Raising Humans in a Digital World

by Diana Graber

  24.“U.S. News Best High School Rankings,” U.S. News & World Report (2017). Retrieved on December 2, 2017 from https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/rankings-overview.

  25.Oppenheimer, Todd, “Schooling the Imagination,” The Atlantic (September 1999). https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/09/schooling-imagination/309180/.

  26.Jenkin, Matthew. “Tablets Out, Imagination In: The Schools That Shun Technology,” The Guardian (December 2, 2016). Retrieved on December 2, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/dec/02/schools-that-ban-tablets-traditional-education-silicon-valley-london.

  27.“The Incredible Growth of the Internet Since 2000,” Solarwinds Pingdom (October 22, 2010). Retrieved on December 10, 2017 from http://royal.pingdom.com/2010/10/22/incredible-growth-of-the-internet-since-2000/.

  28.Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., and Roberts, D. F., “Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year Olds,” Kaiser Family Foundation (January 10, 2010). Retrieved on December 1, 2017 from https://www.kff.org/other/event/generation-m2-media-in-the-lives-of/.

  29.Shaheer Faltas (former Journey School administrator), in discussion with author, November 6, 2017. Used with permission.

  30.Graber, Diana, and Mendoza, Kelly, “New Media Literacy Education (NMLE): A Developmental Approach,” Journal of Media Literacy Education 4(1), 2012. Retrieved on December 22, 2017 from http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jmle/vol4/iss1/8/.

  31.Faltas, discussion.

  32.Lieu, Eric, “Why Ordinary People Need to Understand Power,” TED Ideas Worth Spreading (September 2013). Retrieved on November 27, 2017 from https://www.ted.com/talks/eric_liu_why_ordinary_people_need_to_understand_power.

  33.Ibid.

  34.Media Smarts Website. Retrieved on December 28, 2017 from http://mediasmarts.ca/digital-media-literacy-fundamentals/digital-literacy-fundamentals.

  35.Williams, Lauren, “Digital Literacy Yields Test Gains, Better Behavior,” District Administration (August 2015). Retrieved on December 3, 2017 from https://www.districtadministration.com/article/digital-literacy-yields-test-gains-better-behavior.

  36.“Plato, The Phaedrus—A Dialogue Between Socrates and Phaedrus Written Down by a Pupil of Socrates, Plato, in Approximately 370 B.C.” Digital Humanities (n.d.). Retrieved on December 2, 2017 from http://www.units.miamioh.edu/technologyandhumanities/plato.htm.

  37.Bell, Vaushan. “Don’t Touch That Dial!” Slate (February 15, 2010). Retrieved on December 15, 2017 from http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2010/02/dont_touch_that_dial.html.

  38.“Teaching Good Citizenship’s Five Themes,” Education World (n.d.) Retrieved on November 2, 2017 from http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr008.shtml.

  Chapter 1

  1.Aiken, Mary, The Cyber Effect: A Pioneering Cyberpsychologist Explains How Human Behaviour Changes Online (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2016), pp. 113–114.

  2.Rideout, V. “The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Kids Zero to Eight,” Common Sense Media (2017), p. 3. Retrieved on December 5, 2017 from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/csm_zerotoeight_fullreport_release_2.pdf.

  3.Kabali, Hilda K., Irigoyen, Matilde M., Nunez-Davis, Rosemary, Budacki, Jennifer G., Mohanty, Sweta H., Leister, Kristin P., and Bonner, Robert L., “Exposure and Use of Mobile Media Devices by Young Children,” Pediatrics 136.6 (November, 2015), peds.2015-2151; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2151. Retrieved on December 6, 2017 from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/10/28/peds.2015-2151.

  4.Wilson, Jacque, “Your Smartphone Is a Pain in the Neck.” CNN (November 20, 2014). Retrieved on November 27, 2017 from http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/20/health/texting-spine-neck-study/index.html.

  5.Kabali, H. et al., “Exposure and Use of Mobile Media Devices by Young Children,” Pediatrics 136.6 (2015): 1044–50.

  6.Hirsh-Pasek et al., “Putting Education in ‘Educational’ Apps: Lessons From the Science of Learning,” Association for Psychological Science, Vol. 16(1), 2015, pp. 3–34. DOI: 10.1177/1529100615569721.

  7.Shuler, C., “iLearn II: An Analysis of the Education Category of the iTunes App Store.” The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop (January 2012), p. 3. Retrieved on December 30, 2017 from http://www.joanganzcooneycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ilearnii.pdf.

