The Whisperers
Page 95
Simonov, Mikhail, 57
Simonova, Aleksandra (daughter), 611, 612, 626–7Simonova, Aleksandra (née Obolenskaia, later Ivanisheva), 56–8, 140–41, 142
Simonova, Maria (Masha), 403, 608, 609, 610–11Siniavsky, Andrei, 605
Sinilov, K. R., 393
Sinkevich, Zinaida, 609–10Skachkov, Pyotr, 46
Skachkova, Maria, 46
Skachkova, Nadezhda, 174
slave labour, 112, 468, 641 See also labour camps; prisoners ‘slave rebellions’, 529–30Slavin, Ilia, 69–70, 204–7, 206
arrest, 245–7, 293
death, 582–3 and perekovka, 205–7Slavin, Isaak, 70
Slavin family, 69–70, 71 Slavina, Esfir, 70, 71, 293–4, 360–61, 555–6, 556 Slavina, Ida, 247, 540, 555–6, 556, 582–3childhood, 28, 69, 70, 71, 204–5, 206
parents’ arrest, 245–7, 274–5, 293, 294, 360
schooldays, 22, 294–5, INDEX
296, 345–7, 346, 360, 361
SLON, see Solovetsky Camp of Special Significance Slutsky, Boris, 652
Smeliakov, Iaroslav, 487, 529
Smidovich, Sofia, 35
Smirnov, Fyodor, 531
Smirnov, I. N., 154, 219
Smirnov, Ivan, 248
Smith, Hedrick, 432, 435
Smolensk, 133, 134, 305
bombing, 457
German capture, 383, 386, 429
Pedagogical Institute, 132
Sobolev, Ivan, 121
social acceptance, children’s desire for, 341, 343, 345–7, 352–3, 354, 355–6
social class, manipulation, 136–47 social hierarchy, 159, 171
Socialist Realism, 188, 200, 397, 400, 590, 592
Socialist Revolutionary Party, 38n, 39, 47, 218, 224
Sofronov, Anatoly, 496
Sokolniki Industrial School, Moscow, 67
Sokolova (Tipot), Natalia, 198, 369, 498
Sokolovskaia, Aleksandra, 248
soldiers bravery, 411, 412–17, 419, 422
comradeship, 420–21criticism and debate, 434, 439–43 determination to fight, 411, 412, 415–16female, 417–19 future expectations, 441–2medals awarded, 422
memories, 620–21 penal battalions, 413
power on battlefield, 433
return home, 448–9 wartime executions, 411, 413
Western influences, 441–3 and wives’ fidelity, 397–401, 448
wounded, 448, 456
Solomein, Pavel, 125
Solovetsky Camp of Special Significance (SLON), 81, 112–13, 114, 116, 121, 219, 338–9, 390
efficiency, 112–13Gorky’s praise, 194
Solts, Aron, 16, 31–2, 37, 288
Solzhenitsyn, A., 285–6, 604–5, 623, 634, 635, 636
Soviet Information Bureau, 383
Soviet Procuracy, 283, 536, 537, 538–9Soviet regime, atheism, 46, 54
bureaucracy, 32, 187
chaos of, 234, 235
collapse (1991), 581, 601, 629, 641, 652
conduct in war, 615, 618
consolidation, 81, 159
crimes, exposure, 594, 604–5criticism of, 385, 458–64 currency reform (1947), 467
and dancing, 159
denunciation culture, 36
as deviation from Marxist principles, 531
and educated middle class, 470–72, 476
elite, 153, 156, 159, 265, 661‘enemies’, 131, 214, 234–5, 240, 275, 444, 464
ethnic scapegoating, 420
family metaphor, 162
and family values, 160, 161, 162
and famine, 98
Five Year plans and, 81, 111, 172
glasnost, 652
and Gulag, 112, 529–30, 534
and Jews, 420, 493, 614
justification, 618
Komsomol ethos, 30
legacies of, 645
and Leningrad intelligentsia, 488
loyalty to, 61, 77, 139, 153, 355, 360, 393
mutual surveillance in, 265
and Norilsk, 427
opposition to, 154, 201, 263, 283, 385, 426, 460, 461, 463, 468, 530, 599
peasants and, 82, 93, 99
private sphere, control, 561
propaganda, 125, 341, 401, 444
questioning, 439, 444
‘shock labour’, 159n
silent collusion with, 190, 266–7, 276, 502
Simonov’s support, 60, 64, 141, 198, 204, 270, 406, 409, 410, 411, 507, 510, 616, 622, 624–5
‘slave rebellions’, 529–30
specialists in, 35, 56, 213
