1848

by Mike Rapport

  121 J. Quero Morales, ‘Spain in 1848’, in F. Fejtö (ed.), The Opening of an Era: 1848, an Historical Symposium (London: Allan Wingate, 1948), pp. 148, 155-6.

  122 R. Carr, Spain, 1808-1975 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), p. 242; Rapport, Nineteenth Century Europe, pp. 124-5.

  123 E. J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783-1870 (London: Longman, 1983), pp. 261-2.

  124 Quoted in J. Saville, 1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 89.

  125 Quoted in L. Mitchell, ‘Britain’s Reaction to the Revolutions’, in R. J. W. Evans and H. Pogge von Strandmann, The Revolutions in Europe, 1848-49: From Reform to Reaction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 93.

  126 Quoted in Saville, 1848, p. 105.

  127 Quoted in Mitchell, ‘Britain’s Reaction’, p. 92.

  128 Saville, 1848, p. 112.

  129 O’Connor and Jones quoted in Saville, 1848, p. 119.

  130 Quoted in J. P. T. Bury, ‘Great Britain and the Revolution of 1848’, in Fejtö, Opening of an Era, p. 186.

  131 R. Davis, Revolutionary Imperialist: William Smith O’Brien (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1998), p. 224.

  132 Ibid., pp. 266-76.

  133 This section on Ireland draws heavily on the trenchant pages by J. S. Donnelly, Jr., ‘A Famine in Irish Politics’, in W. E. Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland, vol. 5, Ireland under the Union (Part One), 1801-70 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 366-71. See also R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600-1972 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989), p. 314.

  134 Quoted in G. D. Homan, ‘Constitutional Reform in the Netherlands in 1848’, Historian, vol. 28, no. 3 (May 1966), p. 413.

  135 Quoted in ibid., p. 425. See also E. H. Kossmann, The Low Countries 1780-1940 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 192-5.

  136 Ibid., p. 195.

  137 J. Bartier, ‘Belgium in 1848’, in Fejtö, The Opening of an Era, pp. 160-6.

  138 T. K. Derry, A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland (London and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 223.

  139 Ibid., pp. 224-5; L. Tissot, ‘The Events of 1848 in Scandinavia’, in Fejtö, Opening of an Era, p. 170.

  140 Quoted in D. Saunders, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform 1801-1881 (London: Longman, 1992), p. 190.

  141 Quoted in ibid., p. 170 (‘to meet’) and in B. Goriely, ‘The Russia of Nicholas I in 1848’, in Fejtö, Opening of an Era, p. 394 (‘unless’).

  142 Quoted in Saunders, Russia, p. 171.

  143 I. Berlin, ‘Russia and 1848’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 26 (1947-8), p. 348.

  144 J. H. Seddon, The Petrashevtsy: A Study of the Russian Revolutionaries of 1848 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), pp. 194-5, 208-27; Saunders, Russia, p. 194.

  145 Quoted in Goriely, ‘Russia of Nicolas I’, p. 395.

  146 D. Saunders, ‘A Pyrrhic Victory: The Russian Empire in 1848’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann, Revolutions in Europe, pp. 135-55.

  147 N. V. Riasonovsky, A Parting of Ways: Government and the Educated Public in Russia, 1801-1855 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 248-90.

  148 Berlin, ‘Russia and 1848’, p. 358.

  149 J. Breuilly, ‘1848: Connected or Comparable Revolutions?’, in A. Körner (ed.), 1848: A European Revolution/International Ideas and National Memories of 1848 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 32-3.

  150 Gerlach in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 56.

  151 Circourt, Souvenirs, i, p. 169.

  152 Rémusat in R. Price, Documents on the French Revolution of 1848 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p. 43.

  153 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 8, 10.

  154 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, p. 252.

  155 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 95-6.

  156 C. Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti’, p. 215.

  157 Anonymous account in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 63.

  158 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 56-7.

  159 Duveau, 1848, pp. 53-104.

  Chapter 3

  1 F. Lewald, A Year of Revolutions: Fanny Lewald’s ‘Recollections of 1848’, trans. H. B. Lewis (Oxford: Berghahn, 1997), p. 24.

  2 Heidelberg declaration in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 49.

  3 For the immediate diplomatic and military reaction to the February revolution, see L. C. Jennings, France and Europe in 1848: A Study of French Foreign Affairs in Time of Crisis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 1-5.

  4 R. C. Canevali, ‘The “False French Alarm”: Revolutionary Panic in Baden, 1848’, Central European History, vol. 18 (1985), pp. 119-42.

