The Deluge
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Sonnino, Sidney 177, 178, 306, 307, 310, 311
South Africa
Gandhi in 392
gold 209, 212; Rand gold miners 374–5
Hoover moratorium 498
Indian rights in 392–3
and Turkey and the British Empire 437
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
White solidarity 392, 393
South-Eastern Front 147
sovereignty 5, 287, 289
German see Germany: self-determination/sovereignty
and Versailles 272–6, 287, 289, 436, 448–9
Soviet Union
and Afghanistan 416, 418
Asian thrust 414–16
Bolshevism see Bolshevism/Bolsheviks
and Britain see Britain and the United Kingdom: and Russia/USSR
and the Brussels Conference 425
and China see China: and Russia/USSR
and Churchill 235, 236
collectivization 484, 511–12
Comintern see Comintern
Communism see Communism
Congress of Peoples of the East 415–16, 420
Congress of the Toilers of the Far East 420
and counter-revolutionary armies 234–5
creation of USSR by treaty (28 December 1922) 417–18
debt repudiation 129, 425
defensive struggle between Poland and China arenas 475
economy 408, 422, 423, 483; Five Year Plan 483–4, 511–12; GDP of total former USSR 13; gold reserves 427; New Economic Policy 423, 424, 435, 483
and the Entente 235–7, 434
famine 12, 423, 424, 425
and the Genoa Conference 433–5
Genoa Conference see Genoa Conference
and Germany see Germany: and Russia/USSR
and independence movements throughout the old Tsarist Empire 234–5
industrialization 483–4, 502, 511–12
and Iran 419
and the Kellogg-Briand Pact 472, 484
Kronstadt rebellion 422–3
Left Communists 137, 151
Polish-Soviet War 284, 411–13, 417; Treaty of Riga 417
Politburo 483
and the Princes’ Islands conference proposal 236
Red Army see Red Army
revolutionary export failure between 1917 and 1923 408
revolutionary military council 168
Soviet bill for damage by Allies in civil war 434
and the strategic uncertainty of the late 1920s 475–84
terror: apparatus 165; Red Terror 168–9, 237
and Turkey see Turkey: and the Soviet Union
and the US see United States of America: and Russia/USSR
Whites 235, 236
Soviets (assemblies) 68–9
All-Russian congress see All-Russian congress of Soviets
German Congress of Soviets 237
Petrograd Soviet see Petrograd Soviet
Spa 161, 219, 228
Spain 282, 354
strikes 247
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
Spanish-American War 15, 41, 44
SPD see Social Democratic Party of Germany
SRs see Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs, Russia)
Stalin, Joseph
and Asia 415
and Brest-Litovsk 116
Declaration of Rights 114
Five Year Plan 483–4, 511–12
and the Red Army’s defeat at Zamosc 417
and the US 7
Stalinism 515
starvation 39–40, 156, 423, 443, 447
steel 125, 152
American steel strike 341
US Steel 341, 342
sterling 37, 51, 207–9, 210–11, 355, 358, 374, 457, 506
departure from gold standard 500–501, 504
devaluation 210–11, 501
free-floating exchange rate 501
Stimson, Henry 492, 496
Stinnes, Hugo 426, 427, 452
Stockholm
peace conference 244
process 122
Stresemann, Gustav 24, 113, 155, 240, 320, 447–8, 450–51, 459–60, 461, 475, 495
and Briand 473, 492, 493
on debt 465
and Locarno 23, 462
Nobel Peace Prize 23, 462
Strong, Benjamin, Jr 344, 345, 373
Sturmabteilung (SA) 451
Suedekum, Albert 220–21
Suez canal 193, 377–9
suffrage see franchise
suffragette militants 340
Sukhanov, Nikolai 71
Sun Yat-sen 90, 100, 101, 322, 330–31, 421, 478, 479
death 480
Sun-Joffe Declaration 478
Supplementary Treaty to Brest 167–9
Supreme War Council 205
Sweden
strikes 247
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
Sykes-Picot agreement 193, 438
Syria 193, 377, 380, 381
Taft, William Howard 230
Takahashi Korekijo 363, 399, 403, 502
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de 273
Tanaka Giichi 95, 321, 485
tanks 200, 201, 202, 204
Tardieu, André 59–60, 277
taxation 250–51
British 248, 250
capital levy 250