  8.Courage, Mary, “Chapter 1- Screen Media and the Youngest Viewers: Implications for Attention and Learning.” Cognitive Development in Digital Contexts (2017), pp. 3–28. Retrieved on December 22, 2017 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094815000018.

  9.Kardefelt-Winther, Daniel, “How Does the Time Children Spend Using Digital Technology Impact Their Mental Well-Being, Social Relationships, and Physical Activity? An Evidence Focused Literature Review,” UNICEF (December 2017), p. 25. Retrieved on December 11, 2017 from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Children-digital-technology-wellbeing.pdf.

  10.Dr. Pamela Hurst-Della Pietra (founder and president of Children and Screens: Institute of Digital Media and Child Development), in discussion with author, December 13, 2017. Used with permission.

  11.United Nations Children’s Fund, “The State of the World’s Children 2017: Children in a Digital World.” UNICEF (December 2017), p. 3. Retrieved on December 14, 2017 from https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_101992.html.

  12.Lerner, Claire, and Barr, Rachel. “Screen Sense: Setting the Record Straight,” Zero to Three (2014), p. 1. Retrieved on December 22, 2017 from https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/1200-screen-sense-full-white-paper.

  13.Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, Alliance for Childhood, and Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children’s Entertainment, “Facing the Screen Dilemma: Young Children, Technology and Early Education,” Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (October, 2012), p. 6. Retrieved on December 11, 2017 from http://www.allianceforchildhood.org/sites/alliancefor childhood.org/files/file/FacingtheScreenDilemma.pdf.

  14.Louv, R., Last Child in the Woods: Saving our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (expanded and revised ed.) (New York: Algonquin Press, 2008), p. 48.

  15.Institute of Medicine, From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2004), p. 190.

  16.Begley, S., “Your Child’s Brain,” Newsweek, 127.8 (1996), pp. 55–61.

  17.Aiken, Mary, The Cyber Effect, p. 91.

  18.Radesky, Jenny S., et al., “Patterns of Mobile Device Use by Caregivers and Children During Meals in Fast Food Restaurants,” Pediatrics 133(4), April 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3703: e843–e849.

  19.Adamson, L., and Frick, J. “The Still Face: A History of a Shared Experimental Paradigm,” Infancy 4(4), 2003, pp. 451–473, DOI: 10.1207/S15327078IN0404_01.

  20.Fulwiler, Michael. “The Research: The Still Face Experiment,” The Gottman Institute (n.d.), Retrieved on December 6, 2017 from https://www.gottman.com/blog/the-research-the-still-face-experiment/.

  21.Aiken, Mary, The Cyber Effect, pp. 113–114.

  22.Hurst-Della Pietra, discussion.

  23.Kardaras, Nicholas, Glow Kids: How Screen Addiction is Hijacking Our Kids and How to Break the Trance (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016), p. 65.

  24.Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., Digiuseppe, D. L., and McCarty, C. A., “Early Television Exposure and Subsequently Attentional Problems in Children,” Pediatrics 113 (2014), pp. 708–713.

  25.Lillard, A. S. & Peterson, J., “The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children’s Executive Function,” Pediatrics 128(4), 2011, pp. 644–649.

  26.Anderson, Daniel R., and Subrahmanyam, Kaveri, on behalf of the Cognitive Impacts of Digital Media Workgroup, “Digital Screen Media and Cognitive Development,” Pediatrics 140 (Supplement 2) (November, 2017), S57–S61; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758C.

  27.DeLoache, J. S., Chiong, C., Vanderborght, M., Sherman, K., Islam, N., Troseth, G. L., and O’Doherty, K., “Do Babies Learn from Baby Media?” Psyc
hological Science 21 (2010), pp. 1570–1574. DOI: 10.1177/0956797610384145.

  28.Barr, R., and Hayne, H., “Developmental Changes in Imitation from Television During Infancy,” Child Development 70 (1999), pp. 1067–1081. DOI:10.1111/1467-8624.00079.

  29.Lerner, Claire, and Barr, Rachel, “Screen Sense: Setting the Record Straight,” Zero to Three (2014), p. 2. Retrieved on December 15, 2017 from https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/1200-screen-sense-full-white-paper.

  30.Myers, L. J., LeWitt, R. B., Gallo, R. E., and Maselli, N. M., “Baby FaceTime: Can Toddlers Learn From Online Video Chat?” Developmental Science 20 (July 2017). DOI:10.1111/desc.12430.

  31.Ibid., p. 1.

