Chinese Titoism, 5, 9, 129, 170, 171
Churchill, Winston, 3, 19–20
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 102; assassination plot of, 98; and Li Mi forces in Burma, 211–213; and mainland coastal raids, 207; on separatist movements in China, 70; and Southeast Asia Defense Supplies Corporation, 212, 213; on survival potential of non-Communist regional regimes, 108–109; and Third Force Chinese, 184; and Western Enterprises Incorporated (WEI), 207–209
Civil Air Transport, 136, 214
Civil war, Chinese, 1, 2, 5, 47; Bai control of Central China in, 83, 84, 101, 106–107, 266n7; British expectations on outcome of, 68–69; Dachens Island in, 232, 235, 236; defection of Nationalist forces in, 106; Dongshan peninsula in, 217–218; and February 1947 incident in Taiwan, 47, 48; Guangdong Province selected as Nationalist base in, 61–62; Hainan Island in, 123–127, 152–154 (See also Hainan Island); marooned Nationalist forces on mainland in, 136–139; Marshall negotiations on, 43, 44, 45–46; Nationalist defense of Xichang in, 118, 119, 136–137; Nationalist successes in (1949), 101; nonintervention policies of Truman administration in, 7, 128–129, 141, 158, 170; North China strength of Communists in, 58, 61, 73; peace negotiations in, 74, 75, 84, 89; and regionalism trend, 69–72; Shandong Province campaign (1947), 58, 68; South China as anti-communist base in, 60–67, 70; southern advance of Communists (1949), 89–90, 91; strategic triangle in Southeast China of Chiang in, 85–86, 92, 96; Yunnan in, 7, 109–112, 114–118; Zhoushan Islands in, 150–152
Clark, Lewis, 91–92, 101, 107, 130
Cold War, 2, 5, 9; in East Asia, 12, 137, 231; in Europe, 128; security interests of Taiwan in, 194; Taiwan Strait in, 228
Colonial Taiwan, 2, 14–34
Commerce International China, Inc. (CIC), 164, 165, 167, 168; and Special Technician Program, 145–150
Cooke, Charles M., 140, 144–157, 145f, 161–169, 170, 240; on Hainan Island recapture, 203, 204–205; on Hainan Island withdrawal, 152–154, 155, 157; as messenger for Chiang, 156–157, 161; and Military Assistance Advisory Group, 164; on military reorganization, 166, 188; on Nationalist forces in Korean War, 174; on Nationalist navy, 198, 294n9; Special Technician Program of, 8, 145–150, 163–169; and Sun, 149f; on Zhoushan Islands withdrawal, 150–152, 155, 157, 166
Corruption, 41–42, 45, 98, 168
Coup plans against Chiang, 7, 120, 121, 159–161, 162, 171, 201–202, 290n66
Currency, 39, 46, 65, 90, 93, 94
Customs services system in China, maritime, 93, 268n43
Dachens Islands, 232, 235–236
Democracy in Taiwan, Chiang plan for, 135
Dongshan peninsula, 217–218
Dulles, John Foster, 159, 161, 162, 225; and mutual defense treaty with Taiwan, 226–230, 232, 233, 237; on Taiwan Strait crisis, 236
Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), 79, 86, 101, 189, 191, 193, 265n95
Economic Stabilization Board, 189, 192, 193
Economy of mainland China, 65–66, 90, 94, 238
Economy of Taiwan, 4, 90, 93–94; in early post-colonial period, 39–41, 42, 45, 46, 52, 55–56; ESB establishing policies on, 193; Japanese assets in, 39, 41; Kerr on, 52, 57; Liao request for U.S. aid to, 131; military expenses affecting, 139; report to Wedemeyer on (1947), 59; separation from mainland China, 94; stabilization of, 192
Edgar, Donald, 88, 132
