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The Whisperers

Page 93

by Orlando Figes

Manchuria, Japanese occupation, 235, 370, 371

  Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 75, 173, 190, 431, 526, 587–8, 622

  Mandelshtam, Osip, 190, 252–3, 400, 622

  denunciation, 280

  Mankov, Arkadii, 156, 171, 255, 257

  Mannheim, Karl, 187

  Marian family, 129–30

  Mariupol, Germans attack (1942), 390

  Markelova, Galina, 185

  marriage bogus, for living space, 173–4

  as bourgeois convention, 30

  as camouflage, 137–8

  certificates, 161

  civil, 10

  de facto, 10

  encouraged in 1930s, 161

  with foreigners, 493

  inherited fear and, 649–51

  labour camps, 566–71

  patriarchal, 8

  secrecy in, 649–50, 653

  Martinelli family, 553–4

  Marx, Karl, 8, 463

  Master and Margarita, The (Bulgakov), 622–3

  Matveyev, Vladimir, 426

  Mazina, Antonina, 450, 451

  Medvedev family, 127–8

  Medvezhegorsk labour camp, 195–6

  Meir, Golda, 493

  memoirs, 633–7

  Memorial Society, 587, 634n

  memories borrowed, 634

  intermingling with myth, 633

  suppression, 604

  traumatic, 634

  Mensheviks, 3n, 18, 39, 218

  Merridale, Catherine, 607, 637

  Meshalkin family, 650–51, 651, 654

  Mesunov, Anatoly, 111

  Metropol’, 626–7

  Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 280

  Mezhrabpomfilm studios, 167–8, 195, 198, 366, 557

  MGB, 464, 465, 515, 521, 564

  See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU

  Miachin, Ivan, 265

  middle class

  NEP and, 7

  post-war, 470–73

  Soviet, emergence, 157–63

  Mikheladze family, 364

  Mikhoels, Solomon, 68, 493, 494, 496, 536

  Mikoian, Anastas, 137, 460, 538, 540

  Military-Medical Academy, Petrograd, 13

  military purges (1946–8), 464–5, 625 (1930s), 237–9, 383, 422, 615

  Miller, Henry, 499

  Milosz, Czeslaw, 472

  minorities deportation and execution (1937–8), 240–41

  post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

  Minsk Front, 411

  German forces capture, 381

  recapture (1944), 441

  seizure of power (1917), 164

  Minusova, Vera, 26, 26, 27, 643, 643–4, 649

  Mironov, Mikhail, 329–30

  Mirsky, Dmitry, 193, 194

  Mogilyov battle (1941), 628

  jail, 205

  Moiseyenko, Mitrofan, 181–2

  Moiseyev family, 254

  Molostvov, Mikhail, 646

  Molotkov, Boris, 264

  Molotov (V. M. Skriabin), 379, 481, 522

  and Beria, 537

  and Great Terror, 239, 249, 594

  Khrushchev and, 538, 604

  and Piatnitsky, 231–2

  Mongolia Japan’s imperial ambitions, 371

  under Soviet influence, 371

  MOPR, see International Society of Workers’ Aid morality Communist, 244

  subordinated to needs of Revolution, 33

  Morozov, Pavlik, 122–5, 126, 129, 261

  cult, 124–5, 129, 162, 297, 300, 303, 341

  Moscow Arbat area, 148, 149, 293, 512

  Architectural Institute, 215

  Avtozavod Station, 151, 151

  battle for (1941), 330, 384, 392–3, 394, 395, 419

  Bolotnaia Square, 65