  5 Jennings, France and Europe, pp. 22-3.

  6 L. M. Caussidière, Mémoires de Caussidière: ex-préfet de police et représentant du peuple, 2 vols, 3rd edn (Paris, 1849), i, pp. 199-200.

  7 E. J. Kisluk, Brothers from the North: The Polish Democratic Society and the European Revolutions of 1848-1849 (Boulder, Co.: East European Monographs, 2005), p. 33.

  8 Quoted in J. D. Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution of 1848-1849 (New York: Lang, 1999), p. 323.

  9 Kisluk, Brothers from the North, p. 38.

  10 This is a reference to the massacre on the Champ de Mars on 17 July 1791, when republican petitioners were fired on by the National Guard, who killed some fifty protesters. Prior to this, the Paris authorities, as the law demanded, had raised the red flag to show that martial law had been proclaimed - which is the early origin of the symbolism of that banner.

  11 Quoted in Duveau, 1848, p. 61.

  12 Quoted in Saville, 1848, p. 82.

  13 Lamartine, History, ii, p. 12. An English translation of the text can be found on pp. 19-24.

  14 M. L. Stewart-McDougall, The Artisan Republic: Revolution, Reaction, and Resistance in Lyon 1848-1851 (Kingston, Montreal, and Gloucester: McGill-Queen’s University Press and Alan Sutton, 1984), pp. 50-4.

  15 Jennings, France and Europe, pp. 54-6; Caussidière, Mémoires, i, pp. 201-7.

  16 Stewart-McDougall, Artisan Republic, pp. 50-4; Jennings, France and Europe, pp. 51-3.

  17 Ibid., pp. 57-9.

  18 Quoted in Siemann, The German Revolution, p. 58.

  19 Schurz, Reminiscences, i, pp. 124-5.

  20 Valentin, 1848, pp. 218-20; Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, pp. 305-6.

  21 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, p. 124.

  22 Quoted in J. J. Sheehan, German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1982), p. 54.

  23 Valentin, 1848, pp. 118-20; Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, pp. 150-1.

  24 Schurz, Reminiscences, i, p. 137.

  25 Siemann, German Revolution, p. 68.

  26 Valentin, 1848, pp. 224-7; Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, pp. 321-2 (von Arnim is quoted on p. 322).

  27 Ibid., pp. 328-9.

  28 Jennings, France and Europe, pp. 68-9; Valentin, 1848, pp. 228-9.

  29 Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, pp. 335-6; Valentin, 1848, p. 231.

  30 Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, pp. 339-41.

  31 Quoted in ibid., p. 341.

  32 Siemann, German Revolution, pp. 69-71.

  33 L. Tissot, ‘The Events of 1848 in Scandinavia’, in Fejtö, Opening of an Era, p. 171.

  34 Derry, History of Scandinavia, p. 223.

  35 Tissot, ‘Events of 1848 in Scandinavia’, pp. 168-9, 171-4; Derry, History of Scandinavia, p. 224.

  36 Proclamation in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 70.

  37 Schurz, Reminiscences, i, pp. 129-31.

  38 Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 158.

  39 N. Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), ii, pp. 340-6.

  40 See M. K. Dziewanowski, ‘1848 and the Hotel Lambert’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 26 (1947-8), pp. 361-73.

  41 Kisluk, Brothers from the North, pp. 1-15.

  42 Namier, 1848, p. 58.

  43
Quoted in P. S. Wandycz The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975), p. 139; pre-parliament’s resolution in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 83-4.

  44 Quoted in Namier, 1848, p. 55.

  45 Circourt, Souvenirs, i, pp. 303, 315.

  46 K. Popiołk and F. Popiołek, ‘1848 in Silesia’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 26 (1947-8), pp. 374-81.

  47 Quoted in Namier, 1848, pp. 71, 73. Other details in A. Zamoyski, Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries 1776-1871 (London: Phoenix, 2001), pp. 330-1; Kisluk, Brothers from the North, pp. 49-52.

  48 Ibid., pp. 66-7; Zamoyski, Holy Madness, p. 346; Wandycz, Lands of Partitioned Poland, pp. 140-1; Namier, 1848, pp. 76-7.

  49 Namier, 1848, pp. 88-9.

  50 Quoted in ibid., p. 87.

  51 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 119.

  52 K. A. Graf von Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters and Journal (1848-49) of Count Charles Leiningen-Westerburg: General in the Hungarian Army (London: Duckworth, 1911), p. 86.

