The Whisperers
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bullied, 289
and Osip’s arrest, 307–8
turns himself in, 313–14
Piatnitsky family, 228–9, 288–9
pilots, 376–7, 416
Pilsudski, Marshal Jozef, 241
Pioneers, 20, 25–8, 39, 45, 480
aim, 27
confidence, 46, 126
exclusion from, 26, 142, 146
as family, 125
function, 129
in labour camps, 359
militarism, 417
and renunciation, 300
‘reviews’, 27
and sense of acceptance, 341, 343, 349
‘work plans’, 27
Pirozhkova, Vera, 438
Podlubny, Stepan, 143–5
poetry
patriotism and, 401, 414–15
Socialist Realism, 397, 400
wartime, 396–401
Poland
German invasion (1939), 372
invasion of Russia, 164, 241
invasion of Ukraine, 240–41
reluctance to allow Soviet troops, 372
Soviet invasion of (1939), 372, 373
uprising (1862–4), 55
wartime devastation, 456n
Poles post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
seen as spies, 240
Politburo
collective leadership, 536
decree against History of European Philosophy, 492
and forced labour, 113, 117
internal passport system, 98
and ‘kulaks’, 87, 93
Leningraders in, 465–6
purge (1933), 155
and Zhukov, 465
Pollitt, Harry, 229
Polovyk, Vasily, 375
Poloz family, 218–23
Popov, Yevgeny, 626–7
Popovkin, Yevgeny, 622
Portugalov, Valentin, 268
Potapov, Pyotr, 244
Potma labour camps, 331, 449, 450, 511, 561, 570, 650
Potupchik, Ivan, 124
poverty after arrests, 234, 249–51, 318, 405, 563
equality in, 181
hierarchy of, 171
post-war, 458
socialism and, 158
urban, 7
POWs, see prisoners-of-war
Pozern, Boris, 333–4‘
Prague Spring’, 623
Pravda, 93, 143, 159, 191, 397, 434, 490n, 491, 495, 498, 522, 527, 528, 592
Preobrazhensky family, 54
Priazhka Psychiatric
Hospital, Petrograd, 54
prices, inflation, 72, 467
Priestley, J. B., 482
priests arrest, 85, 113, 347, 348
social exclusion, 136, 137
under Soviet regime, 54
Prishvin, Mikhail, 251, 255–6, 257–8, 440
prisoners amnesty (1945–6), 467, 468
amnesty (1953–4), 530, 534, 535–7, 538, 539, 542, 552–73
amnesty (1956), 424
attitudes towards, 575
camp marriages, 566–71
children, conception, 364, 570
commitment to Soviet ideal, 578
compensation, 580–81
contribution to economy, 638, 640
correspondence, 142, 203, 218, 220–22, 224–6, 278, 311, 322, 359, 360–61, 368
demand for human dignity, 532–3, 534
effect of labour camps on, 553–60, 563, 571–2
employment on release, 575–6
and family, 218
fear of rearrest, 605–7
friendships, 565–72
Gulag change in values
and priorities, 218
housing on release, 572–5
informers, confronted, 583–9
in labour force, 467
loyalty to regime, 360
memoirs, 633–7
murder (1937–8), 234
patriotic pride, 447
political, 536, 538, 575
politics on release, 561–3, 564–5
promotion, 208‘redeeming guilt’, 425
rehabilitation (1953–7), 576–80
release certificates, 572, 573, 576
secrecy about fate, 581–3
silence on release, 560, 564, 565, 599–604, 605–7
speaking out, 598–9
and Stalin’s death, 529–31, 532–4
stoicism, 607
unknown crimes, 241
visits, 517
work for Gulag after release, 213, 214–15, 567, 576 See also
‘reforging’ (perekovka)
prisoners-of-war (POWs) Axis nationalities, 467
‘filtration camps’, 469, 531
German, 467
Soviet, 469–70, 531
US camps, 531
privacy, 161, 173
communal apartments
and, 180, 182–4 private housing, 152
private life, 7
public scrutiny, 34–40, 160, 183, 474
rejection of idea, 160
subordination to Party, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9, 19
private property attitudes towards, 168, 169
eradicated, 5, 9
peasants’ loss, 97
return to (mid 30s), 158
Prokofiev, Sergei, 492
Proletarians of Zion, 70
