adopts goose, 87–89
learning to fly, 44
learns where to find food, 158
mobbing of, by mongoose, 192
object play and, 48
throwing things, 238
vervet alarm call for, 116
eating, learning about. See also predatory skills
chimpanzee rehabilitation and, 268
favorite and specialty foods, 155–57
food caching and, 181–82
foraging skills and, 177–80
medicinal plants and, 152–154
orangutan rehabilitation and, 270–71
predation skills and, 158–82
trying everything you see and, 154–55
what not to eat, 149–52, 162
what to eat, 147–49
where to find food, 157–58
Eaton, Randall, 166–67
Economist, The, 269
eel, moray, 61, 192, 344–45
elephants
elders pass on culture to, 248
exploring by, 46
learning about eating and, 15
learn to move trunk, 37
memory and, 327–28
midwifery and, 286
mirror test and, 336
plants to induce labor and, 153
tools used by, 234–35
Eloff, F. C., 164
Emlen, Steve, 325
emotional intelligence, 317
emulation, 27, 28
enculturation, 129, 271–72
enemies
learning how to act in face of, 202–5
learning to spot, 60
recognition of competitors and, 198–99
recognition of predators and, 184–98
throwing things at, 231
environment
enriched, intelligence and, 340–42
innate behaviors and, 5
social behavior and, 256
Espmark, Yngve, 266
Evans, Christopher, 194
“exceptional learning,” 126
exploring, 46
eyes, fear of, 186
fads, 254–55
Fagen, Robert, 46
falcons, 41, 191, 342
“fear” stage, 184
Fenton, Neville, 108
ferrets, 145, 196–97, 278
Ficken, Millicent, 104
filial imprinting, 61–62
finches, 70, 79, 96–97, 184, 217
fish. See also specific types
cleaning stations and Machiavellian strategy, 345
hearing experiments, 6
innovations by, 212–13
inspection of predators by, 193–94
intelligence of, 344–45
landscape information and, 262
learn to recognize competitors, 198–99
mobbing of predators by, 192
tools used by, 234
FitzGibbon, Clare, 192–93 “fixed threshold” strategy, 275
flycatcher, 160–61
flying, 41–44, 295–96
flying fox, 63
follow the leader, 55, 56
food. See eating; foraging; predation skills food calls, 115
food preferences, 155
foot-drumming, 119
foraging, 177–80, 270–71, 300, 329
Fouts, Deborah, 128
Fouts, Roger, 128
Fox, E. A., 220
foxes, 1
beginning to see and eyes opening, 33, 35
distraction displays and, 204
exploring, 46
grasping and, 33
human structures and, 146
learning about ice, 32–33
learning to cache food, 181–82
learning to forage, 300
learning to recognize friends, 199
learn what to eat, 149
modeling behavior for young, 300
rehabilitation, 200
teaching animals to fear, 194–96
trapping, 205–6
Fragaszy, Dorothy, 162, 213
Frank, Lawrence, 343
Freeberg, researcher, 98
French, Barbara, 159
Freud, Sigmund, 65
Fricke, Hans, 163, 344, 345
friends, learning to recognize, 199
“fright” stage, 184
Frisch, Karl von, 6
Fritz, Jo, 341
frog, 3
fruit fly larvae, 6–7
Fruth, Barbara, 239–40
Galdikas, Biruté, 23, 39, 120, 130, 157, 221, 259, 270, 271, 288
Gallup, Gordon, Jr., 336
games, 55–56
Garcia, John, 150
Gardner, Allen, 127, 128
Gardner, Beatrix, 127–28
Gauthier, Carole, 333
gazelles, 192–93
geese
cross-fostered by eagle, 87–89
disciplining young, 297
filial imprinting and, 62
learning to fly, 41, 43–44
mate selection and parenting skills, 275–76
migratory vs. sedentary populations of, 264
nesting on islands and, 313
no fear of, in young birds, 185
parenting skills, age and, 291
social position and, 333
stimulus enhancement and, 16
genes, 4, 5, 31–32
gestures, 138–39
Ghost with Trembling Wings, The (Weidensaul), 303n
gibbons, 113–14, 338–40
Gibson, Kathleen, 15, 153, 218, 230
Glickman, Stephen, 325
goats, 65
gobies, 325
Goodall, Jane, 101n, 212, 222–24, 289, 291–92, 309–10
Goodwin, Derek, 110–11
Gopnik, Alison, 335
gorillas
chest-beating and, 120
crawling by, 37
enculturated, 271
enriched environment and intelligence and, 341
hand-eye coordination and, 34
imitation and, 23
intelligence of, 312
learning in, vs. human babies, 322
learn to forage, 177–78
learn to reach, 321–22
mirror test and, 336, 338
nest-building by, 239, 240
parenting and, 273–74
parenting skills learned by, 308, 309
social distance learned by, 259–60
tool use and, 218–19
Gould, Carol Grant, 48, 215–16, 344
Gould, James L., 11–12, 48, 215–16, 344
Grey, Hunt, 237
Grey, Russell, 237
Griffin, Andrea, 194
grooming theory of language, 330
groupers, 344–45
grouse, 203–4
grunt, French, 262
Guinet, Christophe, 301
gulls, 12, 284–85, 291
guppies, 202, 212–13