Eisenhower administration, 9, 209, 211, 239; and Chiang Kai-shek, 222, 223; deneutralization of Taiwan Strait, 217; mutual defense treaty with Taiwan, 226–234, 236–237; negotiations with Communists, 216; Taiwan Strait crisis during, 236; Vietnam negotiations during, 225
Elections, local, implementation of, 182–183
Executive Yuan, 119, 147, 188
Fassoulis, S. G., 145, 146
FBI investigation of military supplies procurement, 168
February 1947 incident, 4, 40, 45–56, 240, 257nn48–51; political and economic reorganization after, 54–56; U.S. role in, 49–54
Fechteler, William, 206–207
Feng Baiju, 68, 264n20
Flying Arrow shelling, 198
Food production and distribution in early post-colonial period, 41, 45, 46
Formosa League for Re-emancipation (FLR), 129–135, 185
Formosan National Defense Army, 131
Formosa Resolution, 236–237
Formosa Unit, New York-based, 24–25
Fox, Alonzo, 175; report of, 175, 189, 198
France, in Vietnam, 138, 210–211, 225
Free China, 2, 154, 192, 204, 215
Fu Jingbo, 74
Fujian province, 30, 31, 35, 205–206
Gan Jiehou, 121, 125
Geneva Conference (1954), 226
Great Leap Forward, 238
Guangdong Province, 62–68, 89–90
Guang military plan, 221–222, 223
Guangxi Clique, 7, 80, 105, 111, 125; aid from U.S. to, 113; anti-Chiang elements in, 74, 84; and Chen Cheng, 6, 92, 95; in Vietnam, 210
Guangzhou, 6, 89, 92, 95; Nationalist defense of, 100–101, 115; as Nationalist headquarters, 62, 66, 89; Soong in, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
Guerrilla activity, anti-communist, 8, 156, 200–201; U.S. covert support of, 203, 207, 208, 209; in Yunnan, 212
Guerrilla activity, Communist, 68
Gui Yongqing, 152
Hainan Island, 7, 25, 123–127, 139–140; abandonment of, 8, 126–127, 140, 152–154, 155; as anti-Communist stronghold, 125–126; Chiang supporting recovery plan, 225–226; Communist control of, 153; Cooke on recapture of, 203, 204–205; Cooke on withdrawal from, 152–154, 155, 157; established as separate province, 66–67; Feng Baiju as Communist leader on, 68, 264n20; and Soong, 66, 67; strategic importance of, 125, 205, 206; U.S. encouraging military operations on, 10, 205–207; and Zhang, 66–67
Half-mountain people, 17, 31, 33, 34, 54, 134
Hu Shi, 161, 283n76
Hu Weida, 63
Hu Zongnan, 85, 101, 108, 111, 118, 136–137, 208
Huang Chaoqin, 33
Huang Jie, 137, 138
Huang, Peter, 130–132, 135
Hunan Province, defection of Nationalist forces in, 106
Island X, 24
Jacobs-Larkcom, E. H., 207, 217
Japan, 15–16, 43; China at war with, 3, 15, 16–17, 19, 249n1; military advisors in Taiwan from, 116, 219–222; peace negotiations and treaty with, 5, 11, 177–180; POW camps in Taiwan, 36; surrender of, 2, 3–4, 23, 29, 35, 37; Taiwan as colony of, 2, 14–34
Jessup, John K., 21
Jessup, Philip C., 159
Jiang Biao, 65, 147
Johnson, Louis, 107, 108, 121, 155, 161, 162, 174
Joint Strategic Plans Committee (U.S.), 199–201
Jotaro, Yamamoto, 15–16
Judd, Walter, 154, 155, 168
Kai plan, 223–225, 226, 227
Ke Taishan, 33
Kennan, George, 97–98, 170, 198–199
Kerr, George H., 41, 42, 59, 87, 240; and Chen Yi, 37, 41, 42, 51–52; departure from Taiwan, 52, 57; on economic aid to Taiwan, 52, 57; and February 1947 incident, 4, 50, 51–52, 53, 57, 240; in Formosa Unit, 24; memorandum on Taiwan, 52–54; and petition letter to Marshall, 49–50; on postwar plans for Taiwan, 4–5, 21–22, 38, 42; and Wei Daoming, 55
Khampa Tibetans, 110
Kim Il Sung, 172, 173
KMT (Kuomintang). See Chinese Nationalist Party
Knowland, William, 125, 146, 147, 154
Koo, V. K. Wellington, 107, 121, 210–211, 226
