurisdiction, 142
management of national defence, 672
supports universities, 129
curfew, 74
dancing, dance halls, 678
Elizabeth I, 219
long gallery, 197
May Day, 57
mediaeval, 14
Morris dancing, 93–4
death, Bills of Mortality, 437
child mortality, 386, 392, 428, 581
chimney sweeps’ boys, 595
fall in rate of, 706
First World War, 690
heriot, 24, 26, 43
mediaeval funerals, 44–5
metal grinders, 595
mortality age and rate in northern industrial towns, 570
navvies, 646; ‘Popish rites of Burial’, 189
prisoners, 144, 666, 667
Public Health Act and death rate, 582
registration of, 438
sanitary conditions and mortality rate, 580
tournaments, 84
vaccination and, 435–6
women in marshlands, 304–5
workhouse, 493
causes, burning, 375
factory accidents, 597
famine and starvation, 178, 564
iron bodice, 393
mining disasters, 474
pillory, 400
road accidents, 677
spirits consumption, 379 from disease, cholera, 439
fever and typhus, 436–7
influenza, 707
plague, 32–4, 162–3, 164
smallpox, 432
tuberculosis, 438–9, 673
dentistry (see also teeth), 707
Derby, 301, 487
Devonshire House, 309
dining-rooms, 12, 324, 325, 544, 617
disease (see also medicine), army health compared with that of civilian population, 673
coalminers, 585
copulation and, 400–401
evacuees, 698
in farm labouring gangs, 599
improved treatment of, 704
industrial, 474
masturbation and, 399, 634
mountebanks’ treatment of, 426–30
navvies, 646
occupational disease and deformities in nineteenth century, 597
prisoners, 667
recorded by Bills of Mortality, 437
sanitary conditions and, 436, 580–82
sea water as remedy for, 679
teeth and, 444, 446 specific diseases, Black Death, 32–4
cancer, 287, 436, 595
cholera, 439–40, 531, 667
gaol fever, 666
gonorrhoea, 397, 679
gout, 287, 294
influenza, 707
leprosy, 158–60, 287
mental illness, 430–31, 668
plague, 162–5, 246, 247, 269
rheumatism, 294
scrofula, 437
scurvy, 667
smallpox, 166–7, 352, 432–6
syphilis, 165–6
tuberculosis, 437, 438–9, 679
typhoid, 436
venereal, 395, 397, 638, 639
Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the economy, 233
effect on London buildings, 229–30
hospitals closed by, 160–61
Pilgrimage of Grace, 176
property transferred to Crown, 186
resentment created by, 177
stone from monasteries, 194
vagrancy, 179
Donington Park, 555
drainage (see also sanitation), of Fens, 254, 257
drawing rooms of London town houses, 325
drink and drinking, alcohol consumption in nineteenth century, 622
alcohol forbidden, 577
brandy smuggling, 361
at cricket matches, 372
drunkenness, 294, 375, 411, 414, 623, 646, 674, 701
eighteenth century, 375–9
expenditure on wine at Woburn, 291
farm labourers’ perquisites, 561
First World War and drinking habits, 700–701
Ingatestone servants, 205
in Middle Ages, 11, 20
navvies, 646
parish nurses, 395
payment of wages in public houses, 593
poverty and, 470
in prisons, 666
provided for domestic servants, 504–5
seventeenth century, 285, 288–9
teetotalism, 11
in Tudor country houses, 202–3, 204, 205
undergraduates, 460
alcoholic drinks, ale, 52–5, 240
beer, 376, 380, 559, 565, 699. 701
gin, 376, 378–9: spirits, 377. 379–80, 699–700
wine, 11, 52
non-alcoholic drinks, chocolate, 291, 324
coffee, 291, 325
milk, 20, 522, 648
tea, 291, 324, 325, 361, 474, 571, 572
water, 205, 288
duels, 294, 414
Dulwich College, 245
Durham, 80, 117–18, 282, 473, 608
dustmen, 526
East India Company, 284, 309
Easton Lodge, 546
Eaton Hall, 497, 542, 555
education (see also schools and universities), age of pupils, 120
apprentices, 105
in army, 674
cost of, 118–19
costermongers’children, 528
after First World War, 694
free, 117–18
girls, 121–2, 272–6, 393, 451
Grand Tour, 324, 335, 463–5
heir to throne, 121
higher, 270
medical education for women, 703
of the poor, 450
public lectures, 463
school-leaving age, 694
schoolmasters, 119–20
seventeenth-century, 265–76 passim; sixteenth century, 239
Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 266–7, 275