French 251
US: inflation tax 216; tax on exports 46
Terauchi Masatake 95–6
terror 165
class terror 242
Red Terror 168–9, 237
White Terror, China 483
Thiers, Adolphe 274
Third International see Comintern
Thoiry initiative 473
Thomas, Albert 76, 175
Thrace 381, 390
Thuringia 418
Tianjin 331
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 180–81, 189, 382
Times, The 52, 56, 184, 195–6, 224
Tojo Hideki 329
Tory Party, Britain see Britain and the United Kingdom: Tory Party
Trade Union Council (TUC) 466
trade unions
American 46, 340, 341–2
British 42, 184, 244, 246, 247–8, 359, 466
and deflation 362
French 175
German 43, 237–8, 313, 503
and inflation 356
Japanese 356
Transcaucasian Republic 109, 147, 417–18
Trans-Siberian railway 80, 158, 331–2
Transylvania 47
Triple Entente see Entente
Tripolitanian Republic 233
Trotsky, Leon
on Bolshevik violence 126–7
and Brest-Litovsk 109, 116, 117, 118, 119, 126–7, 129, 130–31, 132–3, 137
calls for release of 83
and the Chinese Communists 480
class terror 242
and the Czechs 158
deportations 5
exile 483
as exponent of international relations 108
on German reparations and the Entente 489
as head of Red Army 136, 234, 422
as head of revolutionary military council 168
and Keynes 295
and the new order 8, 11–12, 18, 23, 26, 29–30
and the October Revolution 84
opposition to 1919 talks with Entente 236
and the peasantry 421
publishing text of London Treaty 116
rapprochement attempts with Western Powers 145
re
flections on the war and its aftermath 4, 18
and the US 6, 8–9, 11, 12
and Wilson 109, 122
Truman, Harry S. 277, 291
Tsereteli, Irakli 71, 81, 83, 121, 127, 128
TUC (Trade Union Council) 466
Tukhachevski, Mikhail 412, 417, 422–3
Tumulty, Joseph 257
Turati, Filippo 176
Turin 74
Turkey 5, 113, 147, 193, 194
and Armenia 147, 148, 381
and Britain 436, 437–8
deployment of Imperial Forces, February 1920 375
and France 437–8
Grand National Assembly 382
and Greece 381, 382, 390, 437
and India 391
London Treaty’s effect on Turks 307
London’s aggression 381–2
nationalism 381–2, 437–8
and the Raj 384–5, 390
and the Soviet Union 419; and Britain 438; Soviet treaty 382
Treaty of Sèvres 381–2, 385
Turkish Army 437
Wilson and the British policy in 337
see also Ottoman Empire
U-boats 24, 34, 43, 45, 48, 57–8, 64, 66, 74–5, 89
Uchida Yasuya, Viscount 326
UDC (Union of Democratic Control) 244, 455
Ugaki Kazushige 329, 330
Uhlans 417
Ukraine 114, 117, 124–5, 417
and Austria 132
and the Bolsheviks 124–6, 234
and Brest-Litovsk 109, 124–6, 130–32, 148–9
coal 125
Constituent Assembly elections 149
Donets industrial region 149
and Germany see Germany: and the Ukraine
grain 111, 125, 132, 149–50
landgrab by peasants (1917) 149
National Assembly 150
National Bank 149–50
nationalism 122, 125
peace treaty with Central Powers 132
peasants 149, 150, 154, 164
Polish assault on 284
and the Polish-Soviet War 411–12, 417
Polish-Ukrainian army 412
Rada 125, 126, 130–31, 149, 154
Social Revolutionaries 149
USSR treaty (28 December 1922) 417–18
Ulster 180, 191
Unionist election triumph after Easter Uprising 376
see also Ireland: Unionists
UMW (United Mine Workers) 341–2
unemployment
Britain 359, 360, 370, 465, 500
dole 500
Germany 503
and the labour movement 362
US 345–6, 348
Union of Democratic Control (UDC) 244, 455
United Kingdom see Britain and the United Kingdom
United Mine Workers (UMW) 341–2
United States of America
and the 1916 balance of the war 34–40
1920 general election 338
abundance fable 201
African Americans 63, 339
agrarian movement 43
agriculture 346, 347; Farm Bloc 347, 373; Joint Congressional commission of agricultural inquiry 347
aircraft 202
American Army 35, 173, 201–2, 203, 204, 205, 218
American Federation of Labour 340
as arbiter of world affairs 16, 54–5, 67, 220–21, 222
armaments: production 202; share crash 52
and the armistice 220–31