traders and, 75
urban nature, 126
values, 186, 188, 618
wartime criticism of, 434, 438–40, 442, 443, 444–6
wartime relaxation, 432, 434, 435, 437–8
wartime victory and, 618
and women, 163–4
writers and, 256, 270, 590
Soviet Union air force, 376
and Allies, 443
anti-Semitism, 420, 508–12, 518, 521, 570, 646, 647, 648
border conflict with Japan, 371
Britain, negotiations with (1939), 372
collective leadership, 536
cultural/political superiority, 487
ethnic divisions, 420
foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236
international threat (1937–8), 235–6
invasion of Baltic States (1939), 372–3
invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), 541n
invasion of Finland (1939), 373
invasion of Poland (1939), 372, 373
joins League of Nations (1934), 229
Lend-Lease Agreement, 443
mineral reserves, 113, 327, 426, 427, 533, 639
national unity, wartime, 419–20, 440
speed of change (early 1930s), 189
wartime devastation, 455–8
See also Russia; Soviet regime
Spain, Popular Front government (1936), 230
Spanish Civil War, 200, 230, 236, 267, 373, 376
Spaso-Yefimeyev Monastery, Suzdal, 224
‘special settlements’, 87, 88, 101 conditions in, 100–103
escapes from, 105–10
for ‘kulaks’, 93, 100, 353
population reduction, 102
runaways from, 242
wages, 354
spoilt biographies, see biographies, spoilt
SR, see Socialist Revolutionary Party
Stakhanov, Aleksei, 159n
Stakhanovism, 159 & n, 416, 427, 429, 430, 640
Stalin, Iosif
and Afinogenov, 256
agricultural policy, 82, 83–4, 93, 564
and Akhmatova, 489
‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign, 494–503, 508, 509, 518, 521, 625
belief in, 275, 300, 460
body moved from Lenin’s Mausoleum, 604
on bourgeois culture, 7
breakdown (1941), 384
and Bukharin, 72, 74
bureaucrats, 156, 157
children, 161n
children’s loyalty to, 300, 303, 341, 342, 344
Civil War humiliation, 240–41
and Civil War virtues, 73
and collective responsibility of family, 248–9
and Comintern, 230–31, 234
on Communists, 31
and consumerism, 158, 159
as ‘counter-revolutionary’, 579
crimes, exposure, 538, 575, 593–6, 597–9, 614, 615, 646
criticism of, 154, 263, 446, 460
cult, 162, 270, 296, 341, 342, 433, 434, 461, 477, 527, 560–61
death (1953), 496, 522–30, 524, 547
as Defence Commissar, 386, 422
and Doctors’ Plot, 521
economic policy, 5, 72, 73–4, 187
evacuates government to Kuibyshev (1941), 392
executions, 234, 238–9, 248, 311
family policy, 161&n, 162
on father’s guilt, 295&n
fear of war (1937–9), 235–6, 371, 372
and forced labour, 112, 467
/>
foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236
game-playing, 508
German invasion, unpreparedness for, 381, 383, 384–5
‘great break’, 84
and Gulag system, 468, 526
industrialization, forced, 81, 83, 111, 113, 165, 564, 565
innocent victims, 275, 279, 599
and JAFC, 494
and Japan, 236, 371
and Jews, 493, 515, 518, 519, 521
and Kirov murder, 236&n, 264
and Komsomol, 30, 376
on Kondratiev, 224
and Kosaryov, 376
‘kulaks’, war against, 82, 84, 86, 87, 240
leadership destabilized (mid 30
s), 153–5
and Leningrad, 465, 488
loyalty, rewarding, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265
mass arrests, review (1939), 279
Moscow, support for (1941), 393
and Moscow Reconstruction, 149, 150, 151
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381
and NEP, 72, 73, 508
nostalgia for, 641–4
opposition to, 197, 219, 230, 237, 253, 264, 461, 462–3, 551