‘proletariat’ dilution, 136
portrayed as ‘big family’, 162
propaganda, 111, 113, 131, 273–4, 275, 341
Provisional Government (1917), 3n, 18
pseudonyms, use by Jewish writers, 519–20Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 43, 166, 195, 254
Pukhova, Nadezhda, 120–21
purges, 508
Academy of Sciences, 208‘class enemies’, 137
culture of, 36, 137
denunciation as, 36
Great Purge (1937), 154, 239, 240, 283, 540
innocence and, 34
as inquisition into souls, 33
intensified (1933–), 155, 157, 192
Jews, 517, 519
Komsomol (1938), 376
legal academics, 205
meetings, 36–7, 268, 269, 369, 376, 473, 492
military (1937–8), 237–9, 289, 383, 422, 615
military (1946–8), 464–5, 625
origins, 34
targets of, 34
Writers’ Union, 505, 519
Pushkarev, Lev, 414
questionnaires (anketa), 35, 344, 354, 436, 473, 474, 475, 478, 510, 548, 598, 601, 654, 662
Rachkovaia, Maria 323–4Radchenko family, 3n, 22–4 (23), 73, 165
Radek, Karl, 237, 246
RAPP, see Russian Association of Writers
rationing, 5, 39, 74, 119, 423
Razgon, Lev, 310, 629–30Razumikhina, Zina, 55
Red Army
abandoned children with, 387–8Civil War, 4, 13, 35, 54, 58
commanders arrested (1941), 411
counter-offensive (1941–2), 393, 441
criticism and debate in, 434, 439–43equipment, 422–3Fourth, 395
invades Poland (1939), 373
invincibility, 371‘kulaks’ banned from front line, 355
losses (1941–2), 381–3, 386–7, 410, 420–21 military command, 422, 615
Party control, 422
portrayed as ‘big family’, 162
post-war purge, 464–5, 625
purge, 237–8, 289, 383, 422, 615
recruiting grounds, 341
reform movement, wartime, 441–3 retreat (1941), 381–4, 382, 411, 416
size, 441
Third, 382, 399
women in, 4, 417–19 See also soldiers Red Army Theatre, 500
Red Arsenal Factory, Leningrad, 155n
Redens, Stanislav, 284–5Red Guards, 3, 164
Red Putilov factory, Leningrad, 30
Reds and Whites, children’s game, 24–5Red Terror (1918), 5, 57–8‘reforging’ (perekovka), 205–7, 211, 212, 213, 215
failure, 206–7importance, in Gulag system, 101, 117
‘kulak�
�� children, 353
writers and, 193–4, 196, 197–8, 200
refuseniks, 646
rehabilitation, 576–80compensation and, 580–81 need for, 578, 579
process of, 577
Reifshneider family, 177, 182, 183
religion campaign against, 5, 7, 68, 127
family conflict over, 45–6
relaxation of controls on, 435, 437
secret observance, 46–7, 61
transmission, 44–6 See also Church, Russian Orthodox; priests renunciation, by children, 130–32, 300–304, 343–4, 349, 475–7repentance, Party and, 35, 244
Republic of Shkid (Belykh), 12–13residence, rights of, 98, 573–4, 652–3Revolution (1905), 3
Revolution (1917) ascetic culture, 158
fundamental goal, 4
intelligentsia and, 593
internationalism, 67
Jews and, 65
utopian projections, 187Revolution Betrayed, The (Trotsky), 157
Riazan, 47, 49, 50, 58, 61, 201, 293
Military School, 58
Right Opposition (1930s), 154, 230
Riutin, N. N., 154
Rodak, Maia, 277–80Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 193
Rokossovsky, General Konstantin, 395, 465
Romashkin, Vasily, 27–8, 29–30, 640, 640
Roskin, Gregorii, 492
ROVS, see Russian General Military Union Rubina, Liubov, 445–6
Rublyov family, 90–91, 104–5, 105, 526
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP), 132, 256
Russian Empire, anti-Semitism, 508
Russian General Military Union (ROVS), 240
Russians, cultural/political superiority, 487
Rykov, A. I., 154, 230, 238, 438
‘saboteurs’, arrest, 113
sacrifice, military, as ideal, 487
sacrifice, personal cult of, 416
post-war, 467
readiness for, 416–17, 419
Revolution and, 30, 158
Sagatsky, Aleksandr, 548–52, 551