autocracy resisted by 8, 67, 103, 190
banking system 38–9, 500, 504–5
beginning and development of American Republic 14–16
and Britain: Anglo-American ambitions in 1923 British politics 455; anti-war faction 56; balance of payments 12; and the bilateral dollar-sterling rate 207–9; British embassy in Washington 34; British Foreign Office 1928 memo on the US phenomenon 463–4, 474; and British ‘navalism’ 45; Churchill’s Atlantic unity appeal 206; collaboration with British Empire 259; and the Dawes Plan 454–5; and deflation 358–9; economic risk of British dependence on the US 40, 48–9, 78, 207–9; and emergent US power 6, 26; and European fears of an Anglo-American condominium 257–8; and freedom of the seas 226, 228, 257, 268–70; and French delegation at London Conference 491–2, 493; and French delegation at Washington Conference 400–401; French goal of trilateral transatlantic pact 268, 290; French trilateral security guarantee 277–80; and German reparations 293–5, 297–303, 454–5, 488–9; Hoover moratorium 498, 506, 507; and the Irish question 190–93, 377; and Japan 322, 395–6; joint conference November 1917 with British War Cabinet 196–8; and the Kellogg-Briand Pact 472–3; and Keynes 296–303; and the League of Nations 258, 259–61, 266, 268–70, 271, 455; Lloyd George’s appeal to American public 203; loans saving Britain from insolvency 78; and the London Naval Conference see London Naval Conference (1930); and the Middle East 193–6, 378, 379; and the Monroe doctrine 269; and the naval blockade 35, 56, 473; opposition to increasing US dependence 40, 48, 296; political scientists influenced by Westminster model 41; and shared naval supremacy 365; and US naval expansion 35–6, 56, 268–9; US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476; and war debts 302, 349, 366–7, 373, 439, 465, 468, 498, 506–7;
and the Washington Conference see Washington Naval Conference; Wilson and British policy in Turkey 337; Wilson and Lloyd George 62, 158–9, 203, 224, 243, 244, 269–70; Wilson and the Labour Party 241; Wilson’s Buckingham Palace speech 240 see also British Empire: and the US
capitalism see capitalism: American
and the Caribbean 44
and China see China: and the US
Churchill’s view of 6
Civil War 14, 29, 41, 44, 61, >63, 65
coal 341–2
Cold War see Cold War
Congress and the Treaty Fight 335–8
conservatism 27–8, 29
Coolidge administration 467
cost of living rise 45–6, 216, 343
credit see credit: American
declaration and entry of war 66–7, 68, 78, 87, 100, 106
democracy 62, 196; democratic capitalism 200–201; and the New Deal 505
Democratic Party 230–31, 340, 346, 347; 1916 Presidential campaign 46; Copperheads 65; and labour 340–42; Massachusetts 343; Southern Democrats 64; and the Treaty Fight 335
drive towards ‘world hegemony’ 8–9, 16
economy: ‘bombshell telegram’ of FDR 506; and British risk of dependence on the US 40, 48–9, 78, 207–9; capitalist 7, 8, 200–201; deflation 345–7, 346, 349, 354, 358–9, 367, 397, 504; destabilization through wartime mobilization 216; the dollar 207–9, 344, 355, 358, 370, 427, 436, 443, 456, 469, 505, 506; and the dollar-sterling rate 207–9; economics as medium of power 12, 200–201, 206–8; Federal government debt 349; and the Fed’s 50 per cent interest rate increase 345, 349; GDP 13, 216; global economic dominance 12–16, 36, 206–9, 211, 349–50, 362; GNP 217; and gold see United States of America: gold; and the Great Depression 345, 488–9, 495–7, 504–6 see also Great Depressiongrowth between 1865 and 1914 14; inflation tax 216; inflation–deflation succession (1919–1920) 342–7; low-growth war economy 215–16, 217; national wealth 12; recession (1919–1921) 345–7, 346; and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation 505; and war finance 36–40, 45–6, 48–9, 50, 51, 52–3, 78, 173, 206–8, 215–16, 217; wartime wholesale price dislocation 214; Wilsonian fiasco 342–7, 346, 349–50