  32.“Building the Brain’s Air Traffic Control System: How Early Experiences Shape Development of the Executive Function,” Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, Working Paper, No. 11 (2011), p. 1. Retrieved on December 22, 2017 from https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/building-the-brains-air-traffic-control-system-how-early-experiences-shape-the-development-of-executive-function/.

  33.Anderson and Subrahmanyam, “Digital Screen Media and Cognitive Development,” pp. S57-S61.

  34.Diamond, A., “Executive Functions,” Annual Review of Psychology 64 (2013), pp. 135–168.

  35.“National Survey of Children’s Health,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (September 6, 2017). Retrieved on December 6, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/nsch.htm.

  36.Alderman, Lesley. “Does Technology Cause ADHD?” Everyday Health (August 31, 2010). Retrieved on December 15, 2017 from https://www.everydayhealth.com/adhd-awareness/does-technology-cause-adhd.aspx.

  37.Kardaras, Nicholas, Glow Kids, p. 125.

  38.Shelley Glaze-Kelley (Journey School educational director), personal interview with author, November 15, 2017. Used with permission.

  39.Glaze-Kelley, discussion.

  40.Hurst-Della Pietra, discussion.

  41.David Kleeman (vice president of global trends for Dubit), in discussion with author, February 20, 2018. Used with permission.

  42.Kleeman, discussion.

  43.“Technology and Interactive Media as Tools in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth Through Age 8, a Joint Position Statement.” National Association for the Education ofYoung Children and the Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media at Saint Vincent College (January 2012). Retrieved November 30, 2017 from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/topics/PS_technology_WEB.pdf.

  44.Dr. Chip Donohue (director of the technology in Early Childhood (TEC) Center at the Erikson Institute), email communication with author, December 5, 2017. Used with permission.

  45.“Key Messages of the NAEYC/Fred Rogers Center Position Statement on Technology and Interactive Media in Early Childhood Programs,” National Association for the Education ofYoung Children and the Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media at Saint Vincent College (2012). Retrieved on December 14, 2017 from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/topics/12_KeyMessages_Technology.pdf.

  46.American Academy of Pediatrics, “New Recommendations for Children’s Electronic Media Use,” ScienceDaily 21 (October 2016). Retrieved on November 29, 2017 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161021121843.htm.

  47.Donohue, email communication.

  48.Paciga, K. A. and Donohue, C., “Technology and Interactive Media for Young Children: A Whole Child Approach Connecting the Vision of Fred Rogers with Research and Practice,” Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media at Saint Vincent College (2017), p. 10. Retrieved November 30, 2017 from http://teccenter.erikson.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FRC-Report-2-1.pdf.

  49.Donohue, email communication.

  50.Davis, J., “Face Time: Class Acts,” Grok (October, 2000), p. 26–36.

  51.Newton, E., and Jenvey, V., “Play & Theory of Mind: Associations with Social Competence in Young Children,” Early Child Development and Care 181.6 (2011), pp. 761–73.

  52.“General Guidelines for Parents,” Children and Screens: Institute of Digital Media and Child Development (n.d.). Retrieved on December 15, 2017 from https://www.childrenandscreens.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/general-guidelines-for-parents.pdf.

  53.Donohue, email communication.

  54.Patti Connolly (school development specialist), in discussion with author, December 20, 2017. Used with permission.

  55.Connolly, discussion.

  56.Maheshwari, Sapna, “On YouTube Kids, Startling Videos Slip Past Filters,” New York Times (November 4, 2017). Retrieved on December 22, 2017 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/business/media/youtube-kids-paw-patrol.html.

  Chapter 2

  1.Rogers, Fred, You Are Special: Words of Wisdom from America’s Most Beloved Neighbor (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), p. 89.

  2.Molnar, Michele, “Half of K–12 Students to Have Access to 1-to-1 Computing by 2015–16.” Edweek Market Brief (February 24, 2015). Retrieved on December 2, 2017 from https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/half_of_k-12_students_to_have_access_to_1-to-1_computing_by_2015-16_1/.

  3.Sarigianopoulos, Rena, “Is Technology in Schools Making Our Kids Smarter?” KARE 11 (November 1, 2017). Retrieved on December 2, 2017 from http://www.kare11.com/news/is-technology-in-schools-making-our-kids-smarter/488159029.

  4.Ibid.

  5.Richtel, Matt, “A Silicon Valley School that Doesn’t Compute,” The New York Times (October 22, 2014). Retrieved on December 3, 2017 from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/technology/at-waldorf-school-in-silicon-valley-technology-can-wait.html.

