Sex Robots and Vegan Meat
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a 2017 YouGov poll Yael Bame, ‘1 in 4 men would consider having sex with a robot’, 2 October 2017, https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/10/02/1-4-men-would-consider-having-sex-robot
A 2016 study Jessica Szczuka and Nicole Krämer, ‘Influences on the Intention to Buy a Sex Robot’, 18 April 2017, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316176303_Influences_on_the_Intention_to_Buy_a_Sex_Robot
Chapter Two
Pygmalion This idea has become folklore among people who study sex robots. See David Levy, Love & Sex with Robots (HarperCollins, 2007) and Kate Devlin, Turned On (Bloomsbury Sigma, 2018).
Laodamia Kate Devlin’s Turned On (Bloomsbury Sigma, 2018) looks at the history and pre-history of all this in great detail, and it’s an entertaining read.
Fox News ‘ROXXXY, the World’s First Life-Size Robot Girlfriend’, Fox News, 11 January 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2010/01/11/worlds-life-size-robot-girlfriend.html
Daily Telegraph Andrew Hough, ‘Foxy “Roxxxy”: world’s first “sex robot” can talk about football’, Telegraph, 11 January 2010, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/6963383/Foxy-Roxxxy-worlds-first-sex-robot-can-talk-about-football.html
Spectrum Susan Karlin, ‘Red-Hot Robots’, IEEE Spectrum, 15 June 2010, https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/humanoids/redhot-robots
ABC News Ki Mae Heussner, ‘High-Tech Sex? Porn Flirts With the Cutting Edge’, ABC News, 8 January 2010, https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/CES/high-tech-sex-porn-flirts-cutting-edge/story?id=9511040
CNN Brandon Griggs, ‘Inventor unveils $7,000 talking sex robot’, CNN, 1 February 2010, http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/02/01/sex.robot/index.html
New York Times Laura Bates, ‘The Trouble With Sex Robots’, New York Times, 17 July 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/opinion/sex-robots-consent.html
The Times Kate Parker, ‘A sinister development in sexbots and a strong case for criminalisation’, The Times, 21 September 2017, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-sinister-development-in-sexbots-and-a-strong-case-for-criminalisation-qxxxjkmsl
Chapter Three
Fortune Jonathan Vanian, ‘The Multi-Billion Dollar Robotics Market Is About to Boom’, Fortune, 24 February 2016, https://fortune.com/2016/02/24/robotics-market-multi-billion-boom/
New York Times Ross Douthat, ‘The Redistribution of Sex’, New York Times, 2 May 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/opinion/incels-sex-robots-redistribution.html
Spectator Toby Young, ‘Here’s what every incel needs: a sex robot’, Spectator, 5 May 2018, https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/05/heres-what-every-incel-needs-a-sex-robot/
They argue that giving men Roc Morin, ‘Can child dolls keep pedophiles from offending,’ Atlantic, 11 January 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/01/can-child-dolls-keep-pedophiles-from-offending/423324/
The Samantha Project Sergio Santos and Javier Vazquez, ‘The Samantha Project: A Modular Architecture for Modeling Transitions in Human Emotions’, International Robotics & Automation Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 275–80.
BBC crew Sex Robots and Us, BBC Three.
Chapter Four
‘consensual nonmonogamy’ Kate Devlin, ‘I have other men. He has other women. We’re both happy’, The Times, 10 June 2017, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-have-other-men-he-has-other-women-were-both-happy-29wkdjd99
‘It can go somewhere else Kate Devlin goes into a lot more detail about this in her book, Turned On (Bloomsbury Sigma, 2018), which explores the past, present and future of sex tech from an academic perspective. Well worth a read.
‘monoheteronormative’ See Kate Devlin, Turned On (Bloomsbury Sigma, 2018).
Chapter Five
becoming more carnivorous OECD, Meat consumption (indicator), 2018, https://doi.org/10.1787/fa290fd0-en (Accessed on 21 November 2018).
