The Deluge
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Christmas Day declaration 116–17
formal legality 163–4
German international credibility undermined by 219
German trickery 116–17, 119
and the Jews 195
Lenin’s determination to solidify Treaty 151–2, 157
misunderstanding re 1914 status quo 116–17
and the proposed ‘democratic war’ alliance against Germany 119
renunciation demand by Left Socialist Revolutionaries 164–5
response of Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 119–23 see also Wilson, Woodrow: 14 Points manifesto
and Russia’s withdrawal from the war 132–3
Supplementary Treaty 167–9
and the Ukraine 109, 124–6, 130–32, 148–9
wrong-footing of Entente 116
and Zionism 195
Briand, Aristide 367, 400, 428, 430, 469, 517
cabinet of 176
and the League of Nations 492–3
and the Mellon-Berenger accord 469
Nobel Peace Prize 23, 462
and Stresemann 473, 492, 493
see also Kellogg-Briand Pact
Britain and the United Kingdom
armed forces see British Army; Royal Navy
Asquith government 48, 178–9, 180
Bank of England see Bank of England
cabinet 42, 48, 52, 192, 193, 195, 196, 376, 384, 428, 481; committee 51
and China 322, 478, 481–2
class conflict 356
coal 247, 366, 466
Coalition government under Lloyd George 40, 48–9, 245–9
credit 204
Defence of the Realm Act 183
democracy 26, 59, 62, 183, 245, 248; Democratic Programme of Reconstruction 248; India and the narrative of ‘British legacy of democracy’ 386
as driver of Allied war effort in 1918 178–9
economy: deflation 358–60, 367, 397, 466; gold reserves 52; and the gold standard 36, 208, 363, 465–6, 500–501, 504; and the Great Depression 500–501; inflation 356–8; insolvency threat 78; national wealth 12; overseas investment 36; post-war budget 248; public debt (1914–1919) 249; risk of dependence on the US 40, 48–9, 78, 207–9; sterling see sterling; wartime wholesale price dislocation 213; and the world economy hierarchy 362
electoral reform 183–5
Foreign Office 180, 195, 463–4, 474
and France see France/the French: and Britain
franchise reform 183–5
free trade culture 14
and Germany see Germany: and Britain
as a global and naval power 11 see also British Empire
government bonds 37, 189, 210, 211, 215
imperialism see imperialism/colonialism: British
Independent Labour Party 26, 76, 79, 183, 241, 296
interest rates 359, 501
and the Irish Home Rule crisis 179–80, 190–93, 376 see also Ireland
as Islam’s ‘arch enemy’ 384
and Japan see Japan: and Britain
‘knock-out blow’ goal against Germany 42
labour movement 56, 76, 192, 240, 241, 244
Labour Party 56, 184, 197, 221, 244–5, 250; 1918 election 245; 1923 election victory 455; anti-European mood 455; calls for nationalization of Bank of England 465; and the Dawes Plan 461; dependence of Labour governments on Liberal support 244; and French relations 455–6, 457; and Lloyd George’s war aims declaration 244; MacDonald government 455–6, 457, 461, 465, 470, 491, 493, 500–501; and Wilson 241
and the League of Nations 258, 259–61, 262–3, 264–5, 266, 267, 268–70, 271, 455, 470
Liberal Party 244, 429; 1918 election 245; 1923 election gains 455; anti-European mood 455; dependence of Labour governments on Liberal support 244
as member of Entente see Entente
Mesopotamian campaign 186
military spending 364, 514
and Mussolini 446–7
National Government under MacDonald 500–501
naval blockade 34–5, 39, 56
and the Ottoman Empire 193
Passchendale offensive 78
and the Poles 412
Proportional Representation proposal 184, 245
railway strike 246, 247
reasons for entering war 42