  6.Jenkins, H., with Purushotma, R., Clinton, K., Weigel, M., and Robinson, A. J., “Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century,” The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning (2006). Retrieved December 12, 2017 from http://www.newmedialiteracies.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/NMLWhitePaper.pdf.

  7.Reilly, Erin, Jenkins, Henry, Felt, Laurel J., and Vartabedian, Vanessa, “Shall We Play?” USC Annenberg Innovation Lab (Fall 2012). Retrieved on December 23, 2017 from https://www.slideshare.net/ebreilly1/play-doc-01-15613677?from_search=3.

  8.Erin Reilly (CEO and founder of Reilly Works), in discussion with author, December 11, 2017. Used with permission.

  9.Reilly, Erin, Jenkins, Henry, Felt, Laurel J., and Vartabedian, Vanessa, “Shall We Play?”

  10.Lewis, Paul, “‘Our Minds Can Be Hijacked’: The Tech Insiders Who Fear a Smartphone Dystopia,” The Guardian (October 6, 2017). Retrieved on April 20, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia.

  11.Bernard, Zoe, & Tweedie, Steven, “The Father of Virtual Reality Sounds Off on the Changing Culture of Silicon Valley, the Impending #MeToo Backlash, and Why He Left Google for Microsoft,” Business Insider (December 16, 2017). Retrieved on December 24, 2017 from http://www.businessinsider.com/jaron-lanier-interview-on-silicon-valley-culture-metoo-backlash-ai-and-the-future-2017-12.

  12.Alter, Adam, Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked (New York: Penguin Press, 2017), p. 2.

  13.In preface to the paperback edition of Kardaras, Nicholas, Glow Kids: How Screen Addiction Is Hijacking Our Kids and How to Break the Trance (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016), pp. xx–xxi.

  14.Faltas, discussion.

  15.Kardaras, Nicholas, Glow Kids, p. 127.

  16.Reilly, discussion.

  17.Samuel, Alexandra, “Parents: Reject Technology Shame,” The Atlantic (November 4, 2015). Retrieved on December 23, 2017 from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/11/why-parents-shouldnt-feel-technology-shame/414163/.

  18.Connolly, discussion.

  19.Reilly, discussion.

  20.Prensky, Marc, Teaching Digital Natives: Partnering for Real Learning (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2010), p. 12.

  21
.Davis, K., Katz, S., James, C., and Santo, R., “Fostering Cross-Generational Dialogues about the Ethics of Online Life,” Journal of Media Literacy Education 2(2), November 9, 2010, p. 126.

  22.Crain, W., Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications (5th ed.) (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005), p. 118.

  23.Donovan, Jay. “The Average Age for a Child Getting Their First Smartphone is Now 10.3 Years,” TechCrunch (May 19, 2016). Retrieved on December 31, 2017 from https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/the-average-age-for-a-child-getting-their-first-smartphone-is-now-10-3-years/.

  24.Blake, B., and Pope, T., “Developmental Psychology: Incorporating Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories in Classrooms,” Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Education 1(1), May, 2008, pp. 59–67.

  25.Nucci, Larry, “Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview,” Domain Based Moral Education Lab at the Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved on December 26, 2017 from https://www.moraledk12.org/about-mde.

  26.Crain, W., Theories of Development, p. 155.

  27.Mercogliano, Chris, and Debus, Kim, “An Interview with Joseph Chilton Pearce,” Journal of Family Life Magazine 5(1), 1999. Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from https://iamheart.org/the_heart/articles_joseph_chilton_pearce.shtml.

  28.Harding, Eleanor, “Six in Ten Parents Say They Would Let Their Children Lie About Their Age Online to Access Social Media Sites,” Daily Mail (January 23, 2017). Retrieved on January 18, 2018 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4150204/Many-parents-let-children-lie-age-online.html#ixzz4WmrvHLyo.

  29.Gates, Melinda, “Melinda Gates: I Spent My Career in Technology. I Wasn’t Prepared for its Effect on My Kids,” The Washington Post (August 24, 2017). Retrieved on January 1, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2017/08/24/melinda-gates-i-spent-my-career-in-technology-i-wasnt-prepared-for-its-effect-on-my-kids/?utm_term=.673f3502f09c.

  30.Borba, Michele, “To Raise Kids with More Empathy, We Need To Do Everything Wrong,” Time (September 19, 2016). Retrieved on December 31, 2017 from http://time.com/4495016/parenting-empathy/.