Power, for All
Page 30
7 Bertrand Russell, Power: A New Social Analysis (London: Allen and Unwin, 1938); Dennis Wrong, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses (New York: Harper & Row, 1979).
8 See, for example, John R. P. French and Bertram Raven, “The Bases of Social Power,” in Studies in Social Power, ed. D. Cartwright (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1959), 150–167.
9 Manuel Castells, “A Sociology of Power: My Intellectual Journey,” Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016): 1–19.
10 Richard M. Emerson, “Power-Dependence Relations,” American Sociological Review 27, no. 1 (1962): 32.
11 Edna B. Foa and Uriel G. Foa, “Resource Theory: Inter-personal Behavior as Social Exchange,” in Social Exchange: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, and R. H. Willis (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 78–79.
12 Peter Morris, Power: A Philosophical Analysis, 2nd ed. (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002).
13 See, for example, Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald Salancik who applied Emerson’s exchange theory of power-dependence relations to organizations in their book, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
14 See, for example, Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1977); Joseph Nye, The Future of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011).
15 Wrong, Power, xxii.
16 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1998), 63.
17 See Talcott Parsons, “On the Concept of Political Power,” in Sociological Theory and Modern Society, ed. T. Parsons (New York: The Free Press, 1967).
18 Mary Parker Follett, Dynamic Administration: The Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett, eds. H. C. Metcalf and L. Ur-wick (New York–London: Harper & Brothers, 1942).
19 Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York: Harcourt, Inc., 1970).
20 Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice: On the Significance of Ludwig Wittgenstein for Social and Political Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972): 276–77.
21 Pamela Pansardi, “Power to and Power over: Two Distinct Concepts of Power?” Journal of Political Power 5, no. 1 (2012): 73–89.
22 For reviews of research on power in psychology, management, political science, sociology, and philosophy see Adam D. Galinsky, Derek D. Rucker, and Joe C. Magee, “Power: Past Findings, Present Considerations, and Future Directions,” in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relationships, eds. Mario Mikulincer and Philip R. Shaver, vol. 3 (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015): 421–60; Peter Fleming and André Spicer, “Power in Management and Organization Science,” Academy of Management Annals 8, no. 1 (2014): 237–98; William Ocasio, Jo-Ellen Pozner, and Daniel Milner, “Varieties of Political Capital and Power in Organizations: A Review and Integrative Framework,” Academy of Management Annals 14, no. 1 (2020): 303–38; Marshall Ganz, “Speaking of Power” (Gettysburg Project, 2014); Archon Fung, “Four levels of Power: A Conception to Enable Liberation,” The Journal of Political Philosophy 28, no. 2 (2020): 131–157; Roderick Kramer and Margaret Neale, Power and Influence in Organizations, 1st ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1998); Amy Allen, “Rethinking Power,” Hypatia 13, no. 1 (2020): 21–40; Stewart Clegg, David Courpasson, and Nelson Phillips, Power and Organizations (London: SAGE, 2006); Gerhard Göhler, “ ‘Power to’ and ‘Power over,’ ” in Sage Handbook of Power, eds. S. R. Clegg and M. Haugaard (London: SAGE, 2009) 27–40; Rachel E. Sturm and John Antonakis, “Interpersonal Power: A Review, Critique, and Research Agenda,” Journal of Management 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 136–63.