Order Number 270, 411
Order Number 227 (‘Not One Step Backwards!’), 413, 414
paranoic fear of ‘enemies’, 154–5, 236
and peasants, 84
and Piatakov, 34
and Piatnitsky, 231&n
and Poles, 240–41
post-war political clampdown, 464–6, 487
on private property, 158
and ‘reforging’, 193
reputation, 605
and resistance to Communism, 191
rise, 71
on Russians, importance, 487
and satire, 489
on selflessness, 2
and Serova, 377
Short Course, The, 156, 354, 511
and Simonov, 402, 491, 497, 498, 504, 505
on socialism, 158
and Soviet writers, 192
and Spanish Civil War, 230, 236
and ‘struggle’, 73–4, 124, 191
support, 352, 410–11, 433, 463, 475, 477, 480, 507, 560
and victory, 447
view of politics, 236
and ‘Wait For Me’, 401
wartime leadership, 383, 384–5, 386, 392, 393, 395, 410, 411, 413, 422, 605, 615–16, 619
Western influences, campaign against, 488
and White Sea Canal, 114
and Zhukov, 465
See also Great Terror (1937–8)
Stalin Factory Affair, 515, 536, 538
Stalingrad (later Volgograd)
battle (1942), 412, 413, 418, 419
mourning site, 619
post-war gender imbalance, 457
Soviet counter-offensive, 418
Stalinsk, 110
Starostin, Andrei, 532n
state commission stores, 172, 333
State Museum of Modern Western Art, 492
Stavsky, Vladimir, 267–8, 269, 270, 280–81, 371
steel, production, 426, 427
Stepan Razin (Zlobin), 507–8
Streletsky, Dmitry, 87–9, 103, 275, 297, 353–6, 355
Streletsky, Iurii, 387–8, 477–8
Streletsky, Nikolai, 89
Streletsky family, 103
Stroikov family, 215, 216–17, 292–3
students
as informers, 478–81
post-war dissent, 460–64
post-war expansion, 471
recantations, 268
Subbotniki, 27n
Sukhobezvodny labour camp, 349, 350
Surkov, Aleksei, 414, 506, 520
surveillance
level of, 258
mutual, 35, 37, 180
system of, 34–40, 174, 180, 264, 385, 464, 605
See also informers
survival mechanisms, 601
conformism strategy, 277, 472–8
memories, suppression, 604
Suslov, Mikhail, 619, 625
Suzdal special isolation prison camp, 38
Sverdlov, Iakov, 3, 4
Sverdlovsk, 395
Mining Institute, 354
University, 436
synagogues, closure, 68
Tagirov family, 290–92 (291)
Taishet labour camp, 430
Taisina, Razeda, 251
Tambov uprising (1921), 38
Tatars, 290, 420
Tatlin, Vladimir, 622
Tbilisi (Tiflis), 161n, 350, 351, 387–8, 391, 477, 545, 546, 645
Tbilisi University, 552
teachers, humanitarian, 294–8
technical specialists
correspondence permitted, 327
demand for, 118, 153, 210, 214, 436
Tell, Vilgelm, 254
Temnikovsky labour camp, 357, 559
Tetiuev family, 39–40 (40), 347–9
‘Thaw’ (1956–64), 383, 433, 486, 561, 562, 593, 611, 619
accepted understanding of, 599
literature and, 504, 590–91
reversed, 616–17
and Stalin’s victims, 604–5
Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 590–91
theatre, Soviet, 494–5
critics denounced, 494, 496
Tideman, Liudmila, 573–4
Tideman, Maximilian, 201
Tikhanov, Aleksandr, 336, 337
Tikhanova, Valentina, 16
Timashuk, Lydia, 521
Timoshenko, Marshal S. K., 386
Timur and His Team (Gaidar), 417
Tipot, Natalia, See Sokolova, Natalia Tito, Josip, 402n
Tolmachyov, V. N., 113, 154
Tolmachyovo orphanage, 339
Tolstoy, Aleksei, 193
Tolstoy, Leo, 12, 499, 532n
Tomsk labour camp, 357
Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich, 197
Torchinskaia, Elga, 303, 444–5, 527, 528
Torgsin shops, 172
torture, use, 142, 248, 272, 283, 284, 303, 310–11
trade, private, 171–2
eradicated, 5–6, 65
legalized (1921), 6, 65
nationwide assault on (1927–), 71
resentment of, 66