study of law, 136–7
teachers, 449, 451
theological colleges, 314
upper class attitude to, 120–21
women, 388, 389
electricity, domestic power points, 676
industry, 699
vehicles powered by, 656–7, 658, 659–60
emigration, 464
enclosure of land, common land, 177
effect on owner-occupiers, 320
fishing industry and, 176
hardship caused by, 472–3
increases farming profitability, 172
riots against, 254, 490
in Windsor Forest, 488
entertainments (see also theatre and sports), Bedlam, 431
broadcasting, 678
in eighteenth century, 363–6
entertainers, 96, 280, 419, 420, 421, 424
holiday camps, 687
masques, 220
mediaeval, 14
puppet-shows, 422–3
at seaside resorts, 681
social intercourse in eighteenth century, 392
Southwark, 231, 241–2
sword-fight between women,
365
Twelfth Night ball at Welbeck, 504
environment, control of, 676
Erddig, 509
etiquette, books on, 613–15
carving, 13
eighteenth-century manners, 337–8
informality, 325
mediaeval drinking, 11
mediaeval table manners, 6–7
Eton College, age of pupils, 120
curriculum, 116
First World War casualties, 690
flogging, 239, 269
football, 623
Henry VI founds, 115
single classroom, 117
sons of peers, 456
executioners, 663
Exeter, charity schools, 266
Grammar School, 239
lace makers, 284
London Inn, 356
mayors, 101
population, 233, 538
public latrines, 103
university, 694
water supply, 103
factories, 467
boot factories, 594–5
child labour, 469, 594–5
discipline, 475
earnings at Ford’s, 699
football clubs, 624
inspectors, 589
Luddites attack, 485, 486, 487
match factories, 594
model factory owners, 474–5
munitions, 691
new opportunities for work in, 513
pottery, 594
wages, 578
working conditions, 468, 474–5, 576–8
fairs, 105
Abingdon, 105
Aldeburgh, 535
attempts to close, 422
Bartholomew, 105, 286, 364, 421, 422
books for sale, 218
boxing matches, 364–5
cattle, 105
country people’s reliance on, 535
entertainments, 421
Hiring Fair, 559
Horn Fair, 306–7
Liverpool fairground, 622
Mayfair, 364
mop fairs, 307, 498
popularity, 363
puppet-shows, 422–3
sheep, 488
Southwark, 364, 422
Stourbridge, 105. 306, 345
straw hats, 345
strolling players’ booths, 421–2
tooth-drawers, 441
family, size of, 386–7, 699
famine, 31, 564
fans, 342, 443
farmers, and rioting labourers, 491
small holdings, 320
tenant, 321
yeomen, 320
farming, see agriculture and animal husbandry
feminist movement, 693, 704
fireworks, 367, 424
flats, 612
food (see also meals and prices) for actors in miracle plays, 90
adulteration, 598–9
alehouse, 377
Christ’s Hospital, 452
commons allowance, 135
costermongers, 528, 529
diet and health, 428, 439, 707
diet in London hospitals, 705
eighteenth century wage-earners, 473
expenditure at Woburn, 290–91
farm boy, 558
farm labourers, 561, 563–4
free with ale, 288
Ingatestone servants, 204–5
markets, 535
Middle Ages, 7–11, 20–21, 22, 31, 55, 117, 118
middle-class expenditure, 617
monastic, 46–7
navvies, 646
Oxford and Cambridge colleges, 132–3, 278
Parson Woodforde, 312–13
passenger trains, 652
of the poor, 256, 571, 572, 637
poor scholars, 133, 134
prison diet, 666–9
passim
railway transport, 648
rationing in wartime, 707, 708
seaside hotels and lodgings, 682–3
servants in great families, 503–4
seventeenth century inns, 355
shellfish stalls at seaside, 681, 685
sold at chandlers’ shops, 521
threats over bread prices, 477
wage-earning workmen, 474
withheld from prisoners, 668
workhouse, 492, 493
working-class expenditure on, 699
specific foods, bread, 473
cheese, 206, 286, 300
fruit, 287–8, 291
ice-cream, 685
meat, 286
milk, 522, 648
oysters, 291, 304
potatoes, 564
poultry and game, 286, 287
sugar and cinnamon, no
toast, 324–5
vegetables, 287
forests, cut down for farmland, 257
dangerous and turbulent in eighteenth century, 478–9
destruction of, 358
oak, 174
shrinking, 174
Windsor, 359, 360, 488
Foundling Hospital, 395–6, 428
friendly societies, 622
Frome, poverty and affluence, 489