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
2008 financial crisis, 118, 126
48 Laws of Power, The (Greene), 19
Aakash’s story, 82–84
abuse of power, 21, 37, 43, 110–13
access to valued resources changing power balance, 8–13, 194
collective choices, 195
expanding networks for, 194
Ning’s story, 61, 63–64
personal data surveillance, 151–54
purposeful use of technology and, 148, 150
reclaiming democratic power, 197
Adbusters, 118
Age of Surveillance Capitalism, The (Zuboff), 152
agitation, 118–20, 137, 154, 195, 196, 238n7
agricultural revolution, 142
AI Now Institute, 160
Aladdin, x
algorithms, 148–51, 153, 158–60
Alighieri, Dante, 41
Alinsky, Saul D., 20
Allegory of Good and Bad Government, The (Lorenzetti), 165
Allen, Danielle, 186
Alphabet Workers Union, 157–58
altruism, 26, 30–31, 36–38, 55, 196
Amazon, 112, 152, 153, 157, 159
Amnesty International, 156
Andersen, Lene Rachel, 187, 188, 258n83
Anderson, Cameron, 211n25, 212n10, 212n13, 230n12, 250n3
Anderson, Elizabeth, 177
antitrust legislation, 11, 159
apartheid, 117
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 218n18, 220n34
Apple, 113, 151, 153, 157, 158
Arab Spring, 109, 117, 118
Ardern, Jacinda, 53–54
Arendt, Hannah, 96
Argentina’s marriage equality story, 131–37, 242n34
Argentine LGBT Federation, 133–37, 242n34
Aristotle, 55, 57
artificial intelligence (AI), 148–49
Associação Saúde Criança (Instituto DARA), 28
attention economy, 152–53
attraction strategy, 8–11, 9, 12, 194
Austen, Jane, 46
authoritarianism, xvii, 36–38, 43, 122, 152, 185
authority-power relationship, 66–68, 69–70, 73
#BalanceTonPorc, 137
Banaji, Mahzarin R., 231n19, 231n20, 233n48
Banerjee, Abhijit V., 114
Barefoot College’s innovation, 144–46, 148, 161
Bastida, Xiye, 121–24
Beard, Mary, 101
Beauvoir, Simone de, 102
belonging, 2, 7, 58, 82, 105, 118, 133, 168, 187, 194, 221n40 See also valued resources: affiliation
benefit corporations (B-Corps), 176
Bentham, Jeremy, 151, 245n30
Berners-Lee, Tim, 147, 148
betweenness, 79–81, 79, 153
Bhatia, Karan, 157
bias algorithmic, 150–51
fundamental attribution error, 16
negativity bias, 19
status quo bias, 74
confirmation bias, 88
See also stereotypes, racism, gender inequality
BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color), 88, 117, 151, 196
Björkman, Tomas, 187, 188, 258n83
Black Lives Matter movement, 117, 139, 141, 147–48
Black Voters Matter Fund, 190
Blau, Peter M., 261n4
Bloomberg, Michael, 130
Boards of Directors, 66, 86–89, 91–92, 128–130, 157, 169, 174–177, 188
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 47
Bourdieu, Pierre, 231n26, 232n34
Brass, Daniel J., 226n12
Brave New World (Huxley), 164
Brock, Timothy, 135
Brodsky, Greg, 162–63
Brown, LaTosha, 190–91
Browner, Carol, 80, 81, 84
Buddhism, 32–33
Buffett, Warren, 114
Buolamwini, Joy, 150
Burke, Tarana, 137
Burt, Ronald S., 227n25, 228n36, 236n66
Business Roundtable, 175–76
Caesar, Julius, 101
Cailliau, Robert, 147, 148
Capital (Marx), 110
Carnegie, Andrew, 110–11
Caro, Robert A., 14–15
Carus, Titus Lucretius, 41
caste system, 91–92
Castells, Manuel, 199, 231n26, 239n2, 261n9
Catholic Church, 131, 135
certified coaches, 5, 209n4
change-makers, 74, 78
Channapatna artisans, 47, 50
chattel slavery, 91–92
checks on power, 165–92 collective responsibility, 189–92
employee representation, 177–82
organizational power sharing, 167–73, 191–92
oversight and accountability, 173–77
societal power sharing, 182–84, 192, 256n63
