35. Margaret Bayard Smith to Susan B. Smith, March 1809, First Forty Years, 62–63.
36. T.J. to Philip Freneau, May 22, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 211.
37. Jonathan Brunt to T.J., July 31, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 402–403.
Chapter 35: Return to Monticello
1. T.J. to Edmund Bacon, November 9, 1807, Jefferson at Monticello, 67.
2. Jefferson at Monticello, 106.
3. Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766–1824, ed. Edwin M. Betts (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944), 382; T.J. to Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith, March 6, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 29.
4. Memorandum Books, 2: 1243; T.J. to James Madison, March 17, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 61.
5. Jefferson at Monticello, 106.
6. Ibid., 107.
7. T.J. to Martha Jefferson Randolph, February 27, 1809, Family Letters, 385.
8. Martha Jefferson Randolph to T.J., March 2, 1809, Family Letters, 388.
9. T.J. to James Madison, March 17, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 61.
10. T.J. to Charles Willson Peale, May 5, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 187.
11. T.J. to Benjamin Smith Barton, September 21, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 555–556.
12. Jefferson at Monticello, 113–114.
13. Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 66–79. The rest of the story of the Smiths’ visit to Monticello comes from this source and is not documented separately.
14. Thomas Jefferson Randolph to Henry S. Randall, undated, Randall, 3: 675.
15. Jack McLaughlin, Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), 25.
16. Sowerby, no. 4502.
17. James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson, eds., Thomas Jefferson’s Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1989), 113.
18. Giuseppe Giangrande, “Xenophon Ephesius,” Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 1144.
19. Virginia Randolph Trist to an unknown correspondent, May 26, 1839, Randall, 3: 349.
20. T.J. to Vine Utley, March 21, 1819, Randall, 3: 450; Marie Kimball, Thomas Jefferson’s Cook Book (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976), 43–46.
21. T.J. to Vine Utley, March 21, 1819, Randall, 3: 450.
22. Francis Walker Gilmer, “Sketches of American Statesmen,” in Richard Beale Davis, Francis Walker Gilmer: Life and Learning in Jefferson’s Virginia (Richmond, Va.: Dietz Press, 1939), 351.
23. T.J. to Vine Utley, March 21, 1819, Randall, 3: 450.
24. T.J. to John W. Campbell, September 3, 1809, PTJRS, 1: 486–487.
25. Ibid., 1: 487.
26. Wilbur Samuel Howell, “Jefferson’s Parliamentary Studies, Activities, and Writings: A Chronology,” Jefferson’s Parliamentary Writings: “Parliamentary Pocket-Book and A Manual of Parliamentary Practice, ed. Wilbur Samuel Howell (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 29–31.
27. T.J. to Joseph Milligan, January 7, 1812, quoted in Howell, “Jefferson’s Parliamentary Studies,” 32.
28. Ibid.
29. Joseph Milligan to T.J., February 2, 1812, quoted in Howell, Jefferson’s Parliamentary Studies,” 34; George A. Leavitt, Catalogue of a Private Library Comprising a Rich Assortment of Rare and Standard Works … Also, the Remaining Portion of the Library of the Late Thomas Jefferson, Comprising many Classical Works and Several Autograph Letters, Offered by his Grandson, Francis Eppes, of Poplar Forest, Va. (New York: George A. Leavitt & Co., 1873), lot 670.
30. For a good discussion of Montesquieu’s influence in America, see Nicholas Greenwood Onuf and Peter S. Onuf, Nations, Markets, and War: Modern History and the American Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006).
31. T.J. to Colonel William Duane, August 12, 1810, L&B, 12: 407–408.
32. William Wirt to T.J., April 15, 1812, quoted in Sowerby, no. 3501.
33. The Proceedings of the Government of the United States, in Maintaining the Public Right to the Beach of the Missisipi, Adjacent to New-Orleans, Against the Intrusion of Edward Livingston (New York: Ezra Sargeant, 1812), 6. For clarity, T.J.’s legal citations have been silently ellipted from this quotation. For an appreciation of the Proceedings, see Douglas L. Wilson, “Jefferson and the Republic of Letters,” in Jeffersonian Legacies, ed. Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), 71–72.
34. The Proceedings of the Government of the United States, 23, 58, 75–76, 79.
35. John Tyler to T.J., May 17, 1812, quoted in Sowerby, no. 3501.
Chapter 36: Letters to an Old Friend
1. Benjamin Rush to John Adams, October 17, 1809, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1951), 2: 1021–1022.
2. John Adams to Benjamin Rush, October 25, 1809, quoted in Letters of Benjamin Rush, 2: 1023.
3. Benjamin Rush to T.J., January 2, 1811, Letters of Benjamin Rush, 2: 1075–1076.
4. AJL, 282.
5. Benjamin Rush to T.J., February 1, 1811, Letters of Benjamin Rush, 2: 1078.
6. Edward Coles to Henry S. Randall, May 11, 1857, Randall, 3: 640.
7. T.J. to Benjamin Rush, December 5, 1811, Ford, 174–175.
8. Benjamin Rush to John Adams, December 16, 1811, and Benjamin Rush to T.J., December 7, 1811, Letters of Benjamin Rush, 2: 1110–1112.
9. John Adams to T.J., January 1, 1812, AJL, 290.
10. T.J. to Benjamin Rush, January 21, 1812, Ford, 11: 218.
11. T.J. to John Adams, January 21, 1812, AJL, 291.
12. Ibid.
13. T.J. to John Adams, January 21, 1812, AJL, 292.
14. Benjamin Rush to T.J., February 11, 1812, Letters of Benjamin Rush, 2: 1118; David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 601–602, 613.
15. John Adams to T.J., February 3, 1812, AJL, 294.
16. Ibid., 296.
17. Ibid., 295.
18. T.J. to Benjamin Rush, January 21, 1812, Ford, 11: 219.
19. T.J. to John Adams, April 20, 1812, AJL, 298.
20. John Adams to T.J., May 1, 1812, AJL, 300–301.
21. John Adams to T.J., May 21, 1812, AJL, 305.
22. T.J. to John Adams, June 11, 1812, AJL, 305–306.
23. Ibid., 306–307.
24. Ibid., 307.
25. John Adams to T.J., October 12, 1812, AJL, 312; Abiel Holmes, American Annals: or, A Chronological History of America (Cambridge, Mass.: W. Hilliard, 1805), 238.
26. T.J. to John Adams, May 27, 1813, AJL, 323.
27. John Adams to T.J., June 11, 1813, AJL, 328.
28. Eugene R. Fingerhut, “Floyd, William,” ANB, 8: 150–151.
29. T.J. to John Adams, June 1, 1822, AJL, 577; John Adams to T.J., June 11, 1822, AJL, 579.
30. T.J. to John Adams, June 15, 1813, AJL, 331.
31. John Adams to T.J., June 25, 1813, AJL, 333.
32. T.J. to John Adams, August 22, 1813, AJL, 369.
33. T.J. to Abigail Adams, August 22, 1813, AJL, 367.
34. John Adams to T.J., August 14?, 1813, AJL, 366.
35. Abigail Adams to T.J., September 20, 1812, AJL, 378.
36. T.J. to John Adams, October 28, 1813, AJL, 388.
37. T.J. to John Adams, July 5, 1814, AJL, 431.
38. Ibid.
39. [Thomas Love Peacock,] “Randolph’s Memoirs, &c. of Thomas Jefferson,” Westminster Review 13 (1830): 326.
Chapter 37: The Library of Congress
1. Martin K. Gordon, “Patrick Magruder: Citizen, Congressman, Librarian of Congress,” Librarians of Congress (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1977), 39–55.
2. Quoted in W. Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, Vol. 1: 1800–1864 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1904), 68.
3. T.J. to Abraham Baldwin, April 14, 1802, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Edwin Wolf
II and Kevin J. Hayes, The Library of Benjamin Franklin (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society and the Library Company of Philadelphia, 2006), passim.
8. William Short to T.J., March 11, 1815, “The Jefferson Papers,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 7th ser. 1 (1900): 229.
9. John Adams to T.J., October 28, 1814, AJL, 440.
10. T.J. to Samuel Harrison Smith, September 21, 1814, Ford, 11: 427–428.
11. Ibid., 11: 428.
12. Annals of Congress, 13th Congress, 3d session, col. 23.
13. Arthur Bestor, “Thomas Jefferson and the Freedom of Books,” Three Presidents and Their Books, ed. Robert B. Downs (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1955), 2.
14. Charles J. Ingersoll, History of the Second War between the United States of America and Great Britain, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1852), 2: 271–272.
15. New Hampshire Sentinel, November 5, 1814.
16. T.J. to William Hilliard, August 7, 1825, Jefferson’s Ideas on a University Library: Letters from the Founder of the University of Virginia to a Boston Bookseller, ed. Elizabeth Cometti (Charlottesville, Va.: Tracy W. McGregor Library, 1950), 30.
17. Quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, 80.
18. Kevin J. Hayes, A Colonial Woman’s Bookshelf (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996), 123–136.
19. Annals of Congress, 13th Congress, 3d session, col. 398.
20. Ibid., cols. 410–411.
21. Alexandria Gazette, October 22, 1814.
22. William Thornton to T.J., December 11, 1814, Jefferson Papers (DLC); “Mr. Jefferson’s Library,” Niles Weekly Register, December 31, 1814, 285.
23. National Intelligencer, November 16, 1814, quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, 91.
24. Baltimore Patriot and Evening Advertiser, October 28, 1814.
25. Annals of Congress, 13th Congress, 3d session, col. 1105.
26. Ibid.
27. John Adams to T.J., December 20, 1814, AJL, 441.
28. George Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor, 2 vols. (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1876), 1: 34; Francis Calley Gray, Thomas Jefferson in 1814: Being an Account of a Visit to Monticello, Virginia, ed. Henry S. Rowe and T. Jefferson Coolidge, Jr. (Boston: The Club of Odd Volumes, 1924), 66–67.
29. Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals, 1: 34; Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones: A Foundling, ed. Fredson Bowers (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1975), 445–446.
30. Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals, 1: 34.
31. Gray, Account, 67.
32. T.J. to John Adams, June 10, 1815, AJL, 443.
33. Gray, Account, 72–73.
34. Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals, 1: 35.
35. T.J. to Madame de Tessé, December 8, 1813, excerpted in Sowerby, no. 271.
36. Sowerby, no. 409, misidentifies the title of this work, but Jefferson’s description of it in his letter to Madame de Tessé, December 8, 1813, makes identification clear. He calls it “the memoirs of Mrs Clarke and of her Darling prince.”
37. T.J. to Madame de Tessé, December 8, 1813, Ford, 11: 361.
38. Ibid.
39. T.J. to Joseph Milligan, October 17, 1814, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
40. Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals, 1: 36.
41. T.J. to John Vaughan, February 5, 1815, Washington, 6: 417; T.J. to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 14, 1815, Washington, 6: 427.
42. T.J. to Samuel Harrison Smith, February 27, 1815, quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, 99.
43. William Matheson, “George Watterston: Advocate of a National Library,” Librarians of Congress, 58.
44. Frederick R. Goff, “Freedom of Challenge: The Great Library of Thomas Jefferson,” Thomas Jefferson and the World of Books: A Symposium Held at the Library of Congress, September 21, 1976 (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1977), 12.
45. T.J. to George Watterston, May 7, 1815, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
46. Ibid.
47. Jefferson at Monticello, 109.
48. Quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, 104.
49. T.J. to Joseph C. Cabell, February 2, 1816, Cabell, 52.
50. Randolph G. Adams, “Thomas Jefferson: Librarian,” in Three Americanists (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1939), 95.
Chapter 38: The Retirement Library
1. T.J. to John Adams, June 10, 1815, AJL, 443.
2. T.J. to George Ticknor, July 4, 1815, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
3. George Ticknor to T.J., November 25, 1815, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
4. T.J. to George Ticknor, February 8, 1816, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
5. T.J. to George Ticknor, June 6, 1817, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
6. T.J. to David B. Warden, February 27, 1815, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
7. T.J. to Thomas J. Rogers, December 1823, quoted in Sowerby, no. 70.
8. R. H. Vetch, revised by Gordon L. Teffeteller, “Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas,” ODNB, 59: 631–635.
9. Leonard Barkan, “The Beholder’s Tale: Ancient Sculpture, Renaissance Narratives,” Representations 44 (1993): 156–157.
10. Robert C. Winthrop, Address and Speeches on Various Occasions, from 1878 to 1886 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1886), 499, retells a story he had heard from Daniel Webster, with whom he read law. Webster had heard the story from Jefferson when he visited Monticello in 1824.
11. Randall, 1: 301.
12. T.J. to John Adams, January 14, 1814, AJL, 425.
13. Francis Hall, Travels in Canada and the United States in 1816 and 1817 (Boston: Wells & Lilly, 1818), 229–230.
14. Ibid., 230.
15. T.J. to John Adams, August 10, 1815, and May 5, 1817, AJL, 452, 513.
16. Richard Harlan to T.J., June 10, 1825, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
17. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., “Harlan, Richard,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972), 6: 119–121.
18. Kevin J. Hayes, “Introduction,” Edwin Wolf II and Kevin J. Hayes, The Library of Benjamin Franklin (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society and the Library Company of Philadelphia, 2006), 30.
19. Samuel X. Radbill, ed., “The Autobiographical Ana of Robley Dunglison,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s. 53 (1963): 26.
20. Quoted in Peter Richmond, Marketing Modernisms: The Architecture and Influence of Charles Reilly (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001), 5.
21. Quoted in Peter J. Hatch, The Fruits and Fruit Trees of Monticello (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998), 145.
22. T.J. to Robert Patterson, September 11, 1811, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
23. E. D. Lilley, “Stendhal,” The Dictionary of Art, ed. Jane Turner, 34 vols. (New York: Grove, 1996), 29: 629–630.
24. Ekkehart Krippendorff’s parallel biography, Jefferson und Goethe (Hamburg: Europaïsche Verlagsanstalt, 2001), though provocative, ignores Jefferson’s knowledge of Goethe’s Faust.
25. Percy Bysshe Shelley to John Gisborne, April 10, 1822, The Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Frederick Jones, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), 2: 376, 407.
26. T.J. to Nicholas P. Trist, June 14, 1822, Thomas Jefferson Correspondence: Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William K. Bixby, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (Boston, 1916), 272.
27. Alan Richardson, “Byron and the Theatre,” Cambridge Companion to Byron, ed. Drummond Bone (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 139–141.
28. Ellen Wayles Randolph to Nicholas P. Trist, March 30, 1824, FLP.
29. Charles Brockden Brown to T.J., December 25, 1799, Papers, 31: 275.
30. T.J. to Charles Brockden Brown, January 15, 1800, Papers, 31: 308.
31. W. Jennings, trans., The Foundling of Belgrade (New York: D. Longworth, 1808), 9. The copy at the University of Virginia is inscribed, “to His excellency, Thomas Jefferson.”
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32. Jonathan Gross, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Scrapbooks: Poems of Nation, Family, and Romantic Love Collected by America’s Third President (Hanover, N.H.: Steerforth Press, 2006), 414–418.
33. Randall, 3: 448; Memorandum Books, 2: 1274; National Intelligencer, October 3, 1811; Henry Tutwiler, “Thomas Jefferson,” Southern Opinion, October 17, 1868.
34. Randall, 1: 28.
35. T.J. to Nathaniel Burwell, March 14, 1817, Washington, 7: 102.
36. T.J. to Baron Lescallier, June 14, 1817, Thomas Jefferson Correspondence, 229–230.
37. Ellen Randolph Coolidge to Henry S. Randall, 185?, Randall, 3: 346.
38. Quoted in Randall, 3: 404.
39. T.J. to Joseph Coolidge, Jr., January 15, 1825, The Jefferson Papers, 1770–1826 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1900), 340.
40. For an excellent study of this work, see Stanley R. Hauer, “Thomas Jefferson and the Anglo-Saxon Language,” PMLA 98 (1983): 879–898.
41. Gross, Thomas Jefferson’s Scrapbooks, 163.
42. R. S. Maclay, Life among the Chinese: With Characteristic Sketches and Incidents of Missionary Operations and Prospects in China (New York: Carlton & Porter, 1861), 23.
Chapter 39: The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
1. T.J. to Thomas Law, June 13, 1814, EG, 356.
2. Nathaniel P. Poor, Catalogue: President Jefferson’s Library (Washington, D.C.: Gale & Seaton, 1829), lot 491.
3. Thomas Jefferson, “On the Writings of the Baron d’Holbach on the Morality of Nature and That of the Christian Religion,” Free Enquirer 2 (1830): 102–103.
4. “On the Writings of the Baron d’Holbach,” 102–103.
5. T.J. to Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, April 25, 1816, EG, 369.
6. T.J. to William Short, April 13, 1820, EG, 392.
7. T.J. to Charles Thomson, January 9, 1816, EG, 364–365.
8. T.J. to Margaret Bayard Smith, August 6, 1816, EG, 376.
9. T.J. to Matthew Carey, September 1, 1816, Jefferson Papers (DLC); T.J. to John Adams, October 12, 1813, AJL, 386.
10. T.J. to Matthew Carey, November 11, 1816, Jefferson Papers (DLC).
11. Francis Adrian Van der Kemp to T.J., March 24, 1816, EG, 366–367.
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