fuel (see also coal), expenditure on, 290
oil, 698
petrol rationing, 708
Fulham Palace, 198
funerals, 44–5, 55
furniture and furnishings, alehouses, 376, 377
artisans, 576
care of, 502
dining-table, 324
eighteenth century houses, 332–3, 335–6
eighteenth century inn bedrooms, 356
Graham’s ‘celestial bed’, 430
Hertfordshire vicarage, 611–12
influence of cinema on, 677
Jews, 534
mediaeval, 12, 17, 19
Oxford and Cambridge Universities, 132
pianoforte, 321
of seventeenth century poor, 289
Southey’s Daniel Dove, 331
Tudor country houses, 197, 200–202
Victorian, 618
gambling, 372–4
boxing matches, 364
Chelsea pensioners, 335
cock-fights, 367, 368
costermongers, 529
cricket, 371, 372
gaming-houses, 185
London poor, 573
sword-fight between women, 365
games and pastimes, in alehouses, 376
billiard rooms, 554, 555
cards, 16
chess, 15
children’s, 394, 626
Laudian Code, 281
long gallery, 197
Middle Ages, 15, 16
pastimes of sixteenth century lady, 238
proscribed, 131, 132, 185
under Puritans, 260
shovelboard parlour, 196
in Tudor times, 211–13; ‘unlawful’ games, 57
Victorian indoor games, 625
gangs, agricultural, 559–61
navvies, 645, 646
gardens and gardening, Blenheim, 545
disappearing in London, 229, 230
eighteenth century, 326–30
flowers, 198
Mary II, 273
mediaeval cottagers, 20
mediaeval manor houses, 59–60; ‘mounts’, 198–9
pleasure gardens, 363
town villas, 612
trees, 198
Tudor country houses, 197–200
wages of footman-gardener, 503
gin palaces, 622
gipsies, 181, 255
Gloucester, 97, 165, 301, 388
Grand Tour, 324, 335, 463–5, 554
grave-robbers, 444
Great Exhibition (1851), 617
guests, 7, 10, 13–14, 17, 219
guilds, aid to pilgrims, 79
barbers and surgeons, 155
conditions for membership, 30
Crown and, 99
hospitals, 156
liveries, 87
minstrels, 95
miracle plays, 90–93
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power in decline, 176
purpose, 99
schools, 115
hair, cost of haircut, 285
costermongers, 528
dye, 550
eighteenth century women, 339, 340–41
false, 550
gentlemen wear their own, 340
hair-powder, 339, 340
pigtails, 672
undergraduates, 281
women’s, after First World War, 704
Halifax, 233
Chartist rally, 494
cloth market, 302
Defoe on, 303, 304
housing conditions, 570
halls, Norman, 4–5
Hampton Court Palace, 195, 198–9, 201, 211, 230
Hardwick Hall, 194, 196, 197, 309, 324
Harrow School, 272, 456, 623
Hastings, 648, 684
Hatfield House, 199, 511, 555
heating, 334, 356, 377, 698
Hedingham Castle, 207
Hereford, 301, 645
hermits, 65–6
Higham Ferrers, 30
Highclere, 555
highwaymen, 73, 349–50
Holdenby House, 199, 208 holidays, cheap public transport widens scope for, 679
Christmas, 626–7, 683
Dissenting Academy, 463
farm labourers, 559
holiday camps, 686–7
honeymoon, 383
hop-picking, 687–8
May Day, 55–7
in Middle Ages, 55, 116–17
omnibus workers, 653, 655
organized outings, 683
public, 599, 683–4
rich family, 686
Saturday half-holidays, 599, 623
seaside, 680–83
with pay. 683
Holkham Hall, 334, 502
horses (see also sports), bathing machines, 682
breeding, 359
circus, 424
clothiers, 303
eighteenth century inns, 356
horse-drawn vehicles, 653, 656
hunting, 359
mounted troops, 672
packhorses, 69
pit ponies, 583
prices, 67
racing, 368–9
sumpter-horses, 69
tournaments, 84
hospitality demanded by royal household, 75–6
hospitals, Bethal, Norwich, 431
Bethlehem Royal (Bedlam), 160, 430–31
expense of treatment in, 707
lepers, 158, 160
lunatic asylums, 431
Manchester Royal Lunatic Asylum, 430
mediaeval, 156, 157–8, 160–62
nineteenth century, 705, 706
outpatients departments, 698
Royal Free, 703
St Thomas’s, 705, 706
syphilis, 166
tuberculosis sanatoria, 439
Houghton Hall, 309
house parties, 544–9 passim
houses (see also country houses and individually named houses), billeting of troops, 672
of ‘carriage people’, 611
castellated manor houses, 4
demolished for railways, 647–8
domestic offices, 502
interiors, 331–6
Lancashire factory workers, 576
London poor, 572–3