structural limits, 165–66
See also civic education and engagement, civic vigilance
Chenoweth, Erica, 124
Chomsky, Noam, 219n25, 257n77
Cialdini, Robert B., 210n15, 227n23
Citizens United, 118
civic education and engagement, 184–88
civic vigilance, 184–86, 192, 257n74, 257n79
Civil Rights Act, 14
Clegg, Stewart, 236n64, 262n22
Cleisthenes, 182, 256n63
climate science, 45–46
Clinton, Bill, 80
Coats, Michael, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171
Code of Hammurabi, 100–01
codetermination, 181
Cohen, Joshua, 257n75, 259n96
collective action consolidation strategy, 11–12, 111, 112
Google employees story, 154–58
keeping power in check, 192
power distribution responsibility, 195
shifting power balance and, 115, 178–79
collective movements, 117–39 agitation, 118–20, 137, 154, 195, 196, 239n6
digital technology and, xvii, 137–39, 154–58, 242n40
innovation, 119–20, 125–30, 147–49, 154, 195, 196
orchestration, 119–20, 131–37, 154, 195, 196
public agenda and, 120–25
shifting power balance, 115
collective orientation, 32, 36, 195
collective responsibility, 189–92
Community Interest Companies, 176
concentration of wealth, 162, 175–76, 189–90
confirmation bias, 88
Confucius, 55
consolidation strategy, 8, 9, 11–12, 111, 112, 142, 194
Contract with America (Gingrich), 80
Cook, Tim, 158
cooperatives, 162–63, 179–81
Cordeiro, Vera, 27–29, 33, 38–39, 166
Courpasson, David, 247n57, 262n22
COVID-19, 38, 49, 176
Creighton, Mandell, 24
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), 162, 164, 249n79
Crozier, Michel, 225n6
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 42
Cuddy, Amy J. C., 224n76
cultivation of empathy, 30–33, 36, 38, 135, 195
cultivation of humility, 30, 34–36, 36, 38, 195, 215n55
Dahl, Robert A., 259n98, 261n2
Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward (Lord Acton), 24
dangers of hubris awareness of impermanence, 38
cultivating humility and, 30, 34–36, 36
Greek myths of, 23
power sharing and accountability reinforced, 39, 166, 172–73
Davis, Gerald F., 253n31, 253n32, 255n44
De Beers, 11–13
Declaration of Independence, 189
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 125–26, 189
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen (De Gouges), 125–26
democracy, xiv, xvii, 68, 91, 156–58, 182–93, 197–98 See also civic education and engagement, participative democracy initiatives, separation of powers
democratization of firms, 181, 197
democratization of power, 162–64, 197
demographic diversity, 168
DeSantola, Alicia, 169
Descartes, René, 146, 243n10
Developmental Path to Power, 36
Diamond, Jared M., 243n4
Diana (princess of Wales), 30
digital era power fundamentals, 141–64 algorithms and machine learning, 148–49, 150
big tech control, 148–54
control of algorithms, 149–51, 153, 159–61
control of personal information, 151–53, 158–59, 190
democratization of power, 162–64, 197
laws and regulations, 158–62
technology’s impacts on, 143–48, 190
timelessness of, 142–44
World Wide Web, 147–48
digital revolution, 147–54, 162–63
Dimaggio, Paul J., 233n46, 235n64
disability, xiii, 4, 104, 193
discrimination, 104, 132, 156, 170–71, 252n22 See also bias, gender inequality, racism
Disney, Abigail, 114
disruption of power, 108–15, 141–54 distributive change, 108–9, 143–44, 147–48, 150–54, 168–72
imbalances and, 111–15, 158
motivation and opportunity convergence, 109–12
See also hierarchies of power
distribution of power challenges to, 108–9
critical aspects of, 150–54
