The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only)
Page 108
London town houses, 325
mediaeval town houses, 101–2
prices, 336
provided for millworkers, 577
semi-detached, 612
sites, 332
specification for 1934 semi-detached, 675–6
villas, 612
workers in northern industrial towns, 570
yeomen, 320
housing, Cobbett deplores state of, 488
destruction by air raids, 677
and disease, 436
drop in completion rate during war, 676–7
and health, 707
overcrowding, 676
social unrest over, 695
subsidization, 675
Huddersfield, 302, 570
Huguenots, 198, 231
Hull, custom administration, 284
Defoe on, 304
public latrines, 103
ship-repair yards, 473
theatre, 419
town wall, 195
water supply, 103
hunger marches, 697
hygiene, bathrooms, 334, 611
Carlyle’s bathing arrangements, 505
chimney sweeps wash, 596
dental, 225, 442–3
and health standards, 707
house-cleaning, 334
laundry, 337
personal cleanliness, 335
public baths, 621
washing arrangements at Belvoir Castle, 502
washstands and bathtubs at Blenheim, 545
Hythe, 102–3
immigration, Irish, 598, 641
implements, see tools
incomes (see also wages and salaries), from distilling, 379–80
fashionable courtesan, 635;
John Taylor, 313
landowners, 320, 541–2
and maintenance of carriages, 610–11
necessary for employment of servants, 608–9
nobility, 289, 308–9
popular novelists, 628
professional, 610
rich gentry, 320
squire, 319
yeomen, 320
Industrial Revolution, 467–76 passim
industry, between First and Second World Wars, 698, 699
cloth, 284
Combination Acts, 480
cottage, 483, 577
employment in, 699
fishing, 175, 176, 284, 299
fuel for, 174
industrial diseases, 474
industrial disputes, 480
industrial firms found football clubs, 624
labouring women and children, 468
late eighteenth century prosperity, 466–7
Luddism, 482–7
mining, 175
relations between employers and employees, 477, 480–82
rural, 471
sixteenth century, 173, 175
stocking-weaving, 301
textiles, 174
wages and industrial economies, 472
Ingatestone Hall, 196, 204–6, 207, 211, 219
inns, 77–8, 98, 243, 354–7 passim, 420
interior decoration, 617–18
ceilings, 332
wallpaper, 332
inventions, 468, 474, 659
Ipswich, 535
Defoe on, 299
Garrick, 419
geese and turkeys from, 304
grammar school, 118
municipal office, 101
railway, 645
Iwerne Minster, 556
jewellery, 549, 551
Jews, anti-semitism, 317
assaulted in Oxford, 127
coiners hanged, 142
dealers in second-hand clothes, 534
expulsion, 104
fancy dress lenders, 629
financiers, 318
houses, 534
moneylenders, 104
riots directed against, 690
Sabbath-keeping, 531
Jockey Club, 369
journeymen, 105, 235
Justices of the Peace, maintenance of law and order left to, 663, 664
powers of office, 319
rates of wages, 176, 256
after Restoration, 255;
Speenhamland system, 492
statutory powers of enlistment, 672
trial of agricultural rioters, 491
women magistrates, 704
Kedleston Hall, 554
Kendal, 284, 451
Kenilworth Castle, 4, 199, 210
Kew Gardens, 328
kissing, 401–2
kitchens, basement, 325
in Carlyle’s house, 505–6
distance from dining room, 544
Johnson’s 523–4
mediaeval, 5
Southey’s Daniel Dove, 331
utensils, 336
knights, 82, 84–5
Lacock Abbey, 194
Lambeth Palace, 197 language, Cornish, 227
costermongers, 526
dialects, 307, 319
education of Henry VI, 121
Elizabeth I, 273
English, 121
French, 116
Grand Tour, 464, 465
Latin, 116, 127, 131, 132, 134
Norman French, prologue
nuns’ ignorance of, 121–2
propriety in, 338
teaching, 463
words connected with cock-fighting, 367
law, abortion, 702
benefit of clergy, 144–5, 663
child labour, 469
civilian guardians of, 663
corruption, 140–41, 144
criminal law reform, 662–3
ecclesiastical courts, 188
enforcement, 146–7
Game Laws, 360
on gipsies, 180
incomes of lawyers and barristers, 610
juries, 144, 400
jurisdiction as source of revenue, 142
legal profession and social hierarchy, 605–7
manor courts, 139
marriage, 382
masters and apprentices, 235
New Poor Law, 493
Non-Conformists and Roman Catholics, 258–9
Pie Powder Courts, 105
professional constabulary, 666
sanctuary, 145–6
speed limit, 660, 677
study of, 136–7
trial by combat, 141–2
trial by ordeal, 141