St Petersburg (later Petrograd and Leningrad), 3, 18, 365, 430
Sakharov, Andrei, 541n
Sakharov, Nikolai, 265
Salisbury, Harrison, 492–3Saltykov, Leonid, 476–7, 642, 642–3Salyn, Eduard, 283
samizdat literature, 605, 634, 635, 647
Samoilov, David, 416, 443–4Samoyeds, 210
Saratov, 38, 63, 139, 141
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 499
satirists, Soviet, 489
Sazonov family, 175, 184
Sbitneva, Svetlana, 525–6
schools, Soviet and change in children’s values, 32, 126
curriculum, 20
exclusion from, 142, 294–5, 330, 345
humanitarian teachers, 294–8 and ‘kulak’ children, 142, 145–6
‘Lenin corners’, 21, 24
Marxism, role, 20
peasants in, 126
population, 471
primary role, 20, 24
progressive, 21–2propaganda, 273–4 sciences ‘anti-Soviet elements’, repressive measures, 492
Soviet achievements, 487–8Scout movement, 25
Search and Requisition, children’s game, 25
Second World War (1941–45), 379–87, 392–4anti-Stalin songs, 434
Belorussian Front, 381, 441, 442
Briansk Front, 395, 399, 410
censorship in, 371, 383, 443, 464
Church in, 414
citizens’ defence, 420
as defining event, 618
demographic consequences, 456–7devastation caused, 455–8evacuees, 387, 388–92factories transported east (1941), 388, 423
food shortages (1941), 392
German retreat, 421–2German surrender, 446
government evacuated to Kuibyshev (1941), 392
industrial reorganization, 422–3Kerch offensive (1942), 395, 410‘labour army’, 423–5as ‘liberation’, 431–46memories, 618–20Minsk front, 411
national unity in, 419–20, 440
newspapers, 619
Operation Little Saturn, 418, 421
Operation Uranus, 418, 421
‘panic-mongerers’, war on, 381, 383, 385–6patriotism in, 413–15as people’s victory, 615–16, 617, 618
propaganda, 383, 401, 411, 413–14, 624–5railways built, 423
rationing, 423
rumours, spread, 384
South-West Front, 418
Soviet counter-offensive (1941–2), 393
Soviet losses (1941–2), 420–21, 616, 625
Soviet mortality, 456–7Soviet retreat (1941), 381–4, 411, 416
as spiritual purification, 440–41‘spontaneous de-Stalinization’ (1941–3), 432, 618
Stalin’s role, 615–16, 619
Ukrainian Front, 418–19, 441
victory, 446–9, 617, 618–20 Voronezh lost (1942), 410
Western Front, 386 See also Great Patriotic War Semashko, Nikolai, 14
Semyonova, Anna, 279
Serebrianyi Bor, 165
Serov, Anatoly, 376–7Serova, Valentina, 375, 375–8, 482, 484
alcoholism, 402, 608
breakdown, 609–10 divorce from Simonov, 608–10Simonov and, 375, 377–8, 394–7, 401–3, 403, 609 Stalin and, 377
Severnaia Zemlia, 214, 276
sexual attitudes, 11, 161
Shalamov, Varlam, 117, 566, 607, 635
Shaltyr ‘special settlement’, 100–103, 121, 122, 145, 656
Shaporina, Liubov, 241
Shaw, G. B., 482
Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 401
Shcherbov-Nefedovich, Irina, 386
Sherbakova, Irina, 587, 635
Shklov, German capture (1941), 382
Shklovsky, Viktor, 193, 194–5‘shock labour’, 159n, 212
Sholokov, Mikhail, 519Short Course, The (Stalin), 156, 354, 511
shortages chronic, 6, 170, 171–2 private trade and, 171–2 (1920s), 66, 72
wartime, 438
Shostakovich, Dmitry, 492, 495n
show trials, 33, 230, 235, 237–8, 248, 276
Shreider, Mikhail, 283–5, 358
Shtakelberg, Iurii, 584–5Shtein, Galina, 548–52, 551 Shtern, Yevgeniia, 435
Shuvalova, Elena, 462
Shweitser, Viktoriia, 559–60Siberia anti-Semitism, 420
exile to, 55, 87, 90, 95, 128, 215, 349, 424, 543, 555
grain, 82
Japan’s imperial ambitions, 371‘kulak operation’, 240
‘kulaks’, 82, 88, 99, 100, 108
labour camps, 88, 93, 100–101, 112, 113, 117, 206, 332, 333, 349, 357, 430, 475, 602
mineral resources, 112, 113, 208