Red Scare 465, 470
Royal Air Force 446
and Russia/USSR: attempt in 1919 to roll back revolution 410–11; British protection of Ottoman Empire against Tsarist expansion 193; and Churchill 235, 236, 410; Comintern Third Congress policy of coexistence 419; Communist struggle in Asia 415–16; détente policy 424–5; and the German economy 427–9; and Lloyd George 235–6, 411; Murmansk anti-Soviet base 166; in the nineteenth century 20; and the Passchendale offensive 78; and the Petrograd formula 183; Scotland Yard raid on Soviet trade delegation offices in London 483; severing of diplomatic relations (1927) 483; storming of British embassy in Petrograd 168; trade treaty (March 1921) 417; and Turkey 438 see also Entente
shipping 207, 292
Siberian Entente intervention pressed for by 156–7
social services expenditure 359–60
strikes and working class militancy 246–8, 247, 356, 359; 1918 May strikes 182–3; 1925–26 miners’ strike 466; and the Communist vision 409; police strike 246
tax system 248, 250
Tory Party 42, 180, 184, 191, 246, 384; 1923 election defeat 455; 1924 election victory 465; and Ireland 376; and Lloyd George 245, 248; and the miners’ strike (1925–26) 466
trade unions 42, 184, 244, 246, 247–8, 359, 466
Treasury 36, 37, 39, 51, 59, 196, 208, 215–16, 358, 359, 366, 465, 473
Trench Voting Bill 184, 246
and Turkey 436, 437–8
unemployment 359, 360, 370, 465; dole 500
Union of Democratic Control 244, 455
and the US see United States of America: and Britain
and Versailles 255, 256
wage increases 246
War Cabinet 196–8, 244
war materials purchased abroad 39
war reparations see reparations: and Britain
and the Washington Conference see Washington Naval Conference
welfare spending 248
workers’ ‘Triple Alliance’ 247, 359
working hours 246–7
world system 20–21 see also British Empire
and Yugoslavia 308
British Army
cut in spending (1919) 364
transatlantic supply line 11
British Empire
and the armistice 227–8
autocracy 187–9
and China 322, 478, 481–2
as Commonwealth 197, 392–3, 394–5, 416, 455
Communist struggle in Asia 415–16
economy 12, 13–14; deflation effects 374–5; GDP 13; inflation effects 374; US support limited to dollar-sterling rate 209
Egypt protectorate 193, 378–80
and the entanglement of British imperial and world history 20–21, 22
Genoa and the failure of British hegemony 433–6
gold 374–5; South African 209, 212
Imperial Force deployment, February 1920 375
Imperial War Cabinet 181
imperialism see imperialism/colonialism: British
and India see India
and Iraq 364, 380–81
and Ireland see Ireland
liberalism and imperialism 15–16, 375, 383–93
Lloyd George on 392
and the Middle East 22, 193–7, 364, 374, 375, 377–82, 463
post-war crisis 374–93
protectionism 501
strikes 374, 375
Sykes-Picot agreement 193
and Turkey see Turkey
and the US: Hitler’s and Trotsky’s hopes for Empire’s emergence as challenge to US 26; trilateral security guarantee for France 277–80; US support limited to dollar-sterling rate 209; US understanding in 1919 of need for collaboration 259
war aims, expounded by Lloyd George 197
and Zionism 194–6
British Raj see India
Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich von 313, 316, 317
Brüning, Heinrich 493, 494–5, 497–8
Brunyate, William 378
Brusilov, Aleksei Alekseevich 46, 83, 412
Brusilov offensive 46–7, 70
Brussels Conference 425
Bryan, William Jennings 43, 346, 398
Bryce, James, 1st Viscount 184
Budennyi, Semen 412, 417
Buenos Aires 353
Bukharin, Nikolai 118, 132, 137, 413, 421, 480
Bulgaria 33
fascism 354
Hoover moratorium 498