  53 Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 74-80.

  54 The letter is translated by W. Beardmore in ‘Letter sent by Frantíšek Palacký to Frankfurt’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 26 (1947-8), pp. 303-8. See also J. Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd in the Revolutionary Year 1848: A Contribution to the History of Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Austria (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980), pp. 129-30, and Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 80-5.

  55 Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd, pp. 61-70.

  56 On this issue, see A. G. Whiteside, ‘The Germans as an Integrative Force in Imperial Austria: The Dilemma of Dominance’, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. 3 (1967), pp. 157-200.

  57 Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 89-90; Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd, p. 131.

  58 Quoted in Pech, Czech Revolution, p. 93.

  59 Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 109.

  60 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, pp. 127-8.

  61 Ibid., p. 129.

  62 Ibid., pp. 131-2.

  63 Quoted in Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 196.

  64 Quoted in ibid., p. 178.

  65 For the revolution in Galicia, see Kisluk, Brothers from the North, pp. 52-64; Wandycz, Lands of Partitioned Poland, pp. 141-5.

  66 Quoted in J.-P. Himka, Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 32-3.

  67 S. Kieniewicz, ‘The Social Visage of Poland in 1848’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 27 (1948-9), pp. 101-3.

  68 Deme, Radical Left, pp. 39, 40.

  69 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 95-9.

  70 Deme, Radical Left, p. 25.

  71 Quoted in ibid., p. 43.

  72 Quoted in Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 122.

  73 Quoted in I. Deak, ‘István Széchenyi, Miklós Wesselényi, Lajos Kossuth and the Problem of Romanian Nationalism’, Austrian History Yearbook, vols 12-13 (1976-7), p. 75.

  74 ‘Carpathinus’, ‘1848 and Roumanian Unification’, Slavonic Review, vol. 26 (1947-8), p. 392.

  75 K. Hitchins, The Romanians 1774-1866 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 251-2.

  76 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, pp. 72-3.

  77 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 253-5.

  78 Quoted in ‘Carpathinus’, ‘1848 and Roumanian Unification’, p. 400.

  79 Hitchins, The Romanians, p. 257.

  80 M. Glenny, The Balkans 1804-1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers (London: Granta, 1999), pp. 39-40.

  81 G. E. Rothenberg, ‘Jelačić, the Croatian Military Border, and the Intervention against Hungary in 1848’, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. 1 (1965), pp. 50-2.

  82 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 261-2.

  83 Quoted in Glenny, The Balkans, p. 40.

  84 Sked, Decline and Fall, pp. 126-8.

  85 Rothenberg, ‘Jelačić’, pp. 53-6.

  86 Quoted in G. F. H. Berkeley and J. Berkeley, Italy in the Making, 3 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940), iii, p. 173.

  87 Herzen, Letters from France and Italy, p. 113.

  88 D. Mack Smith, ‘The Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Italy’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann, Revolutions in Europe, p. 67.

  89 Herzen, Letters from France and Italy, pp. 115-17.

  90 Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, pp. 154-5.

  91 Ibid., pp. 130, 139.

  92 Mack Smith, History of Sicily, p. 418.

  93 Princess C. T. de Belgiojoso, ‘Les Journées révolutionnaires à Milan’, in J. Godechot, Les Révolutions de 1848 (Paris: Albin Michel, 1971), pp. 375-6.

  94 G. M. Trevelyan, Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848 (London: Longman, Green and Co., 1923), p. 184.

  95 House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of Italy, Part II (January-30 June 1848) (London, 1849), p. 522.

  96 Ibid., p. 498.

  97 Pepe, Histoire, i, pp. 67-72, 76, 79-80.

  98 ‘Carlo Alberto’s proclamation of 23 March 1848’, in Mack Smith, Making of Italy, p. 148.

  99 Quoted variously in H. Hearder, Cavour (London: Longman, 1994), p. 35; and Woolf, History of Italy, p. 380.

  100 G. Mazzini, Mazzini’s Letters to an English Family 1844-1854, ed. E. F. Richards (London, 1920), p. 79.

  101 ‘Indirizzo dell’Associazione italiana in Parigi ai Lombardi’, in G. Mazzini, Scritti editi e inediti di Giuseppe Mazzini, 12 vols (Milan, 1863), vi, pp. 165-7.

  102 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 141-2.

  103 Mazzini, Letters to an English Family, p. 85.

  104 D. Mack Smith, Mazzini (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 60; Mack Smith, ‘The Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Italy’, p. 66.