The US alone National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Industry Statistics, http://www.beefusa.org/beefindustrystatistics.aspx
stretch to the moon and back I’ve done some creative maths here, but I think it’s accurate. Twenty-six billion pounds of beef would make 104 billion quarter pounders, each around two thirds of an inch thick, so, when stacked on top of each other, they would reach 69.33 billion inches. It’s 15.13 billion inches to the moon, so they could reach the moon and back twice, with enough left over to go around the circumference of the earth five and a half times.
70 billion animals are killed Compassion in World Farming, ‘Strategic Plan 2013–2017’, https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/3640540/ciwf_strategic_plan_20132017.pdf
The global livestock industry Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, ‘Major cuts of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock within reach: Key facts and findings’, 26 September 2013, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/
The world’s three biggest meat companies GRAIN, IATP and Heinrich Böll Foundation, ‘Big meat and dairy’s supersized climate footprint’, 7 November 2017, https://www.grain.org/article/entries/5825-big-meat-and-dairy-s-supersized-climate-footprint
For every 100 grams of beef J. Poore and T. Nemecek, ‘Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers’, 22 February 2019, https://josephpoore.com/Science%20360%206392%20987%20-%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf
more than 50 per cent R. Goodland and J. Anhang, ‘Livestock and Climate Change’, Worldwatch Institute, November 2009, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285678846_Livestock_and_climate_change
52 per cent Chen Na, ‘Maps Reveal Extent of China’s Antibiotics Pollution’, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 July 2015, http://english.cas.cn/newsroom/news/201507/t20150715_150362.shtml
70 per cent ‘2016 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals’, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, December 2017, https://www.fda.gov/downloads/forindustry/userfees/animaldruguserfeeactadufa/ucm588085.pdf
China and the USA combined UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/meat-production-tonnes?tab=chart&country=MAC+USA+GBR+CHN+Europe
Pneumonia and tuberculosis ‘Antimicrobial resistance’, World Health Organization, 15 February 2018, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
If nothing changes Jim O’Neill (chair), ‘Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations’, Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, May 2016, https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160525_Finalpaper_withcover.pdf
The most efficient meat A. Shepon, G. Eshel, E. Noor and R. Milo, ‘Energy and protein feed-to-food conversion efficiencies in the US and potential food security gains from dietary changes’, Environmental Research Letters, 11, 2016, 105002, http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/105002/pdf
43,000 litres D. Pimentel, B. Berger, D. Filiberto, M. Newton, B. Wolfe, E. Karabinakis, S. Clark, E. Poon, E. Abbett and S. Nandagopal, ‘Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues’, BioScience, Volume 54, Issue 10, October 2004, pp. 909–18, https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/10/909/230205
a forty-eight-hour shower This is using a figure of fifteen litres per minute, which seems to be pretty average for showers.
it takes 112 litres M. M. Mekonnen and A. Y. Hoekstra, ‘The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Farm Animals and Animal Products’, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, December 2010, https://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1_1.pdf
Eutrophication M. Selman, S. Greenhalgh, R. Diaz and Z. Sugg, ‘Eutrophication and Hypoxia in Coastal Areas: A Global Assessment of the State of Knowledge’, World Resources Institute, WRI Policy Note, No. 1, March 2008, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Suzie_Greenhalgh/publication/285775211_Eutrophication_and_hypoxia_in_coastal_areas_a_global_assessment_of_the_state_of_knowledg
e/links/5679c00e08ae361c2f67f4d8/Eutrophication-and-hypoxia-in-coastal-areas-a-global-assessment-of-the-state-of-knowledge.pdf
Almost 80 per cent Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ‘Animal production’, http://www.fao.org/animal-production/en/
Up to 80 per cent H. Ritchie and M. Roser, ‘CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions’, Our World in Data, December 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Researchers at Oxford University J. Poore and T. Nemecek, ‘Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers’, 22 February 2019, https://josephpoore.com/Science%20360%206392%20987%20-%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf
The meat and poultry industry ‘New Economic Impact Study Shows U.S. Meat and Poultry Industry Represents $1.02 Trillion in Total Economic Output’, North American Meat Institute, 14 June 2016, https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=display/ReleaseDetails/i/122621/pid/287
the growth of veganism ‘Statistics: Veganism in the UK’, Vegan Society, https://www.vegansociety.com/news/media/statistics
Chapter Six
$1.1 billion This figure comes from Josh Tetrick himself, and, as you will soon see, everything he says needs to be taken with a pinch of salt.