rumoured Japanese invasion, 240
Virgin Lands Campaign, 544
silence children, 254
ex-prisoners’, 560, 564, 565, 599–604, 605–7 trauma, perpetuating, 607
Simonov, Aleksei, 370, 377, 401, 406, 447, 512–15, 514, 517, 535, 539–40, 592, 611, 617
health, 405, 512–13 political views, 614–15relationship with
Simonov, 513–14, 612–14
Simonov, Kirill (Konstantin), 60, 195–204, 199, 406, 407, 409, 416, 443, 483, 492, 495, 504, 507, 592, 617, 627
and Akhmatova, 490, 491
and ‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign, 496–501, 507, 518–19
and arrests review, 280
and Borshchagovsky, 497–501
broken relationships, 610–11career, 199, 201, 266, 270
caution, 486–7censorship, 621
childhood, 58–64, 61 conscience, 503
death, 627, 628–9Dolmatovsky, denunciation, 269–70, 369
education, 139, 141, 198, 199, 200
factory work, 139, 141–2, 613
foreign visits, 481–2 and Great Terror, 266–7, 270–71 and hate campaign, 414
importance, wartime, 401
informed on, 259
and intellectuals who
avoided ‘struggle’, 490–91 and Ivanishev, 58–9, 406
/>
and Koshchenko, 490, 491–2 and Laskin family, 612
liberalization, 622–7
liberal writers, attack on, 591, 592–3lifestyle, 483–4 literary talent, 198, 199, 269
at Literaturnaia gazeta, 483, 518–19, 520, 591
marriage to Larisa Zhadova, 608, 611
marriage to Valentina Serova, 401–2, 403, 608–9
marriage to Natalia Tipot (Sokolova), 198, 369
marriage to Zhenia Laskina, 198, 369–70, 370, 378, 517
as moderate conservative (1956–64), 616
mother’s criticism, 403–6 and Nazi–Soviet Pact, 373–4
at Novyi mir, 483, 484–5, 486, 489, 497, 499, 591, 592, 593, 615
as parent, 513–15, 612–14 and Pasternak, 484–5patronage, exercise, 485–7, 518, 574–5personal appearance, 199, 409, 483, 484, 507
political obedience, 278, 501–6, 507–8, 519, 612
pressured to inform, 267–8, 270–71 proletarian identity, 197, 203
public duty, sense of, 503
recycles love poems, 369, 377–8 and ‘reforging’, 197–8, 200
and relative’s arrest, 278
remorse, 622, 624, 625, 629
self-censorship, 506
self-criticism, 269, 506
and Serova, 375, 377–8, 394–7, 401–3, 403, 609
social origins, 56–7, 60–62, 63, 64, 139, 141, 197, 198, 199, 268
as Soviet deputy, 457
and Stalin, 266, 385, 409, 410–11, 503–6, 591, 593, 595, 611, 615, 621–2, 624–5, 626
Stalin and, 497
and Stalin’s death, 522–3, 524
success, 401, 415, 481, 482–3
support for regime, 60, 64, 141, 198, 204, 270, 406, 409, 410, 411, 507, 510, 616, 622, 624–5
and ‘thaw’ (1956–64), 615, 616
as war correspondent, 370–71, 381–4, 394, 399, 406–12, 446
wartime archive, 620n
whispering campaign against, 520
and White Sea Canal, 195–7
in Writers’ Union leadership, 482–3, 489
writings banned, 621
and ‘Zhdanovshchina’, 487, 489–90, 491, 506
WORKS: Alien Shadow, 505; Days and Nights, 419, 482; ‘Father’, 59; ‘Five Pages’, 369; Four Is, 627–8; ‘The General’, 200; ‘Horizon’, 198; A Hundred Days of War, 621; ‘Ice Battle, 270; If Your House is Dear to You (film), 621; ‘Kill Him!’, 414–15; The Living and the Dead, 383, 411, 614, 615–16, 619n; ‘New Year’s Toast’, 201; ‘Ode to Stalin’, 591; ‘An Open Letter to the Woman of Vichuga’, 399; ‘Parade’, 270; ‘Pavel Chorny’, 198; ‘Photograph’, 370; The Russian People, 415; Smoke of the Fatherland, 503–5; So
It Will Be, 449; Soldiers Are Not Born (film), 621; A Soldier Went (film), 620–21; ‘Tank’, 371; Through the Eyes of a Person of My Generation, 628; Various Days of War, 621; Wait For Me (film), 397; ‘Wait For Me’, 378, 396–401, 403–4, 449, 482; ‘The White Sea Canal’, 195;
With You and Without You, 400; A Young Man from Our Town, 374–5, 377