under Puritans, 260
vagabonds, 182
witchcraft, 263
women enter legal profession, 703
women under, 107, 389
Leeds, 304
Amphitheatre, 425
brewers, 284
clothing trade, 233
Defoe on cloth market, 302–3
gig-mills, 482
Grand Theatre, 632
inhabitants and dwellings, 569
Marks and Spencer, 699
mills and factories, 473, 475
music halls, 630
overcrowding, 676
population growth, 568, 569
tramcars, 657
xenophobic riots, 690
Leicester, buildings, 234
Cook’s excursion from, 683
Defoe on, 301
prison, 668
hosiery works, 473
husbandry, 97
public latrines, 103
university, 694
water supply, 103
Leicester House, 197
libraries, army garrisons, 674
country houses, 324
Lincoln College, Oxford, 135
Mudie’s ‘Select Circulating Library’, 628
public, 215, 622, 678
rich men in Middle Ages, 214–15
Lichfield, 284, 375
life expectancy, 386, 580, 585
lighting, Belvoir Castle, 501
candles, 334, 651
church candlesticks, 620
coal mines, 582, 587
electricity, 555, 699
&nb
sp; gas, 555, 611
oil, 555
railway trains, 651–2
rush-lights, 19
stage, 418
Lincoln, 101, 124
Lismore Castle, 309
literacy, in army, 674
brick workers, 589
increasing importance of, 123
Islington poor children, 448
mediaeval ladies, 122
in seventeenth century, 270
women, 274
Little Moreton Hall, 195
Little Wenham Hall, 195
Liverpool, average age at death, 570
cholera, 439
circus, 425
criminals, 665
Defoe on, 304
Irish immigrants, 564
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 645, 646, 649–50
market, 535
mayors, 101
population, 466, 473
rioting, 695
slave trade, 284, 466
steamboats take holidaymakers from, 679
survival of poor, 697–8
theatres, 419, 632
watchdogs, 209
Woolworths, 699
xenophobic riots, 690
local government, 176, 557
lodging houses, 378, 574–5, 682
London, beggars, 179
booksellers, 218, 519
Bow Stret runners, 663
cabmen’s shelters, 655
changing face of, 228–30
charity schools, 267
cheats and rogues, 184
cholera, 439, 440
churches, 316
Civil War fortifications, 388
cockpits, 367, 368
cookshops, eating houses and taverns, 523–4
Defoe on port of, 304
design of houses, 325
employment, 473
entry of monarch, 87
fairs, 105
flats, 612
garden suburbs, 676
hospitals, 151, 156, 157, 158, 160
housing conditions, 336, 676
Inns of Court, 136–7
licensing hours, 700
literacy, 270, 274
lord mayor, 86
markets, 104, 231–3, 286, 287, 522, 532–5
pageants, 86, 87–9
parks and pleasure gardens, 363
pastimes and pleasures, 362–4, 365
places of sanctuary, 145
plague, 162–3, 164. 165
police, 664
population, 98, 228–9, 284, 473
port, 284, 304
poverty and destitution, 570–75, 697
property and incomes of nobility, 308–9
prisons, 667–8
prostitution, 634, 635–9
riots and demonstrations, 36–8, 176, 177, 495
sanitation, 102, 103
schoolmistresses, 122
shopping, 515–21 passim
shrine of St Edward the Confessor, 80
slums, 570
street name plates, 517
street vendors, 231–3, 525–6;
Temple Bar, 87
tennis courts, 211
theatres and music halls, 408–25 passim, 628–32
transport, 647–8, 652–3, 656, 657
Tyburn executions, 191, 379, 389
underworld, 185
wages, 234
watchmen, 147
water supply, 103
London School of Medicine for Women, 703
Longleat, 194, 195, 196, 502, 504
lords of the manor, ‘ales’, 55; ‘cartage’, 69–70
effect of manorial and tithe rights, 490
employers of labour, 31
heriot, 26
jurisdiction, 139, 142
manumission of serfs, 29–30
and pregnant women, 107
remarriage of serfs, 28
unchastity of peasants, 28
use of lands, 34
Loughborough, 234, 487, 683
Luddites, 482–7
macaronis, 339
machinery, farm, 321–2, 558
industrial, 467, 482
Luddites, 483, 486
riots, 490
water-driven, 474
workers smash, 481–2 magic, and mediaeval medicine, 152, 154
magistrates, see Justices of the peace
Maidstone, 370, 536
Manchester, child mortality rate, 581
cotton-spinners, 284
Defoe on, 303
Engels in, 569
factories, 473, 475
factory girls, 578
fines on spinners, 476
industrial arson, 467
Irish immigrants, 564
Leland on, 233
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 645, 646, 649–50
lodging-houses, 570
mills, 473
music halls, 630
overcrowding, 676
parish church, 316;