‘the company used shoddy science Biz Carson, ‘Sex, lies, and eggless mayonnaise: Something is rotten at food startup Hampton Creek, former employees say’, Business Insider, 5 August 2015, http://uk.businessinsider.com/hampton-creek-ceo-complaints-2015-7?r=US&IR=T
Bloomberg Olivia Zaleski, ‘Hampton Creek Ran Undercover Project to Buy Up Its Own Vegan Mayo’, Bloomberg, 4 August 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-04/food-startup-ran-undercover-project-to-buy-up-its-own-products
plunging a needle ‘Alternatives to the Use of Fetal Bovine Serum: Human Platelet Lysates as a Serum Substitute in Cell Culture Media’, C. Rauch, E. Feifel, E. Amann 2, H. Spötl 2, H. Schennach 2, W. Pfaller and G. Gstraunthaler, ALTEX 28(4), 305–316, http://www.altex.ch/resources/altex_2011_4_305_316_Rauch1.pdf
FBS costs Mark Post estimates it takes fifty litres.
Chapter Seven
Decades of commercial fishing ‘The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018, http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/I9540EN.pdf
having to sail further out D. Tickler, J. J. Meeuwig, M.-L. Palomares, D. Pauly and D. Zeller, ‘Far from home: Distance patterns of global fishing fleets’, Science Advances, 1 August 2018, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaar3279
‘bycatch’ R. W. D. Davies, S. J. Cripps, A. Nickson and G. Porter, ‘Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch’, Marine Policy, Volume 33, Issue 4, July 2009, pp. 661–72, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X09000050
We eat more fish ‘Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends: Availability and consumption of fish’, World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index5.html
Mike once told a reporter The Sunday Times ’ Danny Fortson, in the Danny in the Valley podcast: https://player.fm/series/danny-in-the-valley/finless-foods-mike-selden-we-brew-fish-meat
a 2010 paper Dr Matthew Cole, ‘Is in vitro meat the future of food? The case against’, paper presented at the Vegetarian Society AGM, 11 September 2010, https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/vitro-meat-distraction-veganism
Chapter Eight
living mouse tissue John Schwartz, ‘Museum Kills Live Exhibit’, New York Times, 13 May 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/science/13coat.html
‘I’m not concerned Bruce Friedrich, ‘Op-Ed: Is in vitro Meat the new in vitro fertilization?’, Los Angeles Times, 25 July 2018, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-friedrich-ivmeat-20180725-story.html
clean meat produces more greenhouse gases C. S. Mattick, A. E. Landis, B. R. Allenby and N. J. Genovese, ‘Anticipatory Life Cycle Analysis of In Vitro Biomass Cultivation for Cultured Meat Production in the United States’, Environmental Science & Technology, Volume 49, Issue 19, September 2015, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/ipdf/10.1021/acs.est.5b01614; H. L. Tuomisto and M. Joost Teixeira de Mattos, ‘Environmental Impacts of Cultured Meat Production’, Environmental Science & Technology, Volume 45, Issue 14, June 2011, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200130u; S. Smetana, A. Mathys, A. Knoch and V. Heinz, ‘Meat alternatives: life cycle assessment of most known meat substitutes’, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 20, September 2015, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11367-015-0931-6
one study P. Alexander, C. Brown, A. Arneth, C. Dias, J. Finnigan, D. Moran and M. D. A. Rounsevell, ‘Could consumption of insects, cultured meat or imitation meat reduce global agricultural land use?’, Global Food Security, Volume 15, December 2017, pp. 22–32, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912417300056
‘challenges in cellular agriculture’ N. Stephens, L. Di Silvio, I. Dunsford, M. Ellis, A. Glencross and A. Sexton, ‘Bringing cultured meat to market: Technical, socio-political, and regulatory challenges in cellular agriculture’, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 78, August 2018, pp. 155–66, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224417303400?via=ihub
Chapter Nine
A study ‘Pregnancy and maternity discrimination research findings’, Equality and Human Rights Commission, https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/managing-pregnancy-and-maternity-workplace/pregnancy-and-maternity-discrimination-research-findings
In the US ‘By the Numbers: Women Continue to Face Pregnancy Discrimination in the Workplace’, National Partnership for Women & Families, October 2016, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/workplace/pregnancy-discrimination/by-the-numbers-women-continue-to-face-pregnancy-discrimination-in-the-workplace.pdf
‘she looked with contempt Genesis 16:2–4.
