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To the Edges of the Earth

Page 37

by Edward J. Larson


  Peary System, 105, 109, 146, 161–62, 191–92, 195, 201, 294n23

  Peck, Anne, 95

  penguins, 171–72, 244. See also Adélie penguins

  Persuasion (book), xvii

  Peter (Peary’s Inuit grandson), 149

  Petigax, Joseph, 15, 20, 91–92, 216, 235–36

  Petigax, Laurent, 216

  Pittsburgh Press, 275

  Polar Plateau, 163, 179, 182, 186–90, 247, 268. See also East Antarctic Ice Sheet

  Pole of Altitude, ix, 3, 21, 103, 143, 283–84n7. See also Third Pole

  Polo, Marco, 20

  Pond, James, 27–28, 30

  ponies: Antarctic use of, 123–28, 136, 139–42, 163, 167–81, 268, 281; Himalayan use of, 221–23, 261

  porters: native, 221–37, 261–62, 308n12

  Portland, Maine, 265

  Possession Island, Antarctica, 42

  pressure ridges, 8, 16–18, 40, 44, 170, 192, 199, 241–42, 248

  Priestley, Raymond, 137–38

  Ptolemy, Claudius, 89

  Pulitzer, Joseph, 154

  Quan (pony), 136, 178

  Queen’s Hall, 93

  Queensland, Australia, 53

  racism, 24, 35, 109, 202, 206, 294n18, 301n55

  Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 220–22

  Rdakass. See Urdukas

  Regina Elena (ship), 21, 95

  religion, 67–68, 219; of polar explorers, 68, 70–71, 149, 202, 247, 251, 301n42, 311n62

  Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The (poem), 279

  Ritenbeck, Greenland, 23

  Roaring Forties, 51

  Robeson Channel, 104, 156

  Rocky Mountains, 65, 88

  Rome, Italy, 93

  Roosevelt (ship), 112, 118, 143, 150–52, 194, 255, 258–60, 263; Peary’s vision for, 99–101, 282; performance of, 97, 104–5, 114, 116, 146–48, 156–57, 160, 282

  Roosevelt, Theodore: as adventurer, 86–87, 193, 279, 282; Duke of the Abruzzi and, 1, 94; Peary and, xx, 97–101, 115–19, 146–48, 153

  Ross, James Clark, 51–53, 132, 163, 166–67, 267

  Ross, John, 4, 267

  Ross Ice Shelf, xix, 52, 59–64, 131; traversing of, 61–63, 139–43, 163, 176–80, 246–54, 268. See also Great Ice Barrier

  Ross Island, 51, 175, 186; winter quarters on, 120, 124, 130–31, 165, 268–69

  Ross Sea, 52–56, 127–30, 166, 172, 254

  Royal Danish Geographical Society, 273–75

  Royal Geographical Society (London), 89, 93; Arctic exploration and, 6–9, 32; Antarctic exploration and, 55, 60, 123, 267; Scott and, 49, 66, 124

  Royal Navy, 4, 6–9, 60, 121–22, 125, 141

  Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 74–75, 95

  Royal Society, 6, 50, 67–68, 137

  Rudolph Island, 14, 19–20

  Ruskin, John, 85–86

  Russia, 30, 96, 217

  Ruwenzori Range, 3, 75, 89–93, 230

  Sabine, Edward, 6

  Sagamore Hill, 97

  San Francisco Chronicle, 276

  San Francisco Examiner, 153

  Saturday Evening Post, 275

  Savoia (or Savoy) Glacier, 229

  Savoie, Albert, 216

  Savoy, House of, xvi, 1, 17, 21, 82, 278, 282

  science: practical value of, 49, 71–72; religion and, 67–68; role of in polar exploration, 9–11, 31, 49, 58, 105, 128, 132–37, 165–66

  Scotland, 56, 74–75, 95, 133, 168, 172, 185

  Scott, Robert Falcon, 48–49, 55–56, 59–60, 64–65, 105, 166, 273, 278; Shackleton and, 61–64, 123–24, 130–33, 138, 176–78, 190, 267, 268

  Screaming Sixties, 126–28

  scurvy, 8–9, 42, 55, 62–63

  sea ice, 7–8, 11–12; traversing, 40, 43–44, 106–14, 273

  seasickness, 126–27, 167

  Sella, Quintino, 83

  Sella, Vittorio, 91, 144, 216, 227–33, 262

  Seneca, 37

  Shackleton, Emily, 123, 130, 175, 269, 279

  Shackleton, Ernest, xvi, xx, 55, 185, 227, 263, 270, 274; Cape Royds activities of, 130–44, 163–67, 175, 239; character of, 60, 123, 181, 190, 265–69, 278–80; health of, 62–64, 142, 178, 186–88, 246–50, 269, 304n77; leadership style of, 58, 120, 128, 131–32, 137, 158–59, 246–48, 269, 280, 298n52; Nimrod Expedition launched by, 47–51, 120–30; Scott and, 57, 61–64, 123–24, 130–33, 178, 268, 290n42, 297n34; southern sledge journey work of, 175–82, 186–91, 195, 206, 214, 236, 246–55