Korea, 16, 17, 102–104, 172–174, 226
Korean War, 1, 172–174; Communist Chinese intervention in, 177, 178, 196–197, 198, 207; end of, 10, 11, 209, 215, 216, 223; and Hainan Island recovery strategies, 206; and mainland recovery strategies, 9–10, 196, 202–204; and Military Assistance Advisory Group, 163; and Nationalist forces in Burma and Vietnam, 11, 138; potential role of Nationalist forces in, 165, 174, 196, 197, 199, 203, 222, 223; and STP program of Cooke, 8, 163, 165, 170; and strategic importance of Taiwan, 173, 19
7
Kuomintang (KMT). See Chinese Nationalist Party
Land reform measures, 95, 183
Land-to-the-Tiller Act (1953), 183
Lapham, Roger D., 86, 101
Legislative Yuan, 75, 182
Leizhou Peninsula, 225, 226
Li Jishen, 69, 70, 261n48
Li Mi, 110, 137, 138, 211–214, 214f
Li Peiji, 75
Li Zonghuang, 109–111
Li Zongren, 6–7, 79, 80–81, 86, 91–93, 115; anti-communist resistance under, 91, 92, 106–107; and Chen Cheng, 6, 91–93, 100, 105; in Guangzhou, 6, 89, 92, 100; meeting with Chiang (1949), 89; meeting with U.S. officials (1950), 121; in peace negotiations with CCP, 75, 84, 89; in power struggle with Chiang over Yunnan, 111, 112; receiving medical treatment in U.S., 120; requesting aid from U.S., 107–108; and resignation of Chiang, 74, 75, 83
Liao, Thomas (Liao Wenyi), 129–130, 131, 132, 135, 185
Lim, Frank, 185
Lin Dingli, 133, 134
Little, Lester K., 64, 93, 279n10
Long Yun, 109–110
Lost territories of China, 14–15, 16, 18–19; postwar plans for, 18–19, 20–21, 23–34
Lu Daoyuan, 111
Lu Han, 7, 109–112, 116–118, 119
Lutkins, LaRue R., 116–117, 117f, 118
Luzon attack, 26–27
Ma family, 70–71, 76, 85, 101, 107, 108
MacArthur, Douglas, 8, 46, 72; and Acheson, 172, 175; and Chiang, 98, 143, 156, 161–163, 171, 174–176, 175f, 204; and Cooke, 153, 155, 156–157, 161–163; dismissal of, 168, 204; and Kennan, 97–98; and Korean War, 174, 196, 203–204; and Luzon attack, 26, 27; and Military Assistance Advisory Group, 164; on strategic importance of Taiwan, 127, 162, 176; and Sun, 61, 88; Taiwan takeover plan, 98; Taiwan visit (1950), 163, 174–176, 175f, 180
MacDonald, John, 112, 113, 114, 130, 131
Maginot Line, 101, 106
Mainland recovery strategies, 11, 12, 199–206, 209–215, 217–219, 221–226, 237, 238–239; CIA in, 207–209, 211–213; Cooke plans in, 204–205; Dongshan peninsula raid in, 217–218; Guang plan, 221–222, 223; guerrilla activities in, 200–201, 203, 207–208; Kai plan in, 223–225; Korean War affecting, 9–10, 196, 202–204; Li Mi in, 211–214; military supplies requested for, 209–210, 223; U.S. support of, 10, 223
Manchuria, 31, 44; defeat of Nationalist armies in, 73; as lost territory, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
Manila Conference (1954), 227, 228
Mao Bangchu, 167–168
Mao Zedong, 1, 68, 177; alliance with Soviet Russia, 9, 110, 170, 171, 173; and Dachens attack, 236; Great Leap Forward, 238; on Nationalist forces in Vietnam, 137–138; proposed peace negotiations with, 74, 75, 84, 89; rejecting UN cease-fire resolution, 199
Maritime strategies of Nationalist military, 197–198, 207–209, 217–218
Marshall, George, 43, 44, 45–46, 49–50, 113, 144
Martial law in Taiwan, 95
Martin, Joseph, 203
Matsu, 236, 237, 238
Menglianggu battle (1947), 58
Merchant, Livingston, 79–81, 87, 159, 265n95
Merrill, Frank, 206