Philadelphia in 1884 G. G. Mukherjee and B. N. Chakravarty, IUI: Intrauterine Insemination (Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012), p. 383.
in 2014 Tamar Lewin, ‘Coming to U.S. for Baby, and Womb to Carry It’, New York Times, 5 July 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/us/foreign-couples-heading-to-america-for-surrogate-pregnancies.html
in 2018 Valeria Perasso, ‘Surrogate mothers: “I gave birth but it’s not my baby”’, BBC News, 4 December 2018, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-46430250
There are far too many Matthew Renda, ‘Surrogate Mother’s Attempt to Regain Her Children Fails in Ninth Circuit’, Courthouse News Service, 12 January 2018, https://www.courthousenews.com/surrogate-mothers-attempt-to-regain-her-children-fails-in-ninth-circuit/; ‘Luca’s Law’ blog, https://lucaslaw.blog/
The judge said ‘Baby Gammy: Surrogacy row family cleared of abandoning child with Down syndrome in Thailand’, ABC News, 14 April 2016, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-14/baby-gammy-twin-must-remain-with-family-wa-court-rules/7326196
Now Ukraine Kevin Ponniah, ‘In search of surrogates, foreign couples descend on Ukraine’, BBC News, 13 February 2018, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-42845602
In December 2015 ‘Parliamentary questions: Question for written answer P-005909/2016/rev.1 to the Commission’, European Parliament, 18 July 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-8-2016-005909_EN.html?redirect
Chapter Ten
in April 2017 E. A. Partridge, M. G. Davey, M. A. Hornick, P. E. McGovern, A. Y. Mejaddam, J. D. Vrecenak, C. Mesas-Burgos, A. Olive, R. C. Caskey, T. R. Weiland, J. Han, A. J. Schupper, J. T. Connelly, K. C. Dysart, J. Rychik, H. L. Hedrick, W. H. Peranteau and A. W. Flake, ‘An extra-uterine system to physiologically support the extreme premature lamb’, Nature Communications, Issue 8, 25 April 2017, https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15112
But 87 per cent Gene Emery, ‘Survival rates for extremely preterm babies improving in U.S.’, Reuters, 15 February 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-preemie
s-survival-impairments/survival-rates-for-extremely-preterm-babies-improving-in-u-s-idUSKBN15U2SA
chronic lung disease B. J. Stoll, N. I. Hansen, E. F. Bell et al., ‘Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993–2012’, JAMA, Volume 314, Issue 10, 8 September 2015, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2434683
between 1995 and 2006 T. Moore, E. M. Hennessy, J. Myles, S. J. Johnson, E. S. Draper, K. L. Costeloe and N. Marlow, ‘Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies’, BMJ, Issue 345, 4 December 2012, https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e7961
the number of children Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth, March of Dimes, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health, Save the Children, World Health Organization (WHO Publications, 2012), https://www.marchofdimes.org/materials/born-too-soon-the-global-action-report-on-preterm-.pdf; K. L. Costeloe, E. M. Hennessy, S. Haider, F. Stacey, N. Marlow and E. S. Draper, ‘Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies)’, BMJ, Issue 345, 4 December 2012, https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e7976
Preterm birth ‘Facts about EVE Therapy and extreme preterm birth: FAQ about EVE Therapy – The Artificial Womb’, Women & Infants Research Foundation, Western Australia, http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/en/press/images/artificial_womb_faq.pdf
Haldane imagined an essay J. B. S. Haldane, ‘Daedalus, or Science and the Future’, 4 February 1923, http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html