  Shebelle River, 278

  Shelley, Mary, xvii, 5, 77, 279

  Shelley, Percy, 77–78

  Shetland Islands, 272

  Shigar, Baltistan, 223, 261

  Siberia, 10–11, 56

  Sigloo, 197, 205, 210

  Sind Valley, 222–23

  Singh, Pratap, 221

  Skardu, Baltistan, 222–23

  skiing: Nordic, 10, 12, 62, 70, 124

  sledging: Antarctic, 58–59, 61–63, 123, 133–34, 139–43, 163–91, 240–53; Arctic, 11–12, 36–37, 43–44, 158–62, 191–201, 255–59, 272–73, 181; dogs and, 11–20, 36–37, 43, 61–62, 123–24, 158–62, 191, 195–98, 208–14, 255–57; man-hauling and, xix, 62–64, 124, 133–34, 139–43, 163–65, 169–74, 179–90, 240–53, 281; ponies and, 123, 139, 175–81; relaying in, 169, 181

  sleeping bags, 134, 139, 170, 266

  Smith, Albert, 78–82

  Smith Sound, 10, 35–45, 104, 116–17, 146–52, 156

  snow blindness, 18, 62, 180, 240–41, 271

  Snowy Mountains, 64, 70–71

  Socks (pony), 136, 178–81

  Somalia, 89, 92, 278, 282

  Somervell, Howard, 236

  Sorko La (or Pass), 261

  South Africa, 60

  South African War. See Boer War

  South Australia, 69, 73

  South Georgia Island, 269

  south magnetic pole, 267; as goal, xv, 51–52, 54–55, 58, 124, 163–67, 170–71, 280; route to, 131, 139, 163–64, 183–84; shifting location of, 52, 163, 185, 238–39

  South Pacific, 50, 67

  South Pole: as goal, xv, 51, 59, 124, 166, 175, 280; dash to, 55, 58–59, 61; race to, 47–51, 101, 268; route to, 124, 131, 139, 163, 176–80, 268

  Southern Cross (ship), 57–60, 130–32

  Southern Cross Expedition, 56–60, 124, 130

  Southern Ocean, 49, 51, 269

  southern sledge journey (Discovery), 61–63, 142, 163–64

  southern sledge journey (Nimrod), 139, 175–82, 189–91, 246–54

  Spanish-American War, 34, 147

  Spectator (London), 267

  Spitsbergen, 5, 12, 30

  Srinagar, Kashmir, 220–22, 261–62

  Staircase Peak, 231

  Standard (London), 267

  Stanley, Henry Morton, 25, 27, 56, 90, 272

  starvation, 10, 19–21, 62–63, 112, 171–72, 247–54, 266, 271

  Stella Polare (ship), 14, 20

  Stephen, Leslie, 87–88

  Stewart Island, 266

  stoicism, 37–38, 70

  survival of the fittest, concept of, 6, 16, 35, 75, 87, 159–60

  Sverdrup, Otto, 30, 36, 46

  Sweden, 30, 55

  Switzerland, 81–87, 219, 221

  Sydney, Australia, 47–49, 72–73, 263, 270, 282

  Sydney, Nova Scotia, 146, 149, 262–63

  Sydney Morning Herald, 48–49

  Taft, William Howard, 193, 273

  Talilanguaq (Peary’s Inuit grandson), 149

  Taylor Valley. See Dry Valley

  technology, xv, 4, 75, 145, 220, 265, 280–82; use of in Antarctic exploration, 136; use of in Arctic exploration, xiv, 30–36, 45–46, 99, 148, 156–57

  telegraph, 145, 260, 263, 272, 274, 276

  Terra Nova Expedition, 268, 280

  terrestrial magnetism, 51–55, 58, 73, 164–67

  Terror (ship), 52

  Third Pole, 280, 283–84n7. See also Pole of Altitude

  Thomas, Lowell, 256

  Thus Spoke Zarathustra
(book), 87

  Tibet, 96, 218, 223

  Tilman, Bill, 216

  Times (London), 1–2, 7, 63; on mountaineering, 81, 85

  Titanic (ship), 169

  traditional methods: use by Peary, 11, 34, 105, 147–49, 171; use of in exploring generally, xix, 221–23, 236, 244, 279–81

  Trans-Antarctic Mountains. See Victoria Land Mountains; Western Mountains

  Trollope, Antony, 86

  Turin, Italy, 215

  Turner, J. M. W., 76

  Twain, Mark, 27

  Uganda, 89–92

  United States, 51, 95, 260

  United States Army Signal Corps, 9–10

  United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 23

  United States Navy, 23, 26–27, 98, 117, 159

  University of Adelaide, 50, 68, 270

  University of Cambridge, 66, 76, 100, 219

  University of Chicago, 276

  University of Glasgow, 66

  University of Oxford, 68, 79, 127

  University of Sydney, 270

  Upernavik, Greenland, 259

  Urdukas, 225–26, 237, 261

  Urubama River, 66

  Ussher, James, 68

  Vanuatu, 71

  Varese (ship), 94

  Venice, Italy, 129, 221

  Victor Emmanuel II, 1, 82

  Victor Emmanuel III, 20

  Victoria, Queen, 80, 85

  Victoria Land: coast of, 54, 57, 62, 131, 163–64, 172, 176, 239, 243; exploration of, 52–53, 166