and Keynes’ proposal of German foreign bonds 301
threat of national extinction during war 5
Bullitt, William 145, 158–9, 334
and Freud 335
mission to Russia 236
Burke, Edmund 61
Caillaux, Joseph 175
Canada
and the Commonwealth 395
Hoover moratorium 498
racial discrimination 393
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
and the Washington Conference 437
Cannes Conference 429–30
Canton 420, 478–80
Cao Kun 403
Cao Rulin 328
capital levy 250
capitalism
American 220–21; capitalist economy 7, 8, 200–201 see also United States of America: economydemocratic capitalism 200–201; rebalancing attempts 346
German state capitalism 200
Keynes on the dangers facing 300
Lenin’s view of 141
Soviet determination to catch up with and beat capitalist regimes 512
Caporetto, battle of 82, 174, 176
Capstone, Operation 166–8, 170
Caribbean 44
Caucasus 130
CDU (Christian Democrats, Germany) 24, 25, 75
Cecil, Robert, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood 260, 261, 262–3, 264, 267, 269, 285, 325, 326
Central Powers
1916 struggles 33–4
battlefield dramas and bitterness of defeat 10–11
Brest-Litovsk see Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and the Eastern peace 135–9
economic strangulation of 34
Entente’s concentric assaults on 33–4, 40
expense limitations 39
peace treaty with Ukraine 132
rejection of Wilson’s mediation offer 52
see also specific nations
Centre Party, Germany 34, 75, 130, 219–20, 239
coalition with SPD and Liberals 163, 239, 243, 313, 320
restructuring of Weimar state 490
and Versailles 312–13, 317–18
Chamberlain, Austen 181–2, 185–6, 248, 356–8, 359, 367
on America’s absence from the League 516
and the Chinese Nationalists 481
and the Commonwealth 395
and the League of Nations >470, 471
Nobel Peace Prize 23, 462
Chanak 437
Chang Hsueh-liang (‘Young Marshal’) 485, 499
Chang Tso-Lin 403, 404
assassination 485, 499
Chauri Chaura violence, Uttar Pradesh 389
Cheka 165, 168
Chelmsford, Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount 181, 182, 187, 384
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms 188–9, 210, 382, 383, 385
Chernov, Viktor 86, 127, 128
Chiang Kai-shek 479, 480, 482, 485, 511
Chicago 339
Chicherin, Georgy 164, 166, 236, 331, 425, 433–4
Chile, US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
China 21, 22, 88–106
Anhwei militarist group 101
battle from April 1917 for future of Chinese Republic 100–104
Boxer indemnity payments 406
and Britain 322, 478, 481–2
Ch’ing dynasty 89
civil war 3, 101, 104
Communism: Communist Party (CCP) 420–21, 482–3, 511; and the Guomindang/Kuomintang 420–21, 478–83; Soviet diplomacy to revolutionize China 419–21, 478–80
Confucianism 91
declaration of war 101
democracy 88, 90, 102–3
entanglement of domestic struggle with World War 88–106
and the Entente 91–2, 93; Washington Conference 397, 402–7
and Germany: break of relationship 98–9; diplomatic contacts with Weimar Republic 330; Sino-German trade treaty 330–31; and Versailles 321–3
Guomindang see Guomindang/Kuomintang, China
Hong Kong strike 479
and Japan see Japan: and China
Kuomintang see Guomindang/Kuomintang, China
and the League of Nations 261, 328, 330
Marxists 91
national unification drive 104
nationalism 90, 91, 96, 100, 103, 106, 327–9, 404, 419, 435, 475–83, 499
Nine Power Treaty 405
Northern Expedition 480–83, 511
NRA (Chinese National Republican Army) 480–81, 482–3, 485
peasantry 479, 480, 481, 483
Persian treaty 330
Qian Nengxun cabinet 329