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), 11–12, 163–164, 168–169, 188–194, 218; and Japanese military advisors, 220–221; and Kai plan, 224, 225; and mutual defense treaty, 234; subsidizing repatriation of Nationalist forces, 211; and Sun, 186; and WEI, 209
Military Assistance Program (MAP), 108, 113; 303 funds in, 127, 211
Military of Chinese Communists: advancing into southern China (1949), 89–90, 91, 115, 115f, 267n27; Dachens assault, 232, 235, 236; defection of Nationalist forces to, 106; in Korean War, 177, 178, 196–197, 198, 207; in Menglianggu campaign, 58; Quemoy bombardment, 227–228, 229f, 230, 238; in sea warfare, 235–236; Soviet Russia providing supplies to, 153, 157; strength in North China, 58, 61, 73
Military of Chinese Nationalists: ability to defend Taiwan, 98–99; Air Force officers demanding concessions from Chiang, 91; Americanization of, 194; and Bai Chongxi in control in Central China, 83, 84, 101, 106–107, 266n7; Bai opposing Chiang over maneuvers of, 75; in Burma, 11, 137, 138, 211–215; Chiang losing influence in, 96–98; Chiang placing associates in key positions in, 82; Cooke recommendations on reorganization of, 166, 188; in Dachens Island defense, 236; defeat in North China, 58, 61, 73; defection to Chinese Communist forces, 106; defensive nature of, 10, 204, 218, 233, 237; deployed to Quemoy and Matsu, 238; in Dongshan peninsula raid, 217–218; in early post-colonial period, 37; Guang plan, 221–222, 223; on Hainan Island, 139–140, 152–154; Hainan Island recovery plans, 205–207, 225–226; institutional reform under Chiang, 187–188; Japanese advisors to, 116, 219–222; mainland recovery strategies, 199–206, 209–215, 217–219, 221–226, 237; maritime strategies, 197–198, 207–209, 217–218; marooned on mainland, 136–139; and Military Assistance Advisory Group, 188–194, 218; naval capacity of, 198; potential role in Korean War, 165, 174, 196, 197, 199, 203, 222, 223; in response to February 1947 incident, 48, 51; revenue and expenses of, 136, 139, 188–193; in sea warfare, 235–236; in Shandong Province campaign (1947), 58, 68; of Soong, 64–65, 68; Special Technician Program providing assistance to, 145–150, 163; Sun training program for, 60–61, 63, 114; transition to U.S. control of, 10, 12; treaty with U.S. limiting operations of, 232–233; in Vietnam, 11, 124, 137–138, 210–211, 297n61; WEI training program for, 208; on Zhoushan Islands, 150–152
Military of United States: bases and installations on Taiwan, 11–12, 24, 194, 231; in early post-colonial Taiwan, 36; evacuation of POWs from Taiwan, 36; invasion plans for Taiwan and Luzon, 26–27; Joint Strategic Plans Committee report on possible actions of, 199–201; operations against Japanese facilities in Taiwan, 23, 25; planning postwar occupation of Taiwan, 24–26; Seventh Fleet in (See Seventh Fleet); supporting non-Communist regime in Taiwan, 78–79
Military supplies, 142; Chiang requesting, for mainland counteroffensive, 209–210; Cooke acquiring, 8, 145–150, 163, 166–168; in coup plans against Chiang, 160; for Li Mi and forces in Burma, 213, 214; Soong acquiring, 64–65, 68, 260n30
Mongolia, 70
Muslims, 83, 119
Mutual defense pact (Taiwan and U.S.), 10, 11–12, 223, 226–237, 239
Naosuke, Tomita, 116, 219, 220, 222
National Defense Council, 188, 193