shortages and, 171–2
taxed, 66, 71, 79
traders
arrest, 113
social exclusion, 136, 137
‘Trans-Pacific Counterrevolutionary Organization’, 331
troikas, 282–3, 305
Trotsky, Aleksandr, 248
Trotsky, Leon, 58, 69, 181, 469
defeat, 71
expulsion, 31
on family breakdown, 11
followers repressed, 214, 223, 237, 277, 595
and industrialization, 72
and Kronstadt mutiny, 6
Left Opposition, 154, 219, 230, 237
on policy change (mid30
s), 160
Revolution Betrayed, The, 157
sexual politics of families, 164
on women’s role, 163–4
Trotsky family, 248
Trubin family, 602–4 (603)
trust, Great Terror and, 298–313
truth
based on experience, 273
Party, 273
Revolutionary, 190–91
subjective, 191
Tselmerovsky, Lev, 300
Tukhachevsky, Marshal M. N., 237, 245, 272, 278, 298, 642
Turkin family, 252, 287, 303, 579, 580
Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 132–6, 523, 591
Tvardovsky family, 132–6
Tychina, Pavlo, 452
Uborevich, General, 237
Uglitskikh, Ivan, 118, 119, 553, 576
Ukraine
anti-Semitism, 509
Hitler and, 386
mortality (1930–33), 98
nationalist partisans, 427
Pioneer Organization, 570
post war famine, 457
Soviet rule, 218, 537
wartime
, 418–19, 427–8
Ukrainians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
Ulbricht, Walter, 597
unemployment, 438
Union of Contemporary Architects, 10, 152
United Labour Schools, 20, 22–3
United Opposition, 72, 237
United States
Israeli alignment with, 493, 494
Jews seen as allies of, 509
Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443
POW camps, 531
Simonov visits (1946), 481–2
See also Cold War
universities
admission to, 435–6, 473, 510
‘kulak’ children excluded, 142, 145, 301
post-war expansion, 471
Urals labour camps, 87, 88, 89
‘special settlements’, 93
Ustiuzhna, 79, 80, 81
utopia, Communist, 187–9
Vaigach expedition (1931), 209–13
Vaigach Gulag, 55
values
schools and, 32–3
wartime change, 432, 440
Vavilov, Nikolai, 502
Vavilov, Sergei, 502
Vdovichenko, Viktor, 497
Venivitinov, Dmitry, 229
Verkneuralsk prison camp, 219, 222
Verzhbitsky, N. K., 384, 385, 392
Vesnin Brothers’ architectural workshops, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152
Vetlag Gulag complex, 349
Vetukhnovskaia, Roza, 385–6
VGIK, see All-Union State Film Institute Viatka labour camps, 511, 529, 606
Victory Day, 618, 619–20
vigilance
lack of, 129, 239, 249, 259, 262, 268
as Soviet virtue, 87, 143, 265, 281, 519
Virag, Terez, 645n
Virgin Lands Campaign, 543–4, 547, 561
Vishlag pulp and paper mill, 116, 117, 118, 214–15
Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 443
Vishniakova, Nina, 28–9
Vitkevich, Maria, 606
Vitkovsky, Dmitry, 114
Vittenburg, Pavel, 55–6, 113, 208–14, 209, 212, 275–6
Vittenburg family, 55–6, 56, 208–14, 217
Vladivostock, Siberia, 55, 331–2
Vlasov, Vladimir (Zikkel), 475
Vlasova, Olga, 475
Voitinsky family, 18–19 (19)
Volga–Don Canal, 468, 591
Volga Germans, 420
in labour army, 424
social exclusion, 137
Volkonskaia, Elena, 44n
Vologda region, 52, 79, 100
Volovich, Hava, 362–4
Vorkuta labour camps, 248, 329, 515, 517, 535
friendships, 566
uprising (1953), 529
Vorobyov family, 327–9 (328)
Voronezh, 75
Komsomol, 126
loss (1942), 410
post-war gender imbalance, 457
Voroshilov, Kliment, 77, 231, 536, 538, 594
Voshchinsky, Mikhail, 148, 148, 152
Voznesensky, Aleksandr, 463, 466
Voznesensky, Nikolai, 466
Vyshinsky, Aleksandr, 235
vydvizhentsy, 155–7, 160, 170–71
wall-newspapers, 143