and Russia/USSR 88–9, 92, 331–2, 475–81, 482–3; Boxer indemnity payments 331; Comintern and Guomindang 478–81, 482–3; Russian rights over Manchurian railway system 420; Soviet defensive struggle between Polish and Chinese arenas 475, 483; Soviet diplomacy to revolutionize China 419–21, 478–80; Soviet sponsorship of Northern Expedition 480–83, 511; Sun-Joffe Declaration
478; and the Washington Conference 404; and Western alarm 404; Yili Protocol 331
Saint-Germain Treaty 330
and silver prices 355
transition to republicanism 89–90
and the US 60, 89, 98–9, 101–4; and Chinese relations with Japan 93, 96, 99–106, 144, 259, 322–3, 328; and Lansing 91, 92, 99, 102, 105, 106; and the Northern Expedition 511; and the NRA 482; recognition of Chiang government 483; Sino-American friendship 91–2; US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476; and the Washington Conference 397, 402–7; and Wilson 60, 91, 92, 98–9, 102, 105, 233
and Versailles see Versailles/Paris peace conferences and Treaty: and China
wartime wholesale price dislocation 214
and the Washington Conference 397, 402–7
White Terror 483
and Wilson’s slogan 233
Zhili militarist group 101, 104, 403, 404, 475–8
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 420–21, 482–3, 511
Chinese Eastern Railway 331–2, 405
Chinese National Republican Army (NRA) 480–81, 482–3, 485
Cholm 132
Christian Democratic Union (CDU, Germany) 24, 25, 75
Chung-Yuan Pao 98
Churchill, Winston
The Aftermath 4, 18
Atlantic unity appeal 206
and the Bolsheviks 235, 236, 410
as Chancellor of the Exchequer 4, 465
and the Chinese Nationalists 481
and the Commonwealth 395
on Germany’s March 1918 Western Fro
nt assault 140
and the Iraq Mandate 364
and the new order 8, 9, 18, 23
and the ‘pyramids of peace’ 8, 9
and the ‘second Thirty Years War’ 7
and the US 6
civil society 23
Class, Heinrich 113
Clemenceau, Georges 24, 63, 64, 70, 116, 228, 236, 277
appointment as PM 175
background and rise to prominence 175
and Bohemia 281
charisma 173–4
and Diagne 227
and the eight-hour day 247
and German sovereignty 272–4, 289
and Italy 308
and the League of Nations 257–8, 263, 267–8
and Millerand 361
and reparations 288
republican view of history 273
and Saionji 327
shooting 340
and total war 175–6
US visit for American support over reparations (1922) 441
and Versailles 267–8, 272–3, 274, 277–80, 281, 283, 286–7
and war debt relief 298
and Wilson 243, 244, 277–8
Clémentel, Étienne 251, 290, 291, 457–8
coal/coal mines 39, 204
American 341–2
British 247, 366, 466
European Coal and Steel Community 205, 290
French imports 365–6, 426
German 167, 290, 366, 426, 431, 440, 442, 452, 466
Italian 74, 310
Polish 466
Russian 108
of the Saar 277, 278, 279, 289, 366, 466, 473
Silesian 281
Ukrainian 125
Colby, Bainbridge 404
Cold War 10
and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 119, 122
Cologne 451
Colombia, US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
colonialism see imperialism/colonialism
Comintern
21 Points 418
attempt to forge global political movement 414–16
and China 475; Guomindang 478–81, 482–3
First Congress 241, 408–9
Fourth Congress 420
and the German Communist Party 413, 449
and the League of Nations 243
Second Congress 413–17, 418–19
Third Congress 419
and the USPD 242
Commonwealth, British 392–3, 394–5, 416, 455
Lloyd George’s vision for 197
Communism
American Red movement/ Red Scare 340, 342, 354, 409, 517
and the animation of the extreme right 17
and Asia: Afghanistan 416, 418; India 387, 414; Red Army drive into Azerbaijan 415; and Roy’s Third Worldism 414–15; Soviet attempt to radicalize Asian Muslims 415