Peterloo Massacre, 495
population, 303, 316, 466, 568
public lectures, 463
public library, 622
public parks, 622, 642
repertory theatre, 632
Royal Lunatic Asylum, 430
Sunday schools, 453, 683
University, 702
Woodhead Tunnel, 646
Wythenshawe, 676
xenophobic riots, 690
Manchester Grammar School, 453
Mansion House, 532
Marine Pavilion, Brighton, 555
markets, 104–5
country people’s reliance on, 535
Covent Garden, 532
Leeds, 699
London, 231–3, 286, 287, 532–5
Norwich, 102
provincial, 535
second-hand clothes, 522
Stocks Market, 532
York cloth, 302–3
marriage, 381–7
affection as basis for, 391–2
arranged, 391
burgess families, 100
celebrations, 54
costermongers, 526
divorce, 390, 701
in families of property, 107
Fleet marriages, 382
La Rochefoucauld on husbands and wives, 392
married working women, 703
mediaeyal peasants, 28
nobility, 309
Paston family, 107–9
separation, 107, 180, 389–90
of servants and employers, 508
sexual experience before, 701
soldiers restricted by army regulations, 639
wife-sale, 390–91
Marylebone Cricket Club, 371
masques, 220–22
maypole, 55–7, 260
meals (see also food), Bedford’s bill at Red Lion, Cambridge, 293
Mrs Beeton’s recommendations, 616–17
Boswell dines with Johnson, 524
breakfast, 324, 547
canteen at Thomas Adams and Co., 577
ceremonies in mediaeval noble household, 12–14
cost during First World War, 691
dinner at Blenheim, 542
dinner at New College, 460
early nineteenth century, 325
eighteenth century, 324–5
in landowners’ houses, 542–3
lord and lady eat with household, 11–12
in Middle Ages, 5, 7, 9–10
Pepys’s dinner parties, 285
price of tavern meals, 523
Mrs Prinsep’s servants, 505
at Sandringham, 543
seventeenth century, 285
sixteenth century, 7
Sunday, 643
Tom Brown’s breakfast, 357
medicine, anaesthetics, 440, 706–7
antiseptic surgery, 707
army health, 673
Church attitude to, 156–7
factory sick clubs, 577
glister, 314
improved skills and treatment, 707
> inoculation, 433–5
mediaeval, 149–55, 158
medical profession and social hierarchy, 605
mountebanks, 426–9; ‘parish doctors’, 706
remedies for venereal disease, 165, 398
sea-water, 679
study of, 157
Sydney Smith, 312
treatment of mental illness, 430
treatment of tuberculosis, 439
women enter profession, 703
mercantile marine, casualties in World Wars, 698, 708
Hull, 304
increase in eighteenth century, 466
Plimsoll and, 599–600
slave ships, 466
Merchant Taylors’ school, 456
middle class, carriages, 610–11
church attendance, 619–20, 641
Church of England, 641
clerks, 607
croquet, 625
daily routine, 618, 619
domestic economy, 616–17
etiquette, 613–15
furniture, 618
houses, 611–13
ignorance of conditions in poor homes, 698
leisure occupations, 625, 678
move further out from London, 647
professions, 605–6
Reform Act, 492
respectability, 601–2
servants employed by, 497, 513
smaller families and improved living standards, 703
snobbery, 602–5
use of prostitutes, 634
mills (see also factories), water- and wind-, 25
Milner Field, 556
mines, coal, 474, 583–7
conditions after General Strike, 696
government control, 707
lead, 305, 306
pumps, 468
strikes, 695
sufferings of miners, 474
women and children, 468
working conditions, 468
minstrels, 94–6
monasteries (see also Dissolution of the Monasteries), 45–8
almonry schools, 115, 117–18
charity to the poor, 179
hospitality, 77
infirmaries, 156
parlours, 196
road maintenance, 66
sanctuary, 145
stone plundered from, 194–5
money, counterfeit, 518
Morte d’Arthur, Le, 82–3
motor-cars, see transport
Motor Show, Earl’s Court, 677
municipal offices, 101
murders, Ratcliffe, 664
museums, 622
music, bands in public parks, 642
at Blenheim, 542; ‘celestial bed’, 430
choral societies, 622
church, 89
holiday camps, 686
hunting horns, 359
long gallery, 197
masques, 220–22
May Day, 57
mediaeval instruments, 14–15
minstrels, 94–6
musical parties, 625–6
musicians accompany Earl of Bedford, 292
pilgrims, 79
popularity, 219–20
Richard II’s coronation celebrations, 87–8
royal band of George III, 679
royal Tudors’ talent, 219
at Sandringham, 542
at seaside resorts, 681
taught at Merchant Taylors’, 271