  Victoria Land Mountains, 53. See also Western Mountains

  Vigne Glacier, 226

  volcanoes, 131–36

  Voyage of the “Discovery” (book), 63

  Wales, 64, 90, 137

  Washington, Booker T., 27

  Washington, D.C., 23–24, 98, 193, 277

  Watertown, Maine, 263

  Weaver, Stewart, 231

  Weddell Sea, 268–69

  Wellman, Walter, 30

  West Virginia, 2

  Western Mountains, 52, 65, 131, 163, 166, 174–82, 247. See also Victoria Land Mountains

  whaling, 51, 53

  White House, 1, 94, 115

  Whitney, Harry, 152, 259–60

  Whymper, Edward, 12, 82–88

  Wild, Frank, 141–43, 268–69; southern sledge journey work of, 175–82, 188–90, 246–54

  Wilson, Edward, 61–64, 176

  Windward (ship), 34, 36, 39, 42, 45

  Windy Gap, 231–32

  Wolf, Louis, 104–5

  women: Arctic expeditions and, 12–13, 147–49, 299n11; mountaineering by, 80–81, 86–87, 95, 218

  Wordsworth, William, 76–78

  Workman, Fanny Bullock, 218

  Workman, William, 218, 236

  World Geological Congress, 69

  World War I, xviii, 169, 189, 220, 265, 269–72, 277, 280–81

  World War II, 281

  yachting, 3, 21

  Yale University, 147, 198

  Yeager, Chuck, 281

  Younghusband, Francis, 218, 221

  Zanzibar, 89–90

  Zermatt, Switzerland, 78, 83–85

  Zhak, 226

  Zoji La (or Pass), 222

  zoology, study of, 10, 57–58

  Zumtt Ridge, 3, 86

  Zurbriggen, Matthias, 219

  Photos Section

  The Duke of the Abruzzi, on a 1910 Hassan cigarette card from its World’s Greatest Explorers series.

  Image owned by the author.

  The duke climbing in Africa’s Ruwenzori Range, 1906.

  Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.

  Popular accounts of the return of the duke’s 1900 Arctic expedition, which set a new farthest-north record, and his 1906 Ruwenzori expedition, which claimed several first ascents in Africa.

  Images courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.

  The duke lecturing on the Ruwenzori expedition to the Royal Geographical Society in London with King Edward VII in attendance, 1907.

  Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.

  The duke’s first encounter with American socialite Katherine Elkins, from an Italian magazine, 1908.

  Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.

  The duke’s K2 expedition crossing a bridge over the Punmah River in Baltistan, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  A railroad map of India in 1909, when the duke traveled by rail from Mumbai (Bombay) to Rawalpindi.

  Image from University of Richmond Libraries.

  The K2 expedition crossing Zoji La on the way to the Karakoram, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  The Upper Baltoro Glacier from the east, showing lines of glacial ice and debris, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  The south face of K2 from the Godwin-Austen Glacier with the Abruzzi Ridge (or Spur) on the right, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  The west face of K2 from the Savoia Glacier in one of Vittorio Sella’s best-known Karakoram photographs, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  The Duke of the Abruzzi’s classic photograph of K2’s east face from Staircase Ridge, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by the Duke of the Abruzzi.

  Climbing Chogolisa toward setting a world altitude record, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  The east face of 25,000-foot-high Chogolisa with the duke’s route around on the left, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  The view east from the Concordia basin with lines of glacial ice and debris, 1909.

  Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.

  A popular account of the return of the duke’s 1909 K2 expedition.

  Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.

  Author’s photograph of a combination sledge and kayak used on the Duke of the Abruzzi’s 1899–1900 polar expedition on display in a popular museum in Turin, Italy, celebrating the duke’s many adventures.

  Photograph by the author.

  Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, T
he North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  Peary with President Theodore Roosevelt in Oyster Bay, New York, before departing for the North Pole expedition, 1908.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  Matthew Henson in polar garb, 1910.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  George Borup of Yale at age 22, Peary’s youngest sledge-party leader, 1908.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  Robert Bartlett of Newfoundland, captain of the Roosevelt and a senior sledge-party leader, 1908.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  Peary on the Roosevelt, trading goods for services with the Inuit, 1908.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  On the Windward in Smith Sound, 1901. (From left to right:) Peary’s Inuit mistress, Allakasingwah; her son with Peary, Anaukak; and Marie, Peary’s daughter with his wife, Josephine.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  Ootah, Peary’s most highly acclaimed Inuit sledge driver on the North Pole expedition, 1909.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  An Inuit sledge with dogs, 1909.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  One of Peary’s sledge teams on the trail, 1909.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  A double team of sledge dogs at the North Pole camp, 1909.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

  Sledge and dogs ferrying across an open lead on a floating cake of ice, 1909.

  Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)

 

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