equitable and diverse, 168–72, 193–94, 197
technological change and, 143–44
World Wide Web and, 147–48
domestic workers’ Bill of Rights, 179
DoorDash, 179
Dorsey, Cheryl, 104–6, 107, 108
Dorsey, Jack, 153
Douglas, Mary, 229n1
Duflo, Esther, 114
Durkheim, David Émile, 223n58
dynastic rule, 91–92
Echoing Green, 107
Edmondson, Amy C., 35
Egyptian revolution (2011), 118
Eichmann, Adolf, 95, 96
elements of power, xvi–xvii, 2–3, 16, 39–40, 192, 194, 195
Elliott, Jane, 92–94, 99
Emerson, Richard M., 200, 210n10, 211n21, 261n10
empathic accuracy, 31
empathy, 30–33, 36, 38, 97, 98, 195
Enlightenment, 109
Enlightenment Now (Pinker), 146
Enron, 174
Epic Games, 113
Epicurus, 55
equitable power distribution, 168–72, 193–94, 197
ethical decisions on power, 20
eugenics, 102–3
European Union, 159, 248n67
evolutionary psychology, 49
expansion strategy, 8, 9, 12–13
experience of power, 22–25
Facebook, 152, 153, 157, 159, 184, 248n66
facial recognition algorithms, 150, 160, 161
fallacies of power, xii–xiv, 16, 20, 70 See also positional power fallacy, possession of power fallacy, power is dirty fallacy
Fallone, Meagan, 146, 161
Farage, Nigel, 52
fascination for power, x–xii
Ferreras, Isabelle, 181, 254n42, 255n44, 256n58, 256n59
Festinger, Leon, 213n30, 223n67
Fiske, Susan T., 218n16, 224n76
Fligstein, Neil, 235n63, 235n64
Floyd, George, 92
folk-Bildung, 187–88, 258n84
Follett, Mary Parker, 8
foot-binding, 48, 57, 220n33
formal power and networks, 70–71, 71
Foucault, Michel, 151, 202, 245n30, 261n16
Founding Fathers of the United States, 183
French Revolution, 47, 109
French Yellow Vests, 117
Frick, Henry Clay, 110
Fridays for Future, 56, 121–25
Friedman, Milton, 46, 219n27
fundamental attribution error, 16
fundamentals of power, xvi–xvii, 2–3, 16, 39–40, 192
, 194, 195
Fung, Archon, 259n96, 262n22
g0v (gov zero), 191
Galinsky, Adam D., 211n7, 212n13, 217n11, 222n48, 230n12, 230n14, 230n18, 231n24, 232n39, 237n72, 240n15, 262n22
Galton, Francis, 102
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 56, 119, 124
Ganz, Marshall, 122, 139
Garza, Alicia, 139
Gates, Bill, 114
Gates, Melinda, 114
Geddes, Patrick, 102
Gelfand, Michele J., 67, 225n4
gender inequality, 91–92, 101–02, 106–08
gender solidarity, 4–8, 85–87
gene editing technology, 162, 249n79
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 159
Gergen, David, 24
gig economy, 163, 179, 181
Gingrich, Newt, 80
Giridharadas, Anand, 114
global climate strike (2019), 121–23
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 127
global warming, 45–46, 120–25, 163 renewable energy, 144–46
Godfather II, The, 77, 227n21
Google employees story, 154–58
Epic Games and, 113
European legislators, 159, 248n66
privacy policies lawsuits, 159
Project Dragonfly, 156
Project Maven, 155, 156
search history, 124
user data and, 152–54
Gottfried, David, 127
Gouze, Marie (Olympe de Gouges), 125–26
Government of the Nine, 165, 166, 250n2
Gramsci, Antonio, 186–87
Grant, Adam M., 215n55
Great Depression, 9, 114
Great Society, 14
Green, Melanie C., 135
Greene, Robert, 19
greenhouse gas effect See global warming
Grimanis, Lia, 1, 4–8, 10, 20
Gruenfeld, Deborah H., 212n7, 230n12, 230n14
Grunitzky, Claude, 228n39
Gutenberg, Johannes, 142, 143
Hammurabi (Babylonian king), 100
Harari, Yuval Noah, 243n3, 245n31, 250n85
Harry, Prince (Duke of Sussex), 30
Harvard Study of Adult Development, 49
Heimans, Jeremy, 141
Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain (O’Toole), 52