  105 Mack Smith, Making of Italy, pp. 149-50.

  106 Mazzini, Scritti, vi, p. 172.

  107 Quoted in Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 206.

  108 Mazzini, Scritti, vi, p. 214.

  109 B. King, A History of Italian Unity, Being a Political History of Italy from 1814 to 1871, 2 vols (London, 1899), i, p. 244; Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, p. 327.

  110 Quoted in Keates, Siege of Venice, p. 176.

  111 Quoted in Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 185.

  112 Ibid., pp. 207-8.

  113 Mack Smith, ‘Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Italy’, pp. 66-7.

  114 Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, p. 164.

  115 Text in Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, pp. 151-2.

  116 Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, pp. 183-4.

  117 B. King, History of Italian Unity, pp. 236-9; Woolf, History of Italy, p. 384.

  118 House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of Italy, Part II, pp. 482-4, 495-7, 511-13; B. King, History of Italian Unity, p. 240.

  119 Pepe, Histoire, i, pp. 89-107.

  120 Details of the military campaign in northern Italy during the spring can be read in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, pp. 111-27, 195-270, 287-319.

  121 G. Garibaldi, My Life, trans. S. Parkin (London: Hesperus Classics, 2004), pp. 6-7.

  122 Quoted in A. Sked, The Survival of the Habsburg Empire: Radetzky, the Imperial Army and the Class War, 1848 (London: Longman, 1979), p. 142.

  123 F. Eyck, The Frankfurt Parliament 1848-49 (London: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 99-100.

  124 Ibid., pp. 241-5.

  125 Siemann, German Revolution, p. 186.

  126 Eyck, Frankfurt Parliament, p. 241.

  127 Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 139-40, 293-4.

  128 Quoted in Macartney, Habsburg Empire, p. 356 n.

  129 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 85-6,

  130 Deme, Radical Left, pp. 29-30, 48-9.

  131 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 102, 113-16.

  132 Siemann, German Revolution, p. 186.

  133 R. Price, The French Second Republic: A Social History (London: Batsford, 1972), p. 119.r />
  134 AN, BB/18/1461 (dossier 5282A).

  135 M. Agulhon, 1848 ou l’apprentissage de la République 1848-1852 (Paris: Seuil, 1973), pp. 150-2.

  136 Quoted in S. Zucker, ‘German Women and the Revolution of 1848: Kathinka Zitz-Halein and the Humania Association’, Central European History, vol. 13, no. 3 (1980), p. 240.

  137 Quoted in J. Sperber, Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848-1849 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 252.

  138 T. M. Roberts and D. W. Howe, ‘The United States and the Revolutions of 1848’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann, Revolutions in Europe, p. 175.

  139 Quoted in Pech, Czech Revolution, p. 327.

  140 W. Walton, ‘Writing the 1848 Revolution: Politics, Gender, and Feminism in the Works of French Women of Letters’, French Historical Studies, vol. 18, no. 4 (1994), p. 1013.

  141 Sheehan, German Liberalism, p. 49.

  142 F. Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1969), p. 57.

  143 Quoted in Namier, 1848, p. 51.

  144 Quoted, most recently, in T. Baycroft and M. Hewitson, ‘Introduction: What Was a Nation in Nineteenth-Century Europe?’ , in T. Baycroft and M. Hewitson (eds), What is a Nation? Europe 1789-1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 1.

  145 A. D. Smith, National Identity (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991), pp. 8-13; A.-M. Thiesse, La Création des identités nationales: Europe XVIIIe-XXe siècle (Paris: Seuil, 1999), p. 14.

  CHAPTER 4

  1 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 156.

  2 Ibid., p. 160.

  3 Quoted in M. Dommanget, Auguste Blanqui et la révolution de 1848 (Paris: Mouton, 1972), p. 34.

  4 Quoted in ibid., p. 86.

  5 Quoted in Harsin, Barricades, p. 289.

  6 Accounts of 15 May in ibid., pp. 288-93; Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 154-69.

  7 Ibid., pp. 117-18.

  8 P. H. Amman, Revolution and Mass Democracy: The Paris Club Movement in 1848 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 196.

  9 Quoted in Price, French Second Republic, p. 99.

  10 Quoted in ibid., p. 109.

  11 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 129-30.

  12 Quoted in Price, French Second Republic, p. 145.

  13 AN, BB/30/333 (dossier 1).

  14 Amman, Revolution and Mass Democracy, pp. 192, 194.

  15 Dommanget, Auguste Blanqui, p. 159.