Nationalist China: and Cairo Conference, 14, 19; and early post-colonial Taiwan, 35–56; establishing consulate general in Taiwan, 16, 249n9; February 1947 uprising against, 46–49; in negotiations with Japan, 178–180; and postwar plans for Taiwan, 14–34; privatization of U.S. policies toward, 8, 141–169, 240; reformulating U.S. policy toward, 57–81; resignation/retirement of Chiang from presidency of, 5–6, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82–99; Taiwan as lost territory of, 14–15, 16, 18, 19, 20–21; Taiwan as seat of, 2; viewed as legal government for all of China, 179, 182
National Security Council 48 policy paper, 127–128, 170
National Security Council 68 policy paper, 171
Navy, Nationalist, 198, 294n9
Navy, United States, 26–27, 36; Seventh Fleet of (See Seventh Fleet)
Nimitz, Chester, 26–27
Nitze, Paul, 159, 171
Nix, Karl W. V., 157–158
North China: independence of Outer Mongolia in, 70; military defeat of Nationalists in, 58, 61, 73; regional leaders in, 76
Northern Expedition, 15
North Korea, 172
Occupation of Taiwan by Japan, 14–34
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 36, 41, 146
Okinawa, 27, 28
One-China policy, 2
Operation cleanup in Yunnan, 112
Operation Ichigo, 27
Operation Paper, 212
Oracle plan, 229–232
Osborn, David L., 132
Pacific Union proposal, 101
Patron-client state relationship, 12, 173
Pawley, William, 141–142, 145
Pearl Harbor attack, 15
Pe
ng Mengqi, 97, 106
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 58, 84, 115, 115f. See also Military of Chinese Communists
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 2, 5, 10, 13; admission into UN, 230; expected invasion of Taiwan, 141; in Korean War, 178, 196, 210; and mainland recovery strategies, 199, 236; military of (See Military of Chinese Communists); Nationalist’s efforts to involve U.S. in war with, 196, 201, 238; Taiwan as territory of, 2; U.S. policy toward, 10, 179, 199, 230, 236
Pescadores, 3, 14, 16, 19; in mutual defense treaty of Taiwan and U.S., 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237
Petroleum refinery project, 39
Philippines, 26–27, 101–102, 103f, 147, 148
Political commissar system of Chiang Ching-kuo, 186, 193
Political Science Clique, 30–31
Post-colonial Taiwan, early, 35–56
Postwar plans for Taiwan, 14–34; Cairo Conference on, 3, 14, 18, 30; as distinctive colonial environment, 32–33; as experimental province of China, 33; as frontier territory, 33; half-mountain people in, 31, 33, 34, 54; Kerr on, 4–5, 21–22, 38, 42; and lost territories, 14–15, 18–19, 20–21, 23–34; Okinawa capture affecting, 28; as regular province of China, 54; as special province, 33–34; of Taiwan Investigation Committee, 30, 31, 33, 34; training of new government bureaucrats for, 32, 33; in trans-Pacific highway concept, 20, 22; trusteeship arrangements in, 4, 5, 23, 41, 51, 53, 59, 60, 87, 159, 160; U.S. role in, 19–29, 38
Potsdam Proclamation, 23
Prisoners of war evacuated from Taiwan, 36
Privatization of U.S. policies, 8, 141–169, 240; Cooke in, 144–157, 161–169; STP in, 145–150; volunteer groups in, 146
Qiu Changwei, 91
Qiu Niantai, 132, 185
Quemoy, 114, 123, 133, 165; deployment of Nationalist forces to, 238; omission from mutual defense treaty, 236, 237; PLA bombardment of, 227–228, 229f, 230, 238
Quirino, Elpidio, 101–102, 103f
Radar systems, 142, 166–167, 168
Radford, Arthur, 206, 207, 223, 224, 230
Rankin, Karl L., 179, 190–192, 193, 203, 210, 214, 222, 227; Chiang meeting with (1954), 228; and Kai plan, 224; and mutual defense pact of U.S. and Taiwan, 230, 234
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