Entente relations: appearing as new level of international cooperation 515; and the armistice 224–5, 226, 227–8, 229, 231; and the Atlantic blockade 34–5, 56, 473; dangers of clashes at Versailles 277–8, 307; Dawes Plan 453–61, 470, 497; and dependence on the US 38, 40, 48–9, 78, 207–9, 211; and the dollar exchange
rate 207–9; and the end of Franco-Russian alliance 276; and Fiume 308, 337; and German reparations 293–5, 297–304, 441, 453–61, 488–9, 496–7; German U-boat campaign and the tipping of 58–9; hardening by US in December 1918 257; Harding strategy of distance from Europe 372; and the inter-Allied economic cooperation 205; and the Inter-Allied Supply Council 207; and naval power 35–6, 56, 268–9; political 40–46; and rejection of American global leadership 231; Roosevelt’s admiration for Entente efforts 43; and the Russian Revolution and democratization 69–73; and the US declaration/entry of war 66–7, 68, 78; US refusal of overt association 16, 44–5, 46, 52, 53–7, 60, 65; and US resource funnelling 201–5; and war finance and debts 36–40, 45–6, 48–9, 50, 51, 52–3, 78, 173, 206–8, 298–304, 302, 349, 366, 372–3, 439, 440, 466–70, 468, 473, 496–7, 498, 506–7; and the Washington Conference see Washington Naval Conference
European exports tax 46
European power states’ overshadowing by 463–4
exceptionalism 27, 28–9, 54–5
export scheme, publicly funded 207
failures to aid global democratic campaigns 86–7, 102–6
Farm Bloc 347, 373
FBI 339–40
FDR administration 505–6
Federal government debt 349
Federal Reserve see Federal Reserve
Fifteenth Amendment 63
Fordney-McCumber tariff 349
Fourteen Points see Wilson, Woodrow: 14 Points manifesto
and France: American banker families leaving Paris 469; balance of payments 12; and Britain 268, 277–80, 290, 400–401; changing position between 1919 and 1945 291; and the end of Franco-Russian alliance 276; French appeal for solidarity 59–60; French goal of trilateral transatlantic pact with Britain 268, 290; and German reparations 441, 453–61, 488–9, 496–7; and Germany after the Ruhr crisis 453; Hoover moratorium 498, 506, 507; Kellogg-Briand Pact 472–3; and the League of Nations 257–8, 263; and the London Naval Conference 491–2, 493; Mellon-Berenger accord 469, 473, 497; and the occupation of the Ruhr 443–6, 448, 459; Thoiry initiative 473; trilateral security guarantee with Britain 277–80; US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476; and war compensations and reconstruction 251; and war debts 298, 299,
302, 304, 349, 366, 367, 440, 467–70, 468, 473, 496–7, 498, 506–7; and the Washington Conference 400–401; and the Washington Naval Conference 11; Wilson and the Socialists 240; Wilson on French freedom 276–7
German-Americans 43
and Germany: and American business interest 320; anti-American Mexican alliance proposal 65–6; and the armistice 220–31; breaking of diplomatic relations (February 1917) 89; Dawes Plan 453–61, 464, 497; derailment of Wilson’s ‘peace without victory’ 52, 56–8; and the French invasion of the Ruhr 443–6, 448, 459; German embassy in Washington 56; Germany’s Atlanticist internationalism 221–2; and the Great Depression 495–6; Hitler’s concerns over the US 6, 7; Hoover moratorium 498, 502–3, 507; and reparations 293–5, 297–304, 441, 453–61, 495–6, 498, 506; severing of diplomatic relations 59; stabilization of Weimar Republic after 1924 by US credit 461, 464–5; Stresemann’s policy of accommodation 448; Thoiry initiative 473; U-boat campaign 24, 45, 48, 57–8, 64, 66; US debts 498, 502–3, 506–7; US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476, 495–6; and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 122–3, 134, 143, 144, 145, 198, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230, 233, 327; Wilson’s demand for Kaiser’s abdication 224, 225; Wilson’s unilateral negotiations with Berlin 222–5, 229, 231