  Bolshevik seizure of power (1917), 511

  Bolshoi Theatre, 66, 163

  Butyrki jail, 75, 215–16, 250, 261, 285, 308, 310, 311, 324, 395

  citizens’ defence, 420

  Comintern Hotel, 168–9

  Committee of Artists, 293

  communal apartments, 174–7

  Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343

  Dinamo, 532n

  Electromechanical Institute, 478

  Energy, 214–15 energy supplies, 165

  Experimental School (MOPSh), 297

  Film School, 475, 564

  First Meshchanskaia St, 66, 70

  food, 170–71, 392

  Gorky Film Studios, 574, 575

  Gorky Literary Institute, 198, 199, 200, 259, 267–8, 369, 374, 408, 486, 487

  Gorky Street, 150, 158, 189, 484, 498, 608

  Historical-Literary Society, 634n

  Hotel Lux, 231

  House on the

  Embankment, 163, 219, 228, 241–2, 249, 324

  housing shortage (1930s), 120, 149, 152–3, 172

  informers, 258

  Institute of Economics and

  Science, 650

  Institute of Soviet Law, 204

  Jewish population, 68

  Jewish Theatre, 493, 494, 496, 515, 536

  Kamerny Theatre, 376

  Kremlin Hospital, 521

  labour camps, 151

  Lefortovo prison, 311, 515

  Lenin Komsomol Theatre, 374, 375, 376

  Lenin Mausoleum, 150, 447

  living space, 172

  Lubianka prison, 284, 606

  Maiakovsky Station, 151, 151

  Master Plan for Reconstruction, 149–50, 189

  Memorial Society, 587, 634n

  Metro system, 149, 150–51, 468

  NEP and, 6, 65

  Palace of the Soviets, 150, 151

  pay rates, 171

  Pedagogical Institute, 510

  Polytechnic Museum, 489

  population growth (1930s), 149poverty (1930s), 119–20

  Power Engineering Institute, 562

  private housing, 153, 160–61

  propaganda, 149

  Red Square, 150

  Revolution Day parade (1941), 393

  Riabushinsky mansion, 194

  St Basil’s Cathedral, 150

  School No. 19, 297–8

  show trials (1937–8), 237–8

  Soviet Theatre, 609

  Sretenskaia Street, 66

  Stalin Factory, 444, 512, 515, 536, 538, 539

  State Yiddish Theatre, 68

  Sukharevka market, 64, 65

  as symbol of socialist

  utopia, 189

  Third House of Soviets, 177–9, 182

  Tverskaia (later Gorky) St, 43, 150, 189

  victory celebrations, 446–7, 465n

  wartime destruction, 457

  Yeliseyev store (Grocery No. 1), 158

  Young Guard publishing house, 336

  Zubov Square, 71, 74–5, 148, 539

  Moscow Soviet, 314

  and city reconstruction, 149, 150

  ‘condensation’ policy, 175

  Moscow University, 214–15, 435, 468, 474, 510

  Moscow–Volga canal, 111, 151, 206, 213

  Mosgaz Trust, 165, 379, 381 Moskva journal, 612&n, 622, 623

  mothers, working, 11–12

  Motovilikha steelworks, 287

  Mozhaisk, 292, 360

  Muravsky, Valentin, 542–8, 543

  Murmansk Railway, 338

  Museum of the Armed Forces, 619

  Muslim nationalism, 290, 291

  MVD, 486, 512, 548

  deceives relatives of executed prisoners, 582–3

  formation (1946), 464

  labour camp guards, 468

  murders, 493

  official’s suicide, 588

  Political Department, 571 See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU

  names, Soviet, 11n, 31

  nannies, 47–50, 48–50

  Narkomfin house, Moscow, 10, 14

  nationalism ‘Jewish’, 499, 509–10, 584

  Muslim, 290, 291

  Soviet-Russian, 487, 509

  xenophobic, 487, 493

  ‘nationalists’, post-war arrests, 467, 468,
469

  ‘national operations’, 235, 240–41

  Nazi movement, 37

  anti-Semitic propaganda, 509

  propaganda, 420

  Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381

  Neiman, Julia, 433

  Nekrasov, Viktor, 619n

  Nenets people, 210

  NEP, see New Economic Policy Nestorova, Maria, 528

  Netto, Igor, 532n

  Netto, Lev, 469, 530, 531–2, 533, 579

  Nevskaia, Veronika, 323–4, 323

  New Economic Policy (NEP), 6–7, 75, 443, 466

  ‘bourgeois’ culture and, 7, 16, 157

  campaign against, 71–5

  class war halted by, 62

  collective farms in, 83

  and family, 9

  and grain shortage (1920s), 72

  housing ownership rights, 71

  introduction (1921), 6–7, 93

  market mechanism, 6, 65, 83

  overturning, 71–5, 224

  peasants and, 52, 86

  support, 154

  working class resentment, 66, 508

  New Year customs, 146n, 163

  New York Times, 597

  Nicholas II, Tsar, 162

  Nikitin family, 287–8

  Nikolaev, Mikhail, 125–6, 341–3, 559–60

  Nikolina Gora, 163, 286

  Niva-GES hydro-electric

  station, 313, 314

  Nizhny Novgorod, 71, 74, 244

  Nizovtsev, Pyotr, 11–13, 48, 264

  NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 216, 431, 557, 631

  arrests, opposition to, 283

  ‘blocking units’, 413

  career advancement, 208, 283

  children’s labour colonies, 329

  and child runaways, 343

  complaints to, 459

  corruption, 283

  Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343

  evidence, fabrication, 231, 234, 235, 237

  and families of ‘enemies’, 316

  and Great Terror (1937–8), 239, 240, 242

  Gulag administration, 208, 426, 631

  informers, recruitment, 180, 258–66, 259, 270, 271, 445, 478–81, 587

  Katyn massacre (1939), 373

  OGPU merger, 113

  partisans unit, 469

  recruiting grounds, 341

  reorganization (1946), 464

  and student dissent, 462

  torture, use, 303, 427–9 in troikas, 283

  Trotsky murders, 248

  victims’ passivity, 242

  and wartime labour, 423, 424

  See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; OGPU

  Nomonham Incident (Khalkin Gol), 370–71, 373, 374

  Norilsk labour camp complex, 313n, 327, 426–31, 549, 565

  conditions, 426–7, 429

  Gorlag prison, 530–34

  labour force, 327, 430, 468–70

  mineral reserves, 327, 426

  post-Gulag, 638, 639–41 uprising (1953), 529, 530–34, 579

  wages, 470

  Norkina, Maia, 330–31

  Not by Bread Alone

  (Dudsintsev), 592, 615

  Novikova, Minora, 177, 182, 186

  Novoseltseva, Roza, 275, 439

  Novyi mir journal, 483, 484–5, 486, 489, 497, 499, 590, 591, 592, 593, 615

  Obolenskaia, Aleksandra, see Ivanisheva, Aleksandra

  Obolenskaia, Daria (‘Dolly’), 61, 201–2, 203, 573

  Obolenskaia, Liudmila (later Tideman), 61, 201, 202, 203, 573–4

  Obolenskaia, Sonia, 61, 202, 203, 204, 573

  Obolensky, Leonid, 56

  Obolensky, Nikolai, 61

  Obolensky family, 56, 58, 201–4

  Obruchev, Vladimir, 12

  Obukhovo village, 50, 51, 52, 53, 76–81, 121, 586, 654–6

  kolkhoz, 76, 93–4, 146

  ‘October children’, 21

  October Revolution (1917), see Revolution (1917)

  OGPU (political police), 32–3, 80, 81, 112, 195, 216, 349

  Cultural-Educational Department, 198

  informers, recruitment, 39, 144‘kulaks’, quotas, 87, 144

  and labour camps, 112, 113, 114, 116

  NKVD merger, 113

  on peasants, 84

  searches, 62, 140–41

  ‘special settlements’, 93, 100

  and White Sea Canal tour (1933), 192, 194 See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; NKVD Oklander, Sofya, 567