Haas, Femke den, 149
habituation, 1, 65–66, 73–74
Hamerstrom, Frances, 191
hamsters, 64
Hancock, David and Lyn, 42–43
hand clap, 138
hand control, 33–34
Hansell, Michael, 217
Hauber, Mark, 82–83
Hausberger, Martine, 136
Hauser, M. D., 293
Hauser, Marc, 158, 320, 321, 325
hawks
cooperative hunting and, 343
fear of, in young birds, 185–86
imprinting and, 78–79
learning what to eat, 147
learning which are scariest, 190–91
mate selection and, 291
mobbing of, 191
object play and, 48
Hayes, Cathy, 123–24, 187–88
Hayes, Keith, 123–24, 187
hearing, 32
Hedren, Tippi, 169–70
Heinrich, Bernd, 81–82, 107, 188, 191, 299, 315–16
Henry, J. David, 32–33
Henty,
C. J., 216
herons, 158–59, 215–16
Hess, Eckhard, 13–14
Heyes, Cecilia, 214
Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, 215
hippos, 47
Hiraiwa, Mariko, 224
Hohmann, Gottfried, 239–40
honeybees, 11–12, 48, 344
honeyeater, 189, 190
n horses, 34–35, 122–23, 285, 290
Hsu, Minna, 267, 268
Huber, Ludwig, 19
Huffman, Michael, 253
human children
babbling and, 97–98
handling things, 34
imitation and, 24
inhibiting action in favor of another, 321–22
learn to blow nose, 32
learn to stand and walk, 34–35
learn to walk and talk, 294
pointing and, 137
smiling and, 35
social play and “theory of mind,” 53
sticking out tongues, 334–35
humans
animals’ habituation to, and rehabilitation, 65–66, 145–46, 200–202
animal intelligence vs., 312–13
animals learning to recognize as friend or foe, 199–202
animals raised by, and enculturation, 271–72
apprenticeship and, 297–98
brain of, 328
cultures of, 247
fear of snakes in, 186
individual personality and, 324
lion encounters with, as learned behavior, 260–61
mirror test and, 336
nature vs. nurture and, 4–5
nest-building by, 239
taste aversion in, 150
tigers eating, 210–11
tigers learn to associate with danger, 348
training of animals by, 304–8
vervet alarm call for, 116
hummingbirds, 48, 92, 104, 318–19
Humphrey, Nicholas, 329
Hunt, Gavin, 237
Huntingford, F. A., 202
hyenas, 343
hypothesis testing, 317
Imanishi, Kinji, 247
imitation, 17–24. See also mimicry
chimpanzees and, 271–72
emulation vs., 27
intelligence and, 314
sticking out tongue and, 334–35
tiger and, 347–48
imprinting, 60–61
critical or sensitive periods and, 61
cross-fostering and, 66–77
environment and, 5
filial, 61–62
nest parasites and, 82–84
sexual, 65–77
to learn community, 64–65
to recognize siblings, 63–64
recognizing children and, 80–82
incest taboos, 63–64
Ingmanson, Ellen, 122, 219, 220
inhibiting action in favor of another, 321–22
innate (inborn, instinctive) behavior, 2, 5–6, 31, 166–67, 182
innovation, 211–16
intelligence, 311–46
aspects of, 317
birds vs. primates and, 342–43
brain size and, 328
cleaner fish and, 345
cognitive maps and, 324–25
curiosity and, 325–27
deception and, 335
defining, 314–15
dolphins and whales and, 343
domain-specific, 318–20
enriched environment and, 340–42
extractive foraging and, 329
fish and, 344–45
geese nesting and, 313
gorilla and IQ test, 312
human vs. animal, 312–13
hyenas, octopuses, buffalo, bees and, 343–44
imitation and, 335
insight and, 315–16
learning and, 314–15
learning to reach for seen object and, 321–22
manipulation and, 334
memory and, 327–28
mirror test and, 335–40
number skills, 322–23
object permanence and, 320–21
personality and, 324
problem solving and, 317
reliability and, 332–33
social intelligence and, 333
social manipulation and, 329–32
superstition and, 314
theory of mind and, 334–35
tigers and, 313
“isolate song,” 98
isolation, 98, 349
“Is There Teaching in Nonhuman Animals?” (Caro and Hauser), 293
Itani, Junichiro, 258–59, 324
Jablonka, Eva, 291, 299, 320
jackdaw, 191–92
Jacobs, Dr. Catherine, 242
jaguars, 186
James, William, 18
Janik, researcher, 118
jays
learn to fly, 42
memory and, 318
mimicry and, 110–11
mirror and, 336
nest location and, 281–82
search image and, 157
tool use by, 209–10
young help parents with new brood, 292
Johanowicz, Denise, 256
Johnston, Robert, 64
Joines, Steven, 274
Jolly, Alison, 332
junco, 158
Ju/wasi people, 260–61
Kachanoff, Kim, 64
Kamil, Alan, 318
kangaroo, grey, 46
Kanzi (bonobo), 29–30, 56, 133–34, 135, 138, 140, 227–28, 287, 289, 330–31, 332, 338
Kawamura, Shunzo, 247
Kea, Bird of Paradox (Diamond and Bond), 49
keas (New Zealand parrots), 28
eating at dump, 154–55
social facilitation and, 28
Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 52