  Okorokov family, 108–10

  Okudzhava, Bulat, 552–3

  Okunevskaia, Tatiana, 402&n

  Old Believers, 48n, 215, 242, 264

  Old Bolsheviks, 230, 281

  Great Purge (1937), 154, 155

  mass arrests, 231&n

  seen as Jews, 420, 508

  show trials, 235, 248

  spartan cult, 14–19, 30, 157, 161

  Olgino, dacha resort, 55, 56, 208, 209, 213

  Olgino orphanage, 339–40

  Olitskaia, Yekaterina, 46–7Omsk, 283, 354, 388, 389, 525, 629

  Agricultural Institute, 354

  Factory No. 174

  strike, 458–9

  One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

  (Solzhenitsyn), 604–5

  Oparino orphanage, 338

  Orakhelashvili, Ketevan, 364–5, 365

  Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 267

  Orenburg, 201, 202, 203, 573

  Orlov, Vladimir, 520

  Orlova, Liubov, 557–8

  Orlova, Raisa, 188–9

  Orlova, Vera, 176–7

  orphans bullied, 319, 335, 340

  damaged, 335

  labour, 342

  mutual support groups, 340

  names, changed, 125–6, 316, 327, 342

  numbers, 99, 329, 335 See also children’s homes, orphanages

  Orsha, 65, 66, 382

  Ortenberg, David, 420, 506–7Osipenko, Polina, 377

  Osipovichi, Belarus, 106, 108, 260

  Osorgin family, 253

  Ostrovsky, Nikolai, 43n

  Ozemblovsky family, 26–7, 39, 49–50 (49), 105–8, 260–61

  Palchinsky, Pyotr, 196n

  Pale of Settlement, 49, 65, 68, 69, 70, 511

  Panova, Vera, 622

  Panteleyev, Aleksei, 13

  Paramonova, Nina, 177, 179

  parents history, secrecy, 391–2, 646–7, 652, 654

  loss, 319

  renunciation, 295, 343–4, 349

  reunited with children, 108, 449–54, 544–58, 560, 561–5, 571

  role, 162

  Partisan Tales

  (Zoshchenko), 491

  Party Ethics (Solts), 31–2, 37

  ‘Party Maximum’, 17, 18, 42

  Party members arrest (1930s), 238, 273, 330, 594

  arrogance, 393

  austerity, 14–19, 30, 158, 161

  autobiographies, 35

  child care, 47

  children of, 32–3

  denunciation, 36, 306

  double-life, 37–8

  duties, 33–4

  engineers, 153

  and family life, 161

  as husbands and fathers, 11

  inspection and control, 34–40Jews, 68

  and Khrushchev’s speech (1956), 597

  ‘kulaks’ barred, 355–6

  and mass arrests, 281

  personality submerged in Party, 34–5

  private conduct/convictions, 34, 36

  purge (1933), 157

  qualifications, 32, 34–5, 36

  questionnaires, 35

  rehabilitation, 578, 579–80

  religious observance, 47

  salaries, 17, 18

  selfless dedication to Party, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9 sexual promiscuity, 11

  struggle, cult of, 73

  suspicion, divertment, 653 vydvizhentsy elite, 155–7, 160

  wartime, 385

  Western infuences on, 443

  See also elite (Soviet) passports, internal, 98–9, 104, 110, 137, 149, 174,
273

  Pasternak, Boris, 190, 268, 431, 484–5, 593&n

  Patolichev, Nikolai, 188

  patriotism, 413–14, 419, 620

  local, 393, 419, 420, 639

  poetry and, 401, 414–15

  Pavlov, General Dmitry, 411

  peasants age, 126

  arrest, 82

  and collectivization, 76–7, 83, 84–93, 92–4, 96–7, 128–9

  communes, 51

  complaints, 154

  cultural/generation gap, 126

  emancipation (1861), 51, 77

  as ‘family’, 50–51

  family farms, eradication, 81–7, 94

  famine (1921), 5

  and grain market, 72, 82

  hired labour, 86

  individualism, 50

  as industrial labourers, 98, 172

  literacy, 126

  livestock, slaughter, 93, 96

  and NEP, 6, 86

  Party war against, 83–6

  percentage of population, 50

  as ‘petty-bourgeoisie’, 82

  and prices, 72

  and private property, 84, 94, 97

  rebellions (1921), 5, 6

  revolution (1917), 81, 92–3as rural proletariat, 82

  social class, 78

  spending power, 467

  strikes, 442

  taxes on, 86, 95

  trades and crafts, 52

  traditionalism, 50, 53, 76, 77, 84, 87, 126, 127

  union with, 72

  urban migration, 98–9, 118–19, 120, 121, 126–7, 128, 172

  wartime trade, 467

  work ethic, 52, 86 See also‘kulaks’

  peat industry, 22, 165

  penal battalions, 413

  People’s Courts, 70

  Peredelkino, 256, 484, 500, 503

  perekovka,

  see‘reforging’

  Perekovka (journal), 195, 196

  Perepechenko, Elizaveta, 547–8

  Perm (Molotov), 252, 287, 303, 316, 317, 356, 652

  food shortage (1941), 318–19Pedagogical Institute, 475

  post-war, 455, 458‘Trotskyists’, arrest (1936), 580

  personal appearance, 15–16, 158–9

  personal hygiene, 159, 175

  personal life idea, promotion, 160

  sacrificed, 30, 158

  Pestovo, 121, 145

  Peter the Great, 488

  Petropavlovsk-Kamchatny jail, 331

  Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 484

  Petrovzavodsk concentration camp, 338‘petty bourgeois’ family as, 20

  habits, eradication, 15

  social impurity, 136‘

  philistine byt’, 15, 16

  Piatakov, Georgii, 237, 276

  Piatakov, Iurii, 34, 197

  Piatnitskaia, Julia, 227–9, 229, 232–3, 249–51, 288–9, 307–15

  Piatnitsky, Igor, 228, 229, 249, 289, 314, 315

  arrest, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311

  denunciation, 231, 232

  and Osip’s arrest, 233, 307

  trial, 312–13n

  Piatnitsky, Osip, 228–30, 229, 244, 249

  arrest, 227, 233, 249, 288, 307, 308, 312

  at Comintern, 228, 229–32, 232

  torture, 309, 310–11

  Piatnitsky, Vladimir, 228, 229, 231n, 241